不同卸围压速率下花岗岩的力学性质及声发射特征

为了研究不同卸围压速率下花岗岩的力学性质,利用RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统对花岗岩试样进行恒轴压卸围压应力路径试验。试验结果表明:相同的初始围压下,随着卸围压速率增大,岩样的延性减小,表现为脆性破坏。卸围压速率越大,卸围压阶段的应变率越高,但总变形量小;当卸围压的速率相同时,初始围压越高,卸围压阶段岩样的应变率和总变形量越大。采用Mogi-Coulomb强度准则对试验结果进行拟合,结果显示:卸围压速率对花岗岩的黏聚力有劣化作用,对岩石的内摩擦角有强化作用;卸围压速率越小,振铃计数的活跃期越长,表明在低卸围压速率下,花岗岩岩样内部损伤发展缓慢且完全。     

围压作用下伟晶辉长岩的能量特性及破坏模式分析

为探究围压条件下伟晶辉长岩的能量释放与破坏模式的关系,利用霍普金森压杆和LS-DYNA数值模拟软件对伟晶辉长岩开展了不同围压和不同冲击速度下的动态力学性能测试,分析其在不同围压和应变率下的能量释放特征及破坏规律。结果表明：高围压下,试样无明显塑性变形阶段,且围压状态对高应变率下的动态抗压强度有抑制作用,当冲击气压高于0.4 MPa时,动态抗压强度的增长趋势放缓;应变率和围压对伟晶辉长岩的能量与破坏模式有显著影响。随着围压的升高,试样的反射能占比增大,而透射能占比减小;能耗密度随应变率的增加而增大,当应变率为95 s^-1时(对应的冲击气压为0.4 MPa)出现拐点,同时高围压下的能耗密度大于低围压下的能耗密度。对于处于围压下的试样,其破坏断面多带有一定的角度,通过LS-DYNA有限元软件模拟了试样在围压下的动态破坏过程,发现中低围压下试样多呈剪切破坏,而高围压下试样有多条剪切裂纹发育贯通,呈复合破坏模式。     

不同应变率和碳纳米管掺量下混凝土的力学性质与能量演化特征

为研究应变率(加载速率)和多壁碳纳米管掺量对碳纳米管混凝土试样力学性质、能量演化规律及损伤破坏特征的影响,采用RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统,对不同应变率下不同碳纳米管掺量的混凝土试样开展了系列单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：碳纳米管混凝土试样的延性随着多壁碳纳米管掺量的增加而增大;当应变率恒定时,多壁碳纳米管掺量为0.1%的改性碳纳米管混凝土的单轴抗压强度最大;当多壁碳纳米管掺量恒定时,应变率为5×10^-3 s^-1(0.5 mm/s)时碳纳米管混凝土试样的单轴抗压强度最大;当应变率较大时,在试样峰值应力处,碳纳米管混凝土的能量耗散值占总能量的28.29%;当应变率较小时,试样峰前阶段的能量耗散现象显著,峰值应力处耗散能占比平均高达37.34%;当应变率和多壁碳纳米管掺量均较小时,碳纳米管混凝土在破坏前所吸收的能量大量转化为耗散能,峰后试样能量释放率较小,表现为局部张拉与剪切混合破坏特征;当应变率和多壁碳纳米管掺量均较大时,碳纳米管混凝土在破坏前所吸收的能量主要储存为可释放弹性应变能,在破坏时混凝土试样的能量释放速率较高,碳纳米管混凝土试样破坏...     

基于数字图像处理技术的不同岩性岩石裂缝动态演化规律的实验研究

为了解喀喇昆仑公路(中国段)部分区域岩石力学性能,采用数字图像相关技术,对采集的不同岩性岩石,在三点弯曲和单轴压缩的载荷作用下,进行了岩样位移场、裂缝起裂、扩展等动态演化规律的实验研究。通过定量和定性分析,得出了裂纹演化及路径因岩石种类不同有所区别,三点弯曲岩样裂纹发生部位在受拉应力一侧,单轴压缩试件在边角处局部压溃导致破坏,通过比较裂纹演化,千枚岩和片麻岩裂纹沿应力最大处纵向延伸,云母片岩裂纹受层理和应力等因素影响,裂纹呈锯齿形延伸。实验结果对提高这一地域岩石破坏机理的认识,为防灾减灾及工程设施施工提供数据积累和参考。     

不同含水率下岩石材料的能量与损伤演化特征

为研究含水率对硬岩材料的力学性质和能量损伤的影响规律，对不同含水状态的砂岩开展了单轴压缩试验。结果表明：砂岩试样的峰值应力、弹性模量和脆性指数随着含水率的增大而减小，峰值应变随着含水率的增大而增大；在干燥状态下，砂岩试样在破坏之前未发生明显的塑性变形，表现出显著的脆性破坏，而在饱水状态下，砂岩试样在峰前阶段出现显著的塑性变形，破坏前出现屈服平台；砂岩试样的含水率越大，吸能能力越强，能量吸收率越小，但是能量耗散越显著；砂岩试样的含水率越小，破坏时其损伤变量越大，在干燥状态下砂岩试样的破坏具有较强的冲击倾向性。研究结果可为深部地下工程围岩的稳定性控制提供理论参考。     

一维静载与循环冲击共同作用下砂岩动态力学特性试验研究

以硬岩巷道的煤系砂岩为研究对象,利用改进的动静组合加载分离式霍普金森压杆系统进行轴压梯度为5、15、20 MPa,冲击气压梯度为0.8、1.0、1.2 MPa的一维循环冲击压缩试验。结果表明：整个循环冲击过程中,在不考虑轴压和冲击气压的情况下,砂岩的峰值应力随着冲击次数的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,而峰值应变、最大应变及平均应变率均呈现相反的变化趋势;在相同的冲击气压下,砂岩的峰值应力和累计循环冲击次数随轴压的增大而减小;在相同的轴压下,随着冲击气压的增大,峰值应力不断增大,而累计冲击次数却先增大后减小;在一维静载与循环冲击的共同作用下,砂岩的整个冲击过程可划分为压密阶段、内部裂纹发展阶段和加速破坏阶段。研究表明,地下深部矿柱失稳大概率是在静载与动载的相互作用下导致的,而动载的频繁扰动是矿柱失稳的主要影响因素。     

三点弯曲试验 条件下花岗岩声发射横纵波特征及损伤演化*

开展花岗岩三点弯曲试验,利用横纵波两种传感器接收花岗岩破坏过程的声发射信号,对比分析声发射横纵波信号的时频特征,在此基础上,基于声发射横纵波建立损伤变量,探讨花岗岩三点弯曲条件下损伤演化规律。研究结果表明：花岗岩破坏过程声发射横纵波事件率变化趋势较为相似,临近峰值载荷时均加速上升,破坏时达到峰值,但纵波事件率加速点早于横波事件率;声发射横纵波能率变化趋势一致,呈现峰前低水平稳定变化、峰后陡升到峰值的特征。声发射横纵波主频在临近峰值载荷逐渐形成主频条带,但其频率存在差异,纵波主频分布在0~10 kHz、30~50 kHz和100~110 kHz,而横波主频集中分布在0~10 kHz。相比纵波损伤变量,横波损伤变量能够刻画峰后损伤急速发展的过程,能较好地表征花岗岩三点弯曲作用下损伤变化规律。     

PBX炸药含各向异性损伤的黏弹性统计微裂纹本构模型初步研究

建立含损伤本构模型是研究炸药动态力学响应规律的基础。基于PBX炸药材料的宏观黏弹性特征和细观上微裂纹面的方向性,建立了含各向异性损伤的黏弹性统计微裂纹(Aniso-Visco SCRAM)本构模型,简化后得到单轴应力加载下的本构方程。利用数值计算程序,以PBX9501为例,分析了微裂纹扩展的各向异性、PBX炸药破坏强度及临界应变的拉压异性和应变率相关性,考察了微裂纹数密度、初始微裂纹尺寸、微裂纹面摩擦系数及断裂表面能4个主要参数的敏感性及影响规律。结果表明,它们对微裂纹的扩展演化有较大影响,进而导致材料表现出不同的力学响应。     

加载应力幅值对高纯铜动态损伤演化特性研究

研究了加载应力幅值对延性金属高纯无氧铜动态损伤演化特性的影响. 层裂实验在一级轻气炮上开展, 利用不同的飞片击靶速度实现不同加载应力幅值(2.5 GPa, 2.75 GPa和3.75 GPa), 采用DISAR位移干涉诊断技术测量样品自由面的速度剖面, 利用基于白光轴向色差的表面轮廓测试技术测试软回收的样品截面. 结果显示: 随着加载应力幅值的升高, 层裂强度几乎没有变化, 但自由面速度剖面上Pull back信号后的回跳速率和幅值显著增大, 损伤演化速率显著升高.进一步分析表明: 延性金属动态损伤演化过程中微孔洞成核对加载应力幅值单一因素不敏感, 但加载应力幅值是微孔洞长大和聚集的主导因素之一.     

不同应变率下两种岩石的压缩破碎特征试验研究

为了研究不同岩石在不同应变率下压缩时裂纹的产生规律及破坏模式,将石灰岩和红砂岩制成试件,研究其在不同应变率和受力模式下裂纹的形成模式。开展了两种岩石的准静态压缩和动态压缩试验,采用高速摄影机记录了裂纹的产生和破坏模式。对两种岩石试件的裂纹形态进行对比,基于岩石的物理性质、受力状态、能量演化分析,得到了在不同应变率下压缩时产生差异性的原因。结果表明:准静态压缩下岩石试件受压的破坏模式也会因应变率的不同而存在差异,并且破坏模式的差异对岩石试件的抗压强度将产生显著的影响;从能量演化的角度分析,入射能量的大小将会决定岩石试样动态抗压强度曲线是否出现起伏;动态压缩时,裂纹的周向扩展速度与岩石抗压强度呈正相关。     

The effect of confining pressure on specific energy in Nd:YAG laser perforating of rock

For many years, the oil and gas industry were looking for an alternative method that could significantly reduce the primary drawbacks of using explosives. Perforating oil and gas wells using lasers as a new method is currently under research. In laser perforating, many parameters influence the essential factor of specific energy (i.e. the required energy to remove the unit weight of rock). One of these parameters is the confining pressure. Here, a core sample is placed in the Hoek cell and a new frame is designed to fix them. A small circular part of top side of the cylindrical sample is open in order to interact with the laser beam while the mechanical pressure exerted with the Hoek cell confines the other sides. The results show that the main disparity in specific energy and rate of penetration (ROP) occurs in the range 8–16 MPa of confining pressure. It is found that the amount of specific energy is constant at pressures higher than 16 MPa and consequently, micro cracks that appeared on sample surface at low pressure are absent at higher pressures.     

准静态颗粒介质的弹性势能弛豫分析

颗粒体系是典型的多体相互作用体系, 具有多重的能量亚稳态. 对于准静态颗粒体系, 引入构型颗粒温度T_c描述弹性势能涨落. 本文认为平衡的体系具有一定的构型颗粒温度T_a, 其量值反映了其结构特征. 当外界扰动激发的构型颗粒温度超出T_a时, 产生不可逆过程. 通过对应力松弛过程的分析, 发现(T_c-T_a)激发了弹性弛豫, 且(T_c-T_a)越大则松弛过程中应力变化越大, 最终构型颗粒温度T_c→T_a时,宏观应力松弛结束,体系达到新的能量亚稳态.     

Confining medium and absorptive overlay: Their effects on a laser-induced shock wave

In this paper the characteristics (such as amplitude, width) of a laser-induced shock wave under confining conditions is studied. For engineering applications, a physical study of this method is useful in order to optimize this technique. We have first introduced a new pressure gauge – PVDF (polyvenyliden fluoride) gauge with short rise time and wide linear response range. Experimentally, by measuring the generated pressures under different confining materials, the relationship between the pressures and the acoustic impedance of confining materials, is illustrated, which somewhat agrees with the theoretical calculation. We have also found that under confining conditions laser-induced shock waves persist longer than a laser pulse. Then, the effects of black paint overlay (absorptive overlay) is studied. We experimentally point out that a black paint overlay placed before an irradiated target can greatly increase the generated pressure under any confining material in our experiments for its beneficial effect on the plasma-generating process. To our surprise, comparing the impulse ( ), which the shock wave induced under absorptive overlay executes on the target, to that induced under no black paint overlay, the increase ratio is approximately equal.     

Effect of grain size and arrangement on dynamic damage evolution of ductile metal

Plate-impact experiments have been carried out to examine the effect of grain size and grain arrangement on the damage evolution of ultrapure aluminum. Two groups of samples, "cross-cut" and "longitudinal-cut," are obtained from the rolled aluminum rod along different directions. The peak compressive stress is approximately 1.25 GPa-1.61 GPa, which can cause incipient spall damage that is correlated to the material microstructure. The metallographic analyses of all recovered samples show that nearly all damage nucleates at the grain boundaries, especially those with larger curvature. Moreover, under lower shock stress, the spall strength of the "longitudinal-cut" sample is smaller than that of the "crosscut" sample, because the different grain sizes and arrangement of the two samples cause different nucleation, growth, and coalescence processes. In this study, the difference in the damage distribution between "longitudinal-cut" and "cross-cut" samples and the causes for this difference under lower shock-loading conditions are also analyzed by both qualitative and semi-quantitative methods. It is very important for these conclusions to establish a reasonable and perfect equation of damage evolution for ductile metals.     

Atomistic simulations to characterize the influence of applied strain and PKA energy on radiation damage evolution in pure aluminum

Knowledge of defects generation, their mobility, growth rate, and spatial distribution is the cornerstone for understanding the surface and structural evolution of a material used under irradiation conditions. In this study, molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the coupled effect of primary knock-on atom (PKA) energy and applied strain (uniaxial and hydrostatic) fields on primary radiation damage evolution in pure aluminum. Cascade damage simulations were carried out for PKA energy ranging between 1 and 20 keV and for applied strain values ranging between ?2% and 2% at the fixed temperature of 300 K. Simulation results showed that as the atomic displacement cascade proceeds under uniaxial and hydrostatic strains, the peak and surviving number of Frenkel point defects increases with increasing tension; however, these increments were more prominent under larger volume changing deformations (hydrostatic strain). The percentage fraction of point defects that aggregate into clusters increases under tension conditions; compared to the reference conditions with no strain, these increases are around 13% and 7% for interstitials and vacancies, respectively (under 2% uniaxial strain), and 19% and 11% for interstitials and vacancies, respectively (under 2% hydrostatic strain). Clusters formed of vacancies and interstitials were both larger under tensile strain conditions, with increases in both the average and maximum cluster sizes. The rate of increase/decrease in the number of Frenkel pairs, their clustering, and their size distributions under expansion/compression strain conditions were higher for higher PKA energies. Overall, the present results suggest that strain effects should be considered carefully in radiation damage environments, specifically for conditions of low temperature and high radiation energy. Compressive strain conditions could be beneficial for materials used in nuclear reactor power systems.     

三角波加载下金属铝动态破坏现象的微观模拟

采用嵌入原子势模型和分子动力学方法, 模拟研究了三角波加载下金属铝动态破坏的微观过程和动力学性质. 根据原子中心对称参数变化给出了样品微结构演化过程, 解读了熔化前后破坏过程的形态差异; 基于Virial定理统计了样品中压力和温度等力学量波形, 分析了熔化前后材料的强度变化. 通过不同碰撞速度的模拟, 讨论了破碎区内物质形态和密度分布的变化, 给出了材料破坏深度的变化规律. 研究还发现, 熔化后材料的动态拉伸强度已显著降低, 而此时由声学近似推算的材料拉伸强度已明显高于内部应力直接计算结果. 关键词： 破坏 分子动力学 冲击     

循环爆炸作用下地下洞室的动态响应及损伤累积

为研究循环爆炸对地下洞室的影响,基于相似模型试验,采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS对比研究了洞室拱顶高水平单次爆炸和低水平10次循环爆炸作用下地下洞室围岩的应力波衰减规律、损伤累积规律及洞壁位移和环向应变分布特征。结果表明:循环爆炸中,洞室围岩的应力波衰减速度随着爆炸次数的增加先减小后增大。单次爆炸中,洞壁环向峰值应变从拱顶至直墙脚由拉应变转为压应变;循环爆炸中,随着爆炸次数的增加,拱顶环向峰值应变由压应变转为拉应变。爆炸荷载总水平相同时,低水平循环爆炸中洞室围岩的损伤面积和程度比高水平单次爆炸大。循环爆炸中,围岩的损伤累积呈现不可逆的逐级增加趋势,且累积损伤和爆炸次数之间呈明显的非线性关系。