近贫燃极限甲烷/空气火焰的层流燃烧速度研究

利用微重力条件下向外传播的球形火焰,对贫燃极限附近甲烷/空气预混火焰的层流燃烧速度进行了测量,得到当量比从0.512(本文微重力实验中测定的可燃极限)到0.601范围内的零拉伸层流燃烧速度,并与前人实验数据和使用3种化学反应动力学模型的计算结果进行了比较.本文实验结果与已有的微重力实验数据非常接近,而其他研究者在常重力...     

加压条件下甲烷/空气预混火焰可燃极限的微重力实验研究

本文成功搭建了适用于中国科学院力学研究所国家微重力实验室(NMLC)落塔的高压对冲火焰实验系统,并首次开展了微重力条件下加压对冲火焰实验,测定了一定张力条件下甲烷/空气层流预混火焰的熄灭极限。实验结果表明,随着压力的增高,甲烷/空气混合气体的可燃极限呈先增后降的非单调变化趋势,峰值发生在0.4 MPa左右。浮力对加压下微弱火焰熄灭极限的影响明显,在常重力条件下,相同张力下的熄灭极限较微重力条件下的偏大,峰值出现的压力略低。微重力条件下的实验结果与使用CHEMKIN的数值模拟的结果相当一致。     

多孔介质中甲烷预混气火焰传播特性实验研究

本文对甲烷预混气在多孔介质中的火焰传播特性进行了实验研究,在开口竖直管中充填多孔介质,通过改变预混气氧含量使火焰在不同多孔介质中传播并测量火焰传播速度。预混气中氧含量最高达到29％。实验结果表明:多孔介质中甲烷可燃预混气火焰传播速度大于其层流火焰传播速度,可达到5倍以上(当量比的甲烷-空气预混气);多孔介质当量孔直径越大,或预混气层流火焰速度越高,则预混气火焰传播速度越高;多孔介质中可燃混气的火焰传播界限变小,当量孔直径大的多孔介质其界限值较大。实验结果与Babkin提出的多孔介质中的火焰传播机理相符。     

氨气预混旋流燃烧火焰稳定性及燃烧极限研究

采用叶轮型旋流燃烧器,研究了旋流数、叶片数以及流量等因素对氨气预混旋流燃烧火焰稳定性和燃烧极限的影响.实验结果表明,在一定当量比下,氨气预混旋流燃烧火焰会失稳发生回火或振荡抬举;随着旋流数的增大或叶片数的增加,火焰更易失稳发生回火;石英玻璃高度越高,内部流场结构越完整,火焰高度越高。氨气预混旋流火焰贫燃极限在φ=0.64～0.76之间,富燃极限在φ=1.47～1.74之间。随着总流量的增大,贫燃极限逐渐增大,富燃极限波动较大,总体燃烧极限范围变大;随着旋流数的增大、叶片数的增加或石英玻璃高度的升高,燃烧极限范围变窄。     

用高空气球搭载微重力实验研究浮力对预混V形火焰的影响

在地面实验中观测到的燃烧现象,包含了浮力的影响。利用微重力实验在浮力消失后研究火焰,有助于深入理解燃烧过程。本文介绍了利用高空气球搭载微重力实验对甲烷－空气预混Ｖ形火焰的研究。实验提供了长时间微重力环境下火焰的动态图像。利用计算机图像处理方法对火焰图像的分析表明,在本实验的工况下,微重力下预混Ｖ形火焰锋面的张角比正常重力下变大,皱折和摆动加剧。这说明浮力确实影响预混燃烧过程。     

C6F12O对锂离子电池排出气体火焰的抑制效能研究

通过实验和数值模拟的方法研究了添加C_6F_(12)O对锂离子电池发生热失控后的排出气体/空气预混火焰的影响。在常温常压下,利用本生火焰装置测试了一定当量比范围的甲烷/空气和排出气/空气预混火焰在不同C_6F_(12)O添加量条件下的火焰速度。通过包含燃料燃烧和C_6F_(12)O热分解的动力学机理模型进行数值模拟并与实验测试的火焰速度进行比较,结果表明在C_6F_(12)O添加量较低的贫燃侧,层流火焰速度趋势具有良好的一致性。尽管燃料类型不同,C_6F_(12)O在化学当量以及富燃侧的抑制效能明显优于贫燃侧,并且相比于纯甲烷,C_6F_(12)O更适用于抑制排出气体/空气预混火焰。     

准二维狭缝ODPP/OESC的研究分析

针对准二维狭缝燃烧系统,进行了扩散燃烧、预混燃烧、空气部分预混燃烧以及稀氧部分预混/富氧补燃(ODPP/OESC)等燃烧技术的排放特性对比;并进行了稀氧部分预混/富氧补燃技术中不同预混氧浓度、不同补燃氧浓度、不同预混当量比以及不同补燃位置火焰的燃烧特性以及污染物的生成特性的对比分析。研究结果表明,ODPP/OESC的燃烧工艺,能够有效地实现燃烧过程中高效率和低排放的双优化,随着预混当量比的增大以及后期补燃位置的增大,快速型NO_x生成比重明显增大。     

湍流预混火焰点火与传播特性研究

可燃预混气的点火与传播过程是发动机燃烧领域最重要的课题之一,尤其是湍流与化学反应的相互作用对预混气点火和火焰传播的影响机理有待进一步研究。本文利用定压球形火焰研究了氢气/氧气/氩气(Le1)在可燃极限条件(当量比0.3)下湍流对点火与火焰传播过程的影响,研究表明,在该工况下,湍流有助于可燃气点火过程,火焰传播过程中,由于湍流的影响,局部拉伸率大于0的区域火焰传播增快,局部拉伸率小于0的区域火焰传播受到抑制,甚至出现局部熄火。     

H_2/CO/空气贫燃预混火焰的临界熄灭条件研究

通过详细数值计算在较宽H_2/CO比范围内研究了H_2/CO/空气贫燃层流预混对冲火焰的熄灭极限。结果表明:H_2/CO/空气预混火焰的熄灭拉伸率随当量比和燃料H_2含量的增加而增加。分析发现主要分支反应和主要终止反应的平衡和竞争是火焰熄灭的决定性因素,对于组分确定的合成气,引入火焰面上主要分支反应的反应速率ω_B与主要终止反应的反应速率ω_T的对数比值β=ln(ω_T)/ln(ω_B)作为火焰熄灭指数,熄灭时刻所有当量比火焰的β趋近一个常数β_(ext),β_(ext)为临界熄灭指数。β随着拉伸率的增加而增加,当β=β_(ext)时,火焰熄灭。β_(ext)略大于1,随着H_2含量的增加逐渐减小并趋近于1。     

微小圆管中分裂火焰的实验与理论研究

对丙烷/空气在内径2 mm的圆管内的预混燃烧进行了实验研究,借助于高速数码摄像机发现了分裂火焰现象,其中一个为向上游传播的较亮的常规火焰,另一个为向下游传播的较暗的微弱火焰。这些火焰先后熄灭,经过一段时间后又重复发生自着火、分裂、反向传播、灭火过程。这种现象在富燃、化学恰当比以及贫燃火焰中都有存在。一维非稳态计算表明化...     

Propagation of detonation in fuel–air mixtures in flat channels

The wide scatter of the values of the measured detonation cell size in fuel + air mixtures restricts the applicability of this parameter in the estimation of the geometric limits of detonation propagation, including in rectangular channels whose height is much larger than their width. The critical channel height for the propagation of detonation has been experimentally determined for hydrogen + air, propane + air, and ethylene + air mixtures. In order to reveal the specific features of the propagation and decay of detonation in a narrow channel, numerical simulation has been carried out for a hydrogen + air mixture with account taken of the cellular structure of the detonation wave.     

Hydrogen assisted self-ignition of propane/air mixtures in catalytic microburners

A catalytic Pt-based microdevice is evaluated for the combustion of hydrogen and/or propane. It is found that in confined ceramic microchannels hydrogen/air mixtures self-ignite over a wide range of compositions. This discovery is capitalized to self-ignite propane/air mixtures with the assistance of hydrogen addition. It is shown that propane kinetically inhibits hydrogen catalytic combustion at low hydrogen fractions. The minimum hydrogen composition for self-ignition of propane/air mixture compositions is found to be relatively constant, irrespective of propane composition. The transient and steady state behavior of these systems is described, and the minimization of hydrogen usage and startup time are discussed.     

Turbulent flame propagation limits of polymethylmethacrylate particle cloud–ammonia–air co-combustion

Ammonia is a highly promising energy carrier for achieving a carbon-neutral society. The co-combustion of solid particle clouds–ammonia, in particular, is considered an efficient and feasible method of reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Understanding turbulent flame stabilization and extinguishment processes during the two-phase hybrid-mixture co-combustion of solid particle clouds–ammonia is essential for the co-combustion technology to be used in combustors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the turbulent flame propagation limits and associated mechanism on the co-combustion of solid particle clouds–ammonia–air. Turbulent flame propagation experiments on silica particle clouds–ammonia–air mixing combustion and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) particle cloud–ammonia–air co-combustion were conducted in this work using a novel fan-stirred constant-volume vessel to clarify the turbulent flame propagation limits and associate mechanism of solid particle cloud–ammonia–air co-combustion. Results showed that adding inert silica particles contracted the turbulent flame propagation limits of premixed ammonia–air mixtures. However, adding PMMA particles expanded and then contracted the turbulent flame propagation limits of a premixed ammonia–air mixture as the ammonia equivalence ratio increased from lean to rich. In the solid particle cloud–ammonia–air co-combustion, reactive particles induce two types of effects on the turbulent flame propagation limits of premixed ammonia–air mixtures: The local equivalence ratio increment effect is caused by adding volatile matter from preheated particles in the preheat zone of the flame front, and the heat sink negative effect is induced by the unburned particles.     

Measurement and modeling of the sooting propensity of binary fuel mixtures

The sooting behaviour of binary fuel mixtures was evaluated both experimentally and through computer simulations. The soot volume fraction in laminar diffusion flames of mixtures of ethylene/propane, methane/ethylene, methane/propane, methane/ethane, methane/butane, ethane/propane and ethane/ethylene fuels was measured using 2-dimensional line of sight attenuation. A synergistic effect was observed for the ethylene/propane, methane/ethylene, methane/ethane and ethane/ethylene mixtures. The synergistic effect translated into a higher soot concentration for a mixture fraction than could be yielded by the added contribution of both pure fuels. Such an effect was not observed for the methane/propane, methane/butane and ethane/propane mixtures. Through experiments in which the flame temperature was kept constant, it was determined that the synergistic effect in the methane/ethylene mixture is very temperature dependent whereas, that in the ethylene/propane mixture is not. This phenomenon was further studied through the modeling of the ethylene/propane mixture. Numerical simulations were carried out using two different soot models. The simulations confirmed the presence of a synergistic effect. It was found that the effect could be directly correlated to a synergistic effect in the concentration of n-C₄H₅ and n-C₄H₃, which could be traced back to an interaction between ethylene and methyl radical species. These results yield further insight into the pathways to soot formation and highlight the importance of further analyzing binary fuel mixtures as a means of understanding soot formation in practical devices using industrial fuels.     

辐射传热对微重力环境下预混火焰传播特性的影响

1引言在火焰中，辐射过程是一种重要的传热方式。对该过程尽可能精确的计算，对于改进燃烧设备的设计、改善设备的运行性能十分有益。在正常重力环境下，与其它的释热现象相比，预混火焰中的辐射热损失十分微弱，因而，过去对预混火焰的分析中，往往忽略了辐射热损失的影响。近年来，对微重力（ug）环境下的预混火焰的研究结果表明，可燃极限与＃s最小点火能无关，自媳灭火焰（SEFs）发生时；其释放的能量比通常观察到的点火极限时的能量大几个数量级山，因此火焰伸张并不能解释“g环境下观察到的实验结果，辐射热损失可能是影响＃g火焰可…     

Theoretical investigation of flame propagation through compositionally stratified methane–air mixtures

Flame propagation speeds in compositionally stratified methane–air mixtures were theoretically calculated as a function of the equivalence ratio distribution in the unburnt mixture and compared with experimental results. A solution of non-adiabatic flame propagation under a quasi-steady approximation was able qualitatively to describe the experimentally observed characteristics of flame speeds in stratified mixtures, which were flame speed increase in the vicinity of the flammability limits as well as for high equivalence ratio gradients. However, this analysis failed to provide quantitative agreement with the experimental results. In order to address this, the cumulative heat support effects on flame temperature, depending on the history of flame propagation, had to be accounted for. Quantitative agreement with the experiments was achieved, especially for propagation in lean mixtures.     

Turbulent flame propagation limits of ammonia/methane/air premixed mixture in a constant volume vessel

Ammonia is one of promising energy carriers that can be directly used as carbon-neutral fuel for combustion applications. However, because of the low-burning velocity of ammonia, it is challenging to introduce ammonia to practical combustors those are designed for general hydrocarbon fuels. One of ways to enhance the combustibility of ammonia is by mixing it with other hydrocarbon fuels, such as methane, with a burning velocity is much higher than the burning velocity of ammonia. In this study, we conducted flame propagation experiments of ammonia/methane/air using a fan-stirred constant volume vessel to clarify the effect of methane addition to ammonia on the turbulent flame propagation limit. From experimental results, we constructed the flame propagation maps and clarified the flame propagation limits. The results show that the flame propagation limits were extended with an increase in mixing a fraction of methane to ammonia. Additionally, ammonia/methane/air mixtures with the equivalence ration of 0.9 can propagate at the highest turbulent intensity, even though the peak of the laminar burning velocity is the fuel-rich side because of the diffusional-thermal instability of the flame surface. Furthermore, the Markstein number of the mixture obtained in this research successfully expressed the strength of the diffusional-thermal instability effect on the flame propagation capability. The turbulence Karlovitz number at the flame propagation limit monotonically increases with the decreasing Markstein number.     

MIE experiments and simultaneous measurement of the transferred charge – A verification of the ignition threshold limits

Using the apparatus for the determination of the MIE a wide series of experiments have been carried out in hydrogen/air, ethene/air, propane/air and acetone/air mixtures. The transferred charge as a criterion to judge the ignition potential is determined to verify the thresholds of transferred charge given in the standards. The stored charge in the capacitance before the discharge is compared to the transferred charge in the spark. The correlation of ignition energy and transferred charge is examined and the thresholds of the transferred charge are discussed. The MIE of the above-mentioned mixtures are reviewed taking into account the measurement uncertainty.     

Infrared absorption cross sections for propane (C3H8) in the 3 μm region

Infrared absorption cross sections for propane have been measured in the 3 μm spectral region from spectra recorded using a high-resolution FTIR spectrometer (Bruker IFS 125 HR). The spectra of mixtures of propane with dry synthetic air were recorded at 0.015 cm⁻¹ resolution (calculated as 0.9/MOPD using the Bruker definition of resolution), at a number of temperatures and pressures appropriate for atmospheric conditions. Intensities were calibrated using two propane spectra (recorded at 278 and 293 K) taken from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) IR database.