柠檬酸单月桂醇酯二钠盐的合成过程及光谱分析

简述了柠檬酸月桂醇单酯二钠盐的合成过程。以乙酸酐、柠檬酸为原料 ,合成柠檬酸酐中间体 :柠檬酸∶乙酸酐 =2 0∶1 0 ,温度 36℃～ 37℃ ,反应时间 18h ,产率为 71 0 % ;酯化反应 :柠檬酸酐∶月桂酸=1 0∶1 1,温度 85℃～ 90℃ ,反应时间 2 0h ,单酯的产率为 83%～ 84 %。并采用红外光谱对合成过程中的原料、中间体及产物进行了研究。通过柠檬酸 ,柠檬酸酐及柠檬酸单酯二钠盐的红外光谱比较分析 ,证实了环状柠檬酸酐的形成。证明了直接制备高纯度的柠檬酸单月桂醇酯二钠盐工艺路线的合理性及可行性。同时表明可以用红外光谱对反应的中间体及产物进行验证。     

中位-四l-(对十六酰氧基)苯基卟啉的合成与表征

本文以四－（对羟基苯基）卟啉与十六酰氯为原料,通过酯化反应合成了中位－四－（对十六酰氧基苯基）卟啉,采用红外光谱监测了反应进程,以硅胶为固定相,氯仿为洗脱剂采用柱层析方法对反应产物进行了分离与提纯。最后用元素分析,紫外可见光谱,红外光声光谱,核磁共振氢谱,摩尔电导等手段对合成产物进行了结构表征,对主要的紫外光谱,红外光谱及核磁共振氢谱吸收带进行了经验归属,初步确定了合成产物的结构。     

(S)-1-苄基-3-羟基吡咯烷的合成及红外光谱研究

从L-苹果酸出发,经过与苄胺缩合反应得到(S)-1-苄基-3-羟基吡咯烷-2,5-二酮,再通过硼氢化钠-碘体系还原制得重要的医药中间体(S)-1-苄基-3-羟基吡咯烷。采用红外光谱法对原料、中间体及产物进行了测试并对硼氢化钠-碘体系还原酰亚胺的机理进行了研究。通过比较原料、中间体及产物相应特征吸收峰的消失或是出现,可知所得的产物为(S)-1-苄基-3-羟基吡咯烷;还原机理研究表明,硼氢化钠在碘催化下生成的硼烷与酰亚胺中的羰基形成四元环状过渡态,同时另外一分子硼烷与酰亚胺中的氮原子形成N-BH3复合物,然后羰基还原完全,得到(S)-1-苄基-3-羟基吡咯烷-硼烷复合物,最后在甲醇作用下脱去硼烷得到最终产物。     

红外光谱法测定柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺的含量

以柠檬酸、乙酸酐、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚和二乙醇胺为原料,经过原料精制、中间体和产物的合成等一系列过程,得到了一种具有防锈、润滑双重性能的水基合成切削液新型添加剂-柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺。采用红外光谱法对合成样品中酰胺进行定量分析,利用谱图中1 642.39 cm-1处酰胺中CO双键伸缩振动的特征吸收峰,选择硫氰酸钾作为内标物,以朗伯-比尔定律为理论依据,从而建立了直接红外光谱法测定柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺含量的方法。实验测定内标工作曲线为A＝0.007 6m+0.325 6相关系数r2＝0.999 7,通过对方法重现性和回收率的考查,得到了较为满意的结果。该法是确定合成柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺产品的反应程度和控制产品质量的一种必要手段,证明了由柠檬酸合成柠檬酸壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚单酯二乙醇酰胺的工艺路线是可行的。     

2-碘代硒苯与2-唑烷酮在CuI催化下的C-N偶联反应机理的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-311G*水平下研究了铜催化剂作用下2-唑烷酮与2-碘代硒苯发生C-N偶联的反应机制。优化了反应过程中的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物,通过能量和振动分析结果证实了中间体和过渡态的真实。计算研究结果显示该反应是一个较为复杂的过程,催化是通过铜与2-唑烷酮上氮配位开始,整个过程中铜催化剂为偶联反应起到了一种桥梁作用,避免了无催化剂作用时直接偶联的四元环高张力的过渡态从而降低了反应的活化能,使反应更易进行。计算结果与实验结果一致,证明了过渡金属催化剂有利于这类反应反应的进行,并揭示了有效催化作用产生的机制。     

2-碘代硒苯与2-唑烷酮在CuI催化下的C-N偶联反应机理的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-311G*水平下研究了铜催化剂作用下2-唑烷酮与2-碘代硒苯发生C-N偶联的反应机制。优化了反应过程中的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物,通过能量和振动分析结果证实了中间体和过渡态的真实。计算研究结果显示该反应是一个较为复杂的过程,催化是通过铜与2-唑烷酮上氮配位开始,整个过程中铜催化剂为偶联反应起到了一种桥梁作用,避免了无催化剂作用时直接偶联的四元环高张力的过渡态从而降低了反应的活化能,使反应更易进行。计算结果与实验结果一致,证明了过渡金属催化剂有利于这类反应反应的进行,并揭示了有效催化作用产生的机制。     

α-苯甲胺基-β-(3-吲哚基)-丙酸甲酯的合成

以L-色氨酸为原料经过4步得到α-苯甲胺基-β-(3-吲哚基)-丙酸甲酯,它是一种具有潜在的抗肿瘤活性的吲哚二酮哌嗪化合物的中间体,首先通过“酰氯法”合成L-色氨酸甲酯盐酸盐,再脱去盐酸,与苯甲醛发生缩合反应形成希夫碱,最后选择性还原,得目的产物,得率54.9%.     

合成季铵盐阳离子双子表面活性剂反应机理的红外光谱研究

用红外光谱对合成季铵盐阳离子双子表面活性剂的反应机理进行研究,总结和归属了反应中间体以及产物的主要红外吸收谱带和特征,分析比较了反应过程中原料、中间体和产物之间红外光谱的变化,研究发现反应前后的红外光谱变化较大,可以作为鉴别产物是否生成的依据。     

丙烯腈单体自由基反应及光谱分析的研究

采用密度泛函理论对以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂形成的丙烯腈单体自由基(CH₃)₂(CN)C—CH₂—(CN)CH的终止方式反应机理进行研究。先用B3LYP/6-31G(d)基组对反应物、偶合中间体、过渡态、歧化产物的几何构型进行优化,并计算了各物种经过零点能校正后的总能量,红外频率和电子结构,同时对过渡态结构进行了验证。研究结果表明,反应物先通过自由基的偶合终止方式形成偶合中间体a,再由此经过氢迁移、裂解等机理得到歧化终止产物P[p₁(CH₃)₂(CN)CCHCHCN+p₂(CH₃)₂(CN)C—CH₂—CH₂CN]。双自由基发生偶合和歧化终止反应分别形成偶合中间体a和歧化终止产物P均为放热反应,且偶合产物有着更低的能量。反应过程的速控步骤a→TS→P在常温下的速率常数表示为k(298.15 K)=2.71×10-59。歧化终止反应随着反应温度的升高易于进行,歧化产物所占的比例也增加。通过对反应过程各物种红外谱图的分析,说明自由基在整个终止反应的化学变化,同时分析了HOMO-LUMO电子密度分布的信息,验证丙烯腈双自由基偶合终止方式和各物种结构的准确性。     

红外吸收光谱快速评估脲甲醛肥效的可行性

目前国内外对脲甲醛肥料肥效的快速评价方法均采用基于脲甲醛水溶性的活度系数法,但不同国家和地区具体的操作规程和技术指标不尽相同,究其原因在于活度系数法的局限性。脲甲醛肥料的养分释放速率与脲甲醛结构有直接的关系,与其在不同温度水溶液中的溶解性没有直接关联,因此从脲甲醛结构入手研究其养分释放更为合理。通过考察傅里叶变换红外光谱评估不同水分、尿素量和甲醛存放时间三个因素下尿素与甲醛产物结构的可行性,以寻求一种新的脲甲醛肥效评价方法。研究了不同反应条件下产物红外吸收光谱图、产物生成量和酸性环境下不同尿素加入量反应产物养分释放间的关系。谱图能够反映出反应过程中不同的水分和尿素加入量及甲醛存放时间对特征基团吸收峰相对强弱产生的细微变化,通过这些变化可以判断脲甲醛组成变化。这些判断能够从产物的量得到印证,同时土培试验的结果也进一步证实通过红外谱图判断的正确性。以上研究结果表明用红外吸收光谱研究脲甲醛结构的细微变化是可行的,如果将脲甲醛红外光谱的细微变化与其在土壤中养分释放情况间建立起相应的数学模型,将为脲甲醛肥料肥效准确、快速评估提供一个新的手段。     

Infrared Spectral Study on the Reaction Mechanism of N-Substituted Trichloroacetamides in Alkaline Medium

The reaction of trichloroacetanilide in alkaline medium was followed by means of infrared spectroscopy. Several intermediates and reaction products have been proved: the N-anion of the started trichloroacetanilide, the decarboxylation products of pnenylcarbamic acid - carbon dioxide and aniline, the end-product N,N-diphenylurea. The data obtained support the presupposed reaction mechanism involving in situ generation of phenylisocyanate.     

自组装硫化铜微米管的制备及可见光催化性能

以二水合氯化铜为铜源,硫代乙酰胺为硫源,通过共沉淀法成功合成了自组装CuS微米管,该合成方法简单、反应条件温和,是合成纳米材料的一种有效方法。通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）考察反应时间对产物形貌的影响,并初步研究其形成过程。X射线衍射（XRD）表征产物是CuS。通过改变光催化实验的条件,如催化剂的量、溶液pH值、活性橙的浓度,研究了样品在可见光下对活性橙的光催化性能。     

Investigation on the Beckmann rearrangement reaction catalyzed by porous solids: MAS NMR and theoretical calculations

In the last years, ‘in situ’ solid-state NMR has been applied to investigate the Beckmann rearrangement of oximes into amides using zeolites and mesoporous materials of different structure containing Brønsted acids or silanol groups as active sites. DFT methods have been applied to model the geometry of the complexes resulting from adsorption of reactants, reaction intermediates and products on clusters representing the zeolite centers, and their ¹⁵N and ¹³C NMR chemical shift calculated theoretically. This article reviews the results reported in the bibliography on the Beckmann rearrangement of various oximes (acetophenone oxime, cyclohexanone oxime and cyclododecanone oxime) mainly using ‘in situ’ ¹⁵N NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations, and are compared with those obtained by ‘in situ’ infrared spectroscopy. The combination of experiment and theory has been shown to be very useful for the interpretation of the NMR spectra and the identification of the species present at different reaction temperatures.     

Degradation of dichloromethane by bispidine

An effective degradation reaction of CH₂Cl₂ by bispidine (3,7‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, C₇H₁₂(NH)₂, 1 ) is reported. The reaction starts as low as ?20 °C and is quantitative with respect to 1 . The overall reaction implies nucleophilic substitution of chloride, followed by a series of cascading acid–base reactions, ending with the formation of two easily separable products, one being soluble and the other insoluble. The starting 1 , the intermediates, and the products show a variety of interesting solid‐state structures, associated with plasticity, N–H?N and N–H?Cl?H–N hydrogen bonding, and polymorphism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation on Changes in the Miscibility,Morphology, Rheology and Mechanical Behavior of Melt Processed Cellulose Acetate through Adding Polyethylene Glycol as a Plasticizer

Polyethylene glycol (PEG 200) was used as an eco-friendly plasticizer for preparing thermoplastic cellulose acetate (CA) by a twin-screw extruder. The plasticization efficiency of PEG 200 was compared with that of triethyl citrate (TEC). The interaction between polyethylene glycol and CA was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Both FT-IR and DSC proved that PEG 200 could form stable and strong hydrogen bonds with CA molecules. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the CA granules were completely disrupted during the extrusion and a continuous and homogeneous phase was observed. The PEG 200-plasticized cellulose acetate (PCA) showed greater viscosity reduction than TEC-plasticized cellulose acetate (TCA) at the same additive levels. Furthermore, the Izod-notched impact strength and elongation at break of PCA were higher than those of TCA. The tensile strength, Izod-notched impact strength and elongation at break of PCA containing 25 wt% PEG 200 reached 31.6 MPa, 20.9 KJ/m² and 80.5%, respectively, as compared to 39.2 MPa, 10.9 KJ/m² and 32.3% for 25 wt% TEC plasticized CA.     

On the Preparation and Distribution of two S35-Labelled Hypoglycemic Agents

Two S³⁵-labelled hypoglycemic agents were prepared by the interaction of labelled sulphonamide and urea derivatives. The R values of the intermediates as well as the products wer determined and compared with tolbutamide. The purity of the products was checked by melting point determination, infrared spectrum, and radioactivity investigations. Localization of the separated products on the chromatograms was done by colour reaction, radioscaning, and radioautography. Distribution of the labelled drung in different tissues of rats was also carried out to prove the site of action of the drung and to show its accumulation. Counting of these tissues has been carried out by means of a liquid scintillation counter type Nuclear Chicago.     

Enhancing the properties of wood through chemical modification with palmitoyl chloride

Hevea brassiliensis (rubber wood) was esterified with palmitoyl chloride, prepared from the reaction of palmitic acid with thionyl chloride. The weight gain of the wood increased with increasing reaction time and temperature, the esterified wood were evaluated for their photostability and dimensional stability. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state cross-polarization/magic angle spinning ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP/MAS ¹³C NMR) were used to elucidate the characteristics of wood after esterification. The dimensional stability and photostability of the wood was improved by esterification. This is an important observation since chemical modification of wood with fatty acid chlorides has been found to induce thermo-plasticity into wood.     

Key factor affecting the structural and textural properties of ZSM-5/MCM-41 composite

ZSM-5/MCM-41 micro/mesoporous composite materials were synthesized by the hydrothermal technique with alkali-treated ZSM-5 zeolite as source of silica and aluminum and characterized by various physico-chemical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen sorption at 77 K, transmission electronic microscopy (TEM), FTIR spectroscopy and NH₃ temperature programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. The effect of concentration of CTAB in the synthesis of these solids has been investigated, the mesopore volume, surface area and surface acidity decrease with increasing the concentration of CTAB. Increasing the CTAB concentration causes the recrystallization of zeolite ZSM-5 and it disadvantage the formation of mesoporous materials MCM-41. The catalytic activity of ZSM-5/MCM-41 materials has been evaluated in the Friedel–Crafts acylation of anisole with benzoyl chloride as alkylating agent. The results revealed the reaction to be influenced by surface area, pore volume and surface acidity.     

利用手性相转移催化剂不对称合成旋光性2,4,6-三甲基苯丙氨酸

以甘氨酸(Ⅰ)为原料,在羧基保护下合成底物苯亚甲氨基乙酸乙酯(Ⅲ),然后经手性催化剂(-)-N-苄基氯化辛可尼定(BCDC)和(+)-N-苄基氯化辛可宁(BCNC)的催化,酸水解得到旋光性的2,4,6-三甲基苯丙氨酸(V-2,V-3),总收率分别为28％和31％,比旋光度分别为[α]20D=+16°和[α]20D=-9...     

The Possible Contribution of Isotope Effects on Ester- and Aldol Condensations to Isotope Discriminations and Isotopic Patterns of Natural Compounds

Abstract

Acetyl-CoA provides the C-2-units for the formation of many secondary compounds. The primary pattern of this intermediate is originating from glucose, further modifications are introduced by isotope effects on the pyruvate-dehydrogenase-reaction and on ester- and aldol-reactions in the course of the biosynthesis of secondary products. The overlap of these various effects is demonstrated through the pattern of some natural products.

The partial pattern of limonene and pulegone, respectively, products from different origin are not identical, this is interpreted as a consequence of individual relative contributions of the above mentioned effects in the plants in question.

On the other hand the distinct relative depletion in a position of sinigrin, a glucosinolate from Brassica nigra, originating from CH₃ of acetate can be assigned to an isotope effect of the aldol reaction between a precursor and acetyl-CoA. An corresponding depletion has been measured in position 5 of citrate. Therefore the kinetic isotope effect on the citrate synthase reaction is studied in vitro at present.