Effect of Temperature on the Void Growth in Pure Aluminium at High Strain-Rate Loading

With the environment temperature varying from 273 K to 773 K, the dynamic process of void growth in pure aluminium at high strain-rate loading is calculated based on the dynamic growth equation of a void with internal pressure. The result shows that the effect of temperature on the growth of void should be emphasized. Because the initial pressure of void with gas will increase and the viscosity of materials will decrease with the rising of temperature, the growth of void is accelerated. Furthermore, material inertia restrains the growth of void evidently when the diameter exceeds 10 μm. The effect of surface tension is very weak in the whole process of void growth.     

Measurement and Analysis of Spall Characteristics of High-Pure Aluminium at One-Dimensional Strain Loading

With an impact velocity varying from 196.9m/s to 317.9m/s and ratios of flyer/sample thickness of 2：4 and 3：6, the free-surface velocity profiles of the shock compressed high purity aluminium （HPA 99.999%） samples are measured with a velocity interferometer system for any reflector. Based on the vibrating features of the velocity profiles, the damage behaviour of HPA is analysed. The results indicate that the vibrating amplitude increases with increasing shock stress, and the subsequent reverberations describing the spall become more obvious. When the shock stress in the material is below a critical or smaller than the threshold level, the free-surface velocity profile replicates virtually the form of the compression pulse inside the sample. When the impact stress exceeds a critical value （1.4 GPa）, the micro damage would appear, and the free-surface velocity profile changes significantly, showing a series of short-duration reverberations in the profile. When the impact stress exceeds the threshold of damage, a compressive disturbance called the ＂spall pulse＂ appears in the free-surface velocity profile, and the subsequent reverberation becomes regular again. The measured spall strength of HPA is much higher than those of commercially pure aluminium reported in many references. In addition, the strength of HPA is similar to that of single-crystal aluminium.     

基于单孔洞近似的高纯铝部分层裂实验的数值模拟研究

基于单孔洞近似,对不同撞击速度下高纯铝的部分层裂实验进行了数值模拟研究,讨论了微孔洞长大对波传播的影响及其在自由面速度波剖面上的表现. 通过分析微孔洞周围的应力场变化,认识到实测自由面速度波剖面出现"回跳"特征并不能说明材料发生完全层裂,其直接原因是样品内部微孔洞长大所引起的局部卸载效应. 将计算得到的自由面速度波剖面和微孔洞相对体积与实验结果进行了对比分析,发现两者均符合很好,表明采用单孔洞增长来近似描述部分层裂样品中随机损伤发展及其对波传播的影响是可行的. 关键词： 层裂 孔洞增长 自由面速度波剖面 微孔洞相对体积     

冲击加载下铝中孔洞长大的微观机理分析

 利用扫描电镜和透射电镜观测了冲击加载后高纯铝损伤状态孔洞的分布,发现在冲击波加载后,高纯铝中出现了大量的孔洞,孔洞大小多集中在百纳米尺度,分布不均匀,且呈现出带状形貌,局部区域的孔洞在冲击波作用下优先发展,孔洞长大,形成微米级的大孔洞。进一步的观测发现,在孔洞周围出现了大量的位错发射,发射方向位于{111}晶面上,是面心立方金属的密排面。运用分子动力学模拟进行了对比研究,验证了位错发射方向与观测结果是一致的。     

高应变率拉伸下纯铝中氦泡长大的动力学研究

 分析了高应变率加载下纯铝中氦泡长大的动力学过程，给出了含内压氦泡长大的动力学方程，并且分别研究了氦泡内压、基体材料惯性、粘性、表面张力以及基体环境温度对初始半径为1 nm氦泡长大的影响。研究结果表明：（1）初始内压可以促使氦泡快速长大，当氦泡直径超过1 μm时，内压对氦泡长大的影响可以忽略不计。（2）表面张力在氦泡整个长大过程中的影响都很小。（3）材料惯性对氦泡长大起抑制作用，并且随着氦泡半径的增长，抑制效应越来越明显。（4）在所有因素中，温度对氦泡长大的影响最为明显，温度升高，材料的粘性降低，氦泡的内压增加，促使氦泡加速长大。     

Simulation of critical behaviour on damage evolution

Based on a damage evolution equation and a critical damage function model, this paper has completed the numerical simulation of ductile spall fracture. The free-surface velocity and damage distribution have been used to determine jointly the physical parameters D_l (the critical linking damage), D_f (the critical fracturing damage) and k (the softening rate of critical damage function model）of the critical damage function model, which are 0.11, 0.51 and 0.57 respectively. Results indicate that the parameters determined by any of shots could be applicable to the rest of other shots, which is convincing proof for the universal property of critical damage function. In our experiments, the shock pressure is about 1~GPa to 2.5~GPa. For the reason of limited pressure range, there are still some limitations in the methods of present analysis. Moreover, according to the damage evolution characteristic of pure aluminum obtained by experiments, two critical damages are obtained, which are 0.11 and 0.51 respectively. The results are coincident with the experimental ones, which indicate that the critical growth behaviour of damage occurs in the plastic metal under dynamic loading.     

冲击压缩下纯铝中微孔洞塌陷的数值模拟

由于实验中无法观察材料的孔涮在受冲击加载时的变形过程,本文对纯铝中孔洞的变形过程进行了数值模拟.采用了3种材料模型:舣线性模型、塑性随动模型和应变率相关塑性模型,分别模拟了它们在冲击压缩下内部微孔洞的塌陷,并对结果作了详细的比较.结果表明:基体材料模型为双线性模型时,孔洞在冲击压缩下会出现射流现象,应变率的变化和材料的硬化方式不影响孔洞的变形;模型为应变率相关塑性模型时,孔洞在冲击压缩下不会出现射流现象,孔洞的变形与当前应变率和应变率历史相关;模型为塑性随动模型时,孔洞在压缩到某一时刻体积不会进一步缩小,孔洞周围单元会因失效而被删除,孔洞反而有变大的趋势,并且用这种模型模拟孔洞变形时,硬化系数会对孔洞变形有影响.通过对使用3种模型计算结果的比较,可以确定影响孔洞变形的主要因素.     

Effect of grain size and arrangement on dynamic damage evolution of ductile metal

Plate-impact experiments have been carried out to examine the effect of grain size and grain arrangement on the damage evolution of ultrapure aluminum. Two groups of samples, "cross-cut" and "longitudinal-cut," are obtained from the rolled aluminum rod along different directions. The peak compressive stress is approximately 1.25 GPa-1.61 GPa, which can cause incipient spall damage that is correlated to the material microstructure. The metallographic analyses of all recovered samples show that nearly all damage nucleates at the grain boundaries, especially those with larger curvature. Moreover, under lower shock stress, the spall strength of the "longitudinal-cut" sample is smaller than that of the "crosscut" sample, because the different grain sizes and arrangement of the two samples cause different nucleation, growth, and coalescence processes. In this study, the difference in the damage distribution between "longitudinal-cut" and "cross-cut" samples and the causes for this difference under lower shock-loading conditions are also analyzed by both qualitative and semi-quantitative methods. It is very important for these conclusions to establish a reasonable and perfect equation of damage evolution for ductile metals.     

Deformation and Spallation of Explosive Welded Steels under Gas Gun Shock Loading

We investigate deformation and spallation of explosive welded bi-steel plates under gas gun shock loading. Free surface histories are measured to obtain the Hugoniot elastic limit and spall strengths at different impact velocities.Pre-and post-shock microstructures are characterized with optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy,and electron backscatter diffraction. In addition, the Vickers hardness test is conducted. Explosive welding can result in a wavy steel/steel interface, an ultrafine grain region centered at the interface, and a neighboring high deformation region, accompanied by a hardness with the highest value at the interface. Additional shock compression induces a further increase in hardness, and shock-induced deformation occurs in the form of twinning and dislocation slip and depends on the local substructure. Spall damage nucleates and propagates along the ultrafine grain region, due to the initial cracks or weak interface bonding. Spall strengths of bimetal plates can be higher than its constituents. Plate impact offers a promising method for improving explosive welding.     

动态损伤演化的空间不连续性实验研究

对冲击加载下高纯铝的损伤演化进行了实验研究. 利用基于白光轴向色差的表面轮廓测试技术测试冲击加载“软回收”的样品截面, 对测试结果进行三维重构和损伤量化计算. 结果表明: 受到孔洞形核效应、尺寸效应和应力松弛作用, 在损伤演化早期, 损伤度随着空间的分布是不连续的, 除最大损伤度以外还存在一个次高峰. 在损伤演化后期, 受到贯穿作用的影响, 损伤度增量随空间的分布也是不连续的, 贯穿区域损伤度迅速增加, 损伤度曲线的次高峰特征消失. 关键词： 高纯铝 冲击波 损伤演化 空间不连续性