三轴应力下花岗岩加载破坏的能量演化和损伤特征

为揭示不同围压下硬岩在破坏过程中的力学性质和能量演化规律,基于RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统对花岗岩试样进行不同围压条件下常规三轴压缩试验。研究结果表明:岩样的峰值应力和围压具有较强的线性关系,利用Mohr-Coulomb强度准则求出花岗岩的黏聚力为23.548 MPa,内摩擦角为57.629°。围压对花岗岩加载破坏过程中能量演化的影响显著,岩石的峰值能量、弹性应变能以及耗散能都随着围压的增大而增大,且两者呈线性增加关系。根据岩石的线性储能规律,提出了确定岩石应力阈值的方法。围压越大,起裂应力和扩容应力越大,且岩样起裂点处与扩容点处的能量也越大;当围压较低时,岩石破坏前储存的能量较少,破坏时能量释放速率低,岩样表现为典型低劈裂破坏;在高围压情况下,能量快速释放,岩样表现为剪切破坏。基于能量演化规律,提出了岩石损伤演化模型,得到了花岗岩的损伤变量D在不同围压下加载破坏过程中的演化规律。     

二长花岗岩的声发射不可逆性试验研究

为研究岩石类材料的受力记忆能力,本文采取三轴循环加卸载的力学试验和声发射试验方法,获取了二长花岗岩受力过程中的应力-应变曲线及声发射特征参数数据。分析表明:(1)在加卸载过程中,初始压密阶段、弹性阶段、塑性阶段、峰后阶段四个阶段声发射特征明显,循环过程中Kaiser效应十分明显。(2)在较低应力水平阶段,Kaiser效应现象较为明显;在较高应力水平阶段,Felicity效应现象较为明显。(3)岩石试样对应变的记忆准确度要高于对应力的记忆准确度,岩石的物性参数(应变)记忆能力要明显好于状态参数(应力)。     

热-流-固耦合作用下页岩气储层渗透率的演化机制

为了研究热-流-固耦合作用下页岩渗透率的演化机制,考虑热解吸、有效应力和热膨胀对页岩渗透率的影响,提出了页岩的有效应力-渗透率模型,该模型能够分析吸附应变和热膨胀应变对页岩渗透率的影响机制。基于该模型和多孔介质弹性理论,建立了单轴应变条件下页岩气储层的热解吸渗透率模型,该模型能够探讨页岩渗透率随温度和孔隙压力的演化规律。利用室内实验观测的页岩岩样渗透率实验数据,验证了该模型的有效性和准确性。结果表明：(1)热解吸渗透率模型能较好地拟合恒压变温条件下的Marcellus页岩渗透率。(2)探讨了恒温条件下页岩渗透率随孔压的演化机制,发现恒温条件下渗透率的演化规律呈“U形”,温度越高,渗透率随孔压下降的反弹现象越不明显。(3)分析了恒压条件下页岩渗透率随温度的演化机制,发现恒压条件下渗透率随温度的演化规律呈“倒U形”,孔隙压力越大,温度对渗透率的影响越小。(4)分别在恒温和恒压条件下对热解吸渗透率模型进行敏感性分析,发现泊松比越大,渗透率比值梯度越大,孔隙体积模量越大,渗透率比值梯度越小。恒压条件下,当线胀系数大于临界值或朗缪尔体应变小于临界值,渗透率的演化规律不呈现“倒U形”。恒温条件下,...     

FeCoCrCuNi高熵合金裂纹及孔洞结构力学与微观构象演化机理的分子动力学模拟研究

本文采用分子动力学方法研究了FeCoCrCuNi高熵合金裂纹及孔洞模型结构在不同轴向拉伸应变速率下的力学与微观结构演化机理. 结果表明：应变速率越高FeCoCrCuNi裂纹结构对应更高的过冲应变和过冲应力，其主要原因是高拉伸速率会导致高强度的BCC结构及孪晶结构的生成，而BCC结构及孪晶结构的产生进而会抑制应力的下降，通过应力-应变曲线，可知FeCoCrCuNi裂纹模型在轴向应力作用下表现为塑性形变. 对于不同尺寸的孔洞FeCoCrCuNi裂纹模型的应力模拟与结构分析，可以得出：孔洞尺寸越大, FeCoCrCuNi裂纹结构对应的过冲应变和过冲应力越小，其主要原因是大尺寸的孔洞造成孔洞之间产生裂纹的，进而会影响这个材料的屈服应变和屈服强度.     

FeCoCrCuNi高熵合金裂纹及孔洞结构的力学与微观构象演化的分子动力学模拟研究

本文采用分子动力学模拟研究了FeCoCrCuNi高熵合金裂纹和孔洞结构在不同轴向拉伸速率下的力学与微观结构演化机理.结果表明:应变速率越高FeCoCrCuNi裂纹结构对应更高的过冲应变和过冲应力,其主要原因是高拉伸速率会导致高强度的BCC结构及孪晶结构的生成,而BCC结构及孪晶结构的产生进而会抑制应力的下降,通过应力-应变曲线,可知FeCoCrCuNi裂纹模型在轴向应力作用下表现为塑性形变.对于不同尺寸的孔洞FeCoCrCuNi裂纹模型的应力结构分析,可以得出:孔洞尺寸越大, FeCoCrCuNi裂纹结构对应的过冲应变和过冲应力越小,其主要原因是大尺寸的孔洞造成孔洞之间产生裂纹的,进而会影响这个材料的屈服应变和屈服强度.     

GaAs晶体在不同应变下生长过程的分子动力学模拟

GaAs晶体的高质量生长对于制造高性能高频微波电子器件和发光器件具有重要意义.本文通过分子动力学方法对GaAs晶体沿[110]晶向的诱导结晶进行模拟,并采用最大标准团簇分析、双体分布函数和可视化等方法研究应变对生长过程和缺陷形成的影响.结果表明,不同应变条件下GaAs晶体的结晶过程发生显著变化.在初始阶段,施加一定拉应变和较大的压应变后,体系的晶体生长速率发生降低,且应变越大,结晶速率越低.此外,随着晶体的生长,体系形成以{111}小平面为边界的锯齿形界面,生长平面与{111}小平面之间的夹角影响固液界面的形态,进而影响孪晶的形成.施加拉应变越大,此夹角越小,形成孪晶缺陷越多,结构越不规则.同时,体系中极大部分的位错与孪晶存在伴生关系,应变的施加可以抑制或促进位错的形核,合适的应变甚至可以使晶体无位错生长.本文从原子尺度上研究GaAs的微观结构演化,可为晶体生长理论提供理论指导.     

不同应变率和碳纳米管掺量下混凝土的力学性质与能量演化特征

为研究应变率(加载速率)和多壁碳纳米管掺量对碳纳米管混凝土试样力学性质、能量演化规律及损伤破坏特征的影响,采用RMT-150B岩石力学试验系统,对不同应变率下不同碳纳米管掺量的混凝土试样开展了系列单轴压缩试验。试验结果表明：碳纳米管混凝土试样的延性随着多壁碳纳米管掺量的增加而增大;当应变率恒定时,多壁碳纳米管掺量为0.1%的改性碳纳米管混凝土的单轴抗压强度最大;当多壁碳纳米管掺量恒定时,应变率为5×10^-3 s^-1(0.5 mm/s)时碳纳米管混凝土试样的单轴抗压强度最大;当应变率较大时,在试样峰值应力处,碳纳米管混凝土的能量耗散值占总能量的28.29%;当应变率较小时,试样峰前阶段的能量耗散现象显著,峰值应力处耗散能占比平均高达37.34%;当应变率和多壁碳纳米管掺量均较小时,碳纳米管混凝土在破坏前所吸收的能量大量转化为耗散能,峰后试样能量释放率较小,表现为局部张拉与剪切混合破坏特征;当应变率和多壁碳纳米管掺量均较大时,碳纳米管混凝土在破坏前所吸收的能量主要储存为可释放弹性应变能,在破坏时混凝土试样的能量释放速率较高,碳纳米管混凝土试样破坏...     

GFRP增强圆钢管在低速冲击荷载作用下的应变率效应

讨论了玻璃纤维/环氧树脂复合材料(Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic,GFRP)增强Q235圆钢管在低速冲击荷载作用下的应变率效应。通过轴压试验和轴向低速冲击试验获得了试件在准静态和低速冲击状态下的力学响应(轴向荷载及轴向位移),为后续仿真工作提供了依据。编写了可以考虑初始失效、损伤演化及应变率效应的GFRP材料子程序(VUMAT),并基于ABAQUS对构件的轴压及轴向冲击过程进行了仿真再现。通过仿真将不考虑应变率效应、只考虑钢管应变率效应、只考虑GFRP应变率效应、考虑钢管及GFRP应变率效应4种情况下的结果进行了对比分析。     

三向围压下碳酸盐岩的动态力学试验

原位地层中的碳酸盐岩在动态冲击下的力学行为是研究大规模开发碳酸盐岩油气藏的基础。利用真三轴霍普金森压杆装置,对碳酸盐岩在三向围压下的动态力学行为进行研究,测得碳酸盐岩试样在受到三向不同围压、单向冲击荷载作用下的动态应变率和动态抗压强度,揭示出在三向围压下碳酸盐岩受到动态冲击后仅出现微裂缝开裂的特征。     

煤层中封存CO2的流-固-热耦合数值模拟研究

为了研究CO_2煤层封存过程中注气量和煤层渗透率的变化规律,分析不同煤层特征参数对注气效率的影响,利用岩石力学、渗流力学、传热学相关理论,基于煤体双重孔隙结构特征,建立CO_2煤层封存的流-固-热耦合模型,进行CO_2煤层封存数值模拟。结果表明:CO_2注入煤层的速率遵循着"初始阶段迅速减小,随后基本稳定"的规律,注入速率的大小与煤层初始压力、初始温度成反比,与初始渗透率成正比;在煤层注入CO_2的过程中,由于气体压力升高、温度降低引起的收缩应变大于吸附应变,在注气压力增高区内煤体基质系统和裂隙系统的渗透率不断增大,且裂隙渗透率受注气影响更明显。     

强激光对燃烧室壳体的热-力毁伤研究

基于ANSYS有限元软件, 按有无内压作用, 分别对激光辐照下燃烧室壳体的温度场、热应力、应变与损伤进行了计算与分析.分析表明, 壳体的温度场分布与光束的功率分布一致, 光斑中心温度最高.壳体中应力最大值不在光斑中心, 而是位于光斑边缘处, 在壳体吸收的激光功率密度超过1 000 W/cm²时, 壳体中应力大于材料的强度极限, 壳体均会发生软化.在存在内部燃气压力的情况下, 壳体应力会产生局部集中, 沿壳体环向表面通过光斑中心中轴线区域很有可能裂口;相比较无内压的壳体, 存在内压的壳体中的应力和产生的形变均大于无内压时的壳体.因此, 为达到相同的毁伤效果, 在存在内压的情况下, 可以适当的降低激光的辐照强度.     

强激光对燃烧室壳体的热-力毁伤研究

基于ANSYS有限元软件,按有无内压作用,分别对激光辐照下燃烧室壳体的温度场、热应力、应变与损伤进行了计算与分析.分析表明,壳体的温度场分布与光束的功率分布一致,光斑中心温度最高.壳体中应力最大值不在光斑中心,而是位于光斑边缘处,在壳体吸收的激光功率密度超过1 000W/cm2时,壳体中应力大于材料的强度极限,壳体均会发生软化.在存在内部燃气压力的情况下,壳体应力会产生局部集中,沿壳体环向表面通过光斑中心中轴线区域很有可能裂口;相比较无内压的壳体,存在内压的壳体中的应力和产生的形变均大于无内压时的壳体.因此,为达到相同的毁伤效果,在存在内压的情况下,可以适当的降低激光的辐照强度.     

孪晶对Be材料冲击加-卸载动力学影响的数值模拟研究

在高压、高应变率加载条件下,孪晶变形对材料的塑性变形具有重要的贡献,而目前孪晶对金属材料的动态屈服强度、冲击响应等的影响还没有被充分揭示.为此,本文考虑孪晶变形和晶粒碎化,针对铍(Be)材料在高应变率加载下的动态力学响应发展了含孪晶的热弹-黏塑性晶体塑性模型.经过和实验结果的对比,发现该模型可以更准确地预测Be材料在动态加载下,尤其是高压动态加载下的屈服强度.进一步,基于该塑性模型研究了Be材料在冲击加载下的准弹性卸载行为,结果表明剪切波速随着压力和剪应变的变化而发生变化是材料产生准弹性卸载现象的主要原因.此外,研究了冲击波卸载过程中Be材料孪晶的演化过程,发现Be材料卸载过程中也伴随着孪晶的产生.     

Some Nonlinear Rock Behavior Effects

The nonlinear rock behavior effects observed in loading diagrams are analyzed which are usually ignored in conventional models of elastoplastic media. The initial deformation stage and unloading of rock samples are considered. The nonlinear behavior on these loading stages is interpreted from the viewpoint of partial closure of cracks initiated during deformation beyond the elastic limit or in earlier loading history. Phenomenological relations are derived to account for the discussed nonlinear effects in numerical modeling. The postcritical deformation stage corresponding to the stage of strain localization and main crack formation is studied. Corrections are made to provide a more accurate determination of model parameters.     

Discrete element simulation of localized deformation in stochastic distributed granular materials

The deformation in granular material under loading conditions is a problem of great interest currently. In this paper, the micro-mechanism of the localized deformations in stochastically distributed granular materials is investigated based on the modified distinct element method under the plane strain conditions, and the influences of the confining pressure, the initial void ratio and the friction coefficient on the localized deformation and the stability of granular materials are also studied. It is concluded, based on the numerical simulation testing, that two crossed shear sliding planes may occur inside the granular assembly, and deformation patterns vary with the increasing of transverse strain. These conclusions are in good agreement with the present experimental results. By tangential velocity profiles along the direction normal to the two shear sliding planes, it can be found that there are two different shear deformation patterns: one is the fluid-like shear mode and the other is the solid-like shear mode. At last, the influences of various material parameters or factors on localized deformation features and patterns of granular materials are discussed in detail. Supported by the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10532040)     

Acoustoplastic effect and internal friction of aluminum single crystals in various deformation stages

The dependences of the acoustoplastic effect and the internal friction on the oscillatory strain amplitude are measured in various deformation stages of low-purity aluminum single crystals. It is discovered that the acoustoplastic effect is observed not only in the macroscopic plastic region of the stress-strain diagram, but also for microplastic deformation in the “elastic” loading and unloading stages. The sign of the effect reverses during unloading. An increase in the strain rate leads to enhancement of the acoustoplastic effect and the absorption of the energy of ultrasonic vibrations causing this effect with a frequency of about 100 kHz. It is concluded that the acoustoplastic effect observed during both macro-and microplastic deformation is caused by the irreversible high-speed motion of dislocations through the long-range stress field of the other dislocations after breaking through the Cottrell atmospheres. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 1794–1800 (October 1997)     

循环爆炸作用下地下洞室的动态响应及损伤累积

为研究循环爆炸对地下洞室的影响,基于相似模型试验,采用通用有限元软件ABAQUS对比研究了洞室拱顶高水平单次爆炸和低水平10次循环爆炸作用下地下洞室围岩的应力波衰减规律、损伤累积规律及洞壁位移和环向应变分布特征。结果表明:循环爆炸中,洞室围岩的应力波衰减速度随着爆炸次数的增加先减小后增大。单次爆炸中,洞壁环向峰值应变从拱顶至直墙脚由拉应变转为压应变;循环爆炸中,随着爆炸次数的增加,拱顶环向峰值应变由压应变转为拉应变。爆炸荷载总水平相同时,低水平循环爆炸中洞室围岩的损伤面积和程度比高水平单次爆炸大。循环爆炸中,围岩的损伤累积呈现不可逆的逐级增加趋势,且累积损伤和爆炸次数之间呈明显的非线性关系。     

The effect of confining pressure on specific energy in Nd:YAG laser perforating of rock

For many years, the oil and gas industry were looking for an alternative method that could significantly reduce the primary drawbacks of using explosives. Perforating oil and gas wells using lasers as a new method is currently under research. In laser perforating, many parameters influence the essential factor of specific energy (i.e. the required energy to remove the unit weight of rock). One of these parameters is the confining pressure. Here, a core sample is placed in the Hoek cell and a new frame is designed to fix them. A small circular part of top side of the cylindrical sample is open in order to interact with the laser beam while the mechanical pressure exerted with the Hoek cell confines the other sides. The results show that the main disparity in specific energy and rate of penetration (ROP) occurs in the range 8–16 MPa of confining pressure. It is found that the amount of specific energy is constant at pressures higher than 16 MPa and consequently, micro cracks that appeared on sample surface at low pressure are absent at higher pressures.     

Fracture Model of Anisotropic Rocks under Complex Loading

The paper proposes a deformation and fracture model for anisotropic stratified rocks and presents theoretical and experimental data on how the rock strength and fracture geometry are influenced by principal stresses and their orientation to bedding planes. Two possible mechanisms are considered for rock fracture under true triaxial load: along bedding planes of weakness and along planes in which Mohr-Coulomb stresses reach a critical combination with cohesion coefficients and internal friction angles typical of the rock. The transition of rocks to inelastic deformation is described in the context of two criteria of which one accounts for the above fracture mechanisms and the other, being a semi-empirical analogue of the Hill yield criterion, accounts for the effect of normal stress. The experimental data presented are for the strain and strength properties of rocks sampled from the Fedorovskoye and Talakanskoye oil and gas fields and tested on an original loading system for true triaxial compression with lateral pressure (similar to the Karman scheme) and for generalized shear (three unequal and nonmonotonic principal stresses). The experimental and theoretical results, including total stress-strain curves, are in good qualitative agreement and demonstrate the possibility to evaluate the parameters entered in the model from tests of particular rocks.