富燃料丙烷/空气预混火焰特性的微重力实验研究

地面常重力(1g)条件下,丙烷/空气预混火焰向上传播的富燃极限为9.2%C_3H_8,而向下传播时的富燃极限仅为6.3%C_3H_8,二者之间存在明显差距。利用微重力条件下的实验,对燃料浓度从6.5%到8.6%(微重力实验中测定的可燃极限)范围内的丙烷/空气预混火焰特性进行了研究。实验发现,重力对近极限丙烷/空气火焰的传播有显著影响,影响程度随着当量比的增加而增大。微重力下丙烷/空气的富燃极限为8.6%C_3H_8(φ=2.24),明显高于1g条件下向下传播火焰的可燃极限,略低于向上传播火焰的可燃极限。随着当量比的增大,根据压力变化曲线计算的火焰层流燃烧速度从8.5cm/s逐渐减小到2.7 cm/s,可燃极限处的层流燃烧速度与前人实验数据一致。     

加压条件下甲烷/空气预混火焰可燃极限的微重力实验研究

本文成功搭建了适用于中国科学院力学研究所国家微重力实验室(NMLC)落塔的高压对冲火焰实验系统,并首次开展了微重力条件下加压对冲火焰实验,测定了一定张力条件下甲烷/空气层流预混火焰的熄灭极限。实验结果表明,随着压力的增高,甲烷/空气混合气体的可燃极限呈先增后降的非单调变化趋势,峰值发生在0.4 MPa左右。浮力对加压下微弱火焰熄灭极限的影响明显,在常重力条件下,相同张力下的熄灭极限较微重力条件下的偏大,峰值出现的压力略低。微重力条件下的实验结果与使用CHEMKIN的数值模拟的结果相当一致。     

层流预混气体多棱火焰燃烧现象的分析

在一定条件下,层流预混气体燃烧过程中可清晰地观察到多棱火焰现象。本文从燃料浓度、温度对燃烧速度、气流速度的影响出发,推导出了火焰面变化随空气消耗系数的关系式,并得出了形成多棱火焰现象的条件为:Kx<0。用该式判断的丁烷层流预混气体燃烧的多棱火焰区与实验结果基本吻合。     

用高空气球搭载微重力实验研究浮力对预混V形火焰的影响

在地面实验中观测到的燃烧现象,包含了浮力的影响。利用微重力实验在浮力消失后研究火焰,有助于深入理解燃烧过程。本文介绍了利用高空气球搭载微重力实验对甲烷－空气预混Ｖ形火焰的研究。实验提供了长时间微重力环境下火焰的动态图像。利用计算机图像处理方法对火焰图像的分析表明,在本实验的工况下,微重力下预混Ｖ形火焰锋面的张角比正常重力下变大,皱折和摆动加剧。这说明浮力确实影响预混燃烧过程。     

湍流对多孔介质内预混火焰影响的初步研究

当气流速度较大时,多孔介质内预混燃烧的模拟需要考虑湍流的影响,本文利用简化的k-ε双方程湍流反应流模型对多孔介质内的预混火焰进行了数值模拟.结果表明,湍流大大加强了气流的组分和能世扩散,计算得到的火焰传播速度、CO及NO的排放量都与实验值符合得比较好,与层流模型相比,湍流模型能够改善计算结果.     

航空煤油火焰传播速度实验与动力学研究

航空煤油火焰传播特性对航空动力装置的研发与设计均具有重要意义。本文在液体燃料对冲火焰实验台上,使用相位多普勒粒子分析仪(PDPA)在较宽的当量比范围内,测量了三种煤油表征燃料与空气掺混气的层流火焰传播速度。在标准大气压下,初温378 K时正癸烷、甲基环己烷和初温388 K时甲苯与空气预混气燃烧时能够达到的最大火焰传播速度为64.2 cm/s、58.3 cm/s和52.4 cm/s。在实验数据的基础上,进一步采用Chemkin软件对预混火焰进行了动力学分析,探讨了造成三种燃料火焰传播性质差异的动力学原因。     

微重力和常重力环境中柱状固体材料表面火焰传播实验研究

在微重力和常重力环境中,对不同氧气浓度下柱状聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)表面火焰传播现象进行了实验研究。微重力实验观测了低速强迫对流中的火焰传播,地面实验研究了浮力对流影响下火焰向下传播的规律,分析了氧气浓度与流动对火焰传播的影响。微重力和常重力下的火焰在形态和传播速度上具有显著区别。结合微重力和常重力的实验结果,将火焰传播速度随气流速度的变化关系分为三个区:辐射控制区,传热控制区和化学反应控制区。     

用OH-PLIF研究浮力对预混V形火焰的作用

在火焰和流动相互作用中,浮力是火焰影响流场的因素致一。研究浮力的作用有助于深入了解湍流燃烧的机理。本文利用甲烷－空气预混Ｖ形火焰研究浮力的作用。分析表明浮力不仅影响火焰的平均位置,还可能影响火焰的皱折。在１ｇｏ和μｇ下用ＯＨ－ＰＬＩＦ观测火焰,发现层流和湍流火焰呈现相反的浮力效应,这表明浮力确实影响火焰的皱折。另外,层流火焰锋面在μｇ下明显折皱,这意味着微重力也适于研究火焰中其他诱发流动的机制。     

两种亚网格燃烧模型的对比研究

为详细比较动态增厚火焰模型和火焰锋面密度模型的性能,本文分别采用这两种亚网格燃烧模型对工业燃气轮机PRECCINSTA的模型燃烧室内湍流预混火焰进行了大涡模拟研究。计算结果与实验数据吻合良好,且这两种模型预测得到的速度、温度和主要组分的统计数据也非常接近。然而对于CO的分布两者的预测结果差异明显,文中对此进行了简要分析。研究还表明本文的计算结果与实验数据的吻合度与文献中报道的前期结果相比有所提高。     

着火油罐燃烧特性的理论分析

本文利用自行建立的油罐火灾燃烧特性通用模型,计算得到了燃烧速度、火焰高度,火焰跳动频率和平均温度等油罐燃烧特性的变化规律,并深入探讨了油品燃烧速度在油罐直径、风速、环境温度和油位等因素影响下的变化趋势。为了验证理论计算的准确性,将计算结果与汽油和柴油储罐的燃烧实验数据进行了对比,获得了较为满意的结果。     

On laminar premixed flame propagating into autoigniting mixtures under engine-relevant conditions

Usually premixed flame propagation and laminar burning velocity are studied for mixtures at normal or elevated temperatures and pressures, under which the ignition delay time of the premixture is much larger than the flame resistance time. However, in spark-ignition engines and spark-assisted compression ignition engines, the end-gas in the front of premixed flame is at the state that autoignition might happen before the mixture is consumed by the premixed flame. In this study, laminar premixed flames propagating into an autoigniting dimethyl ether/air mixture are simulated considering detailed chemistry and transport. The emphasis is on the laminar burning velocity of autoigniting mixtures under engine-relevant conditions. Two types of premixed flames are considered: one is the premixed planar flame propagating into an autoigniting DME/air without confinement; and the other is premixed spherical flame propagating inside a closed chamber, for which four stages are identified. Due to the confinement, the unburned mixture is compressed to high temperature and pressure close to or under engine-relevant conditions. The laminar burning velocity is determined from the constant-volume propagating spherical flame method as well as PREMIX. The laminar burning velocities of autoigniting DME/air mixture at different temperatures, pressures, and autoignition progresses are obtained. It is shown that the first-stage and second-stage autoignition can significantly accelerate the flame propagation and thereby greatly increase the laminar burning velocity. When the first-stage autoignition occurs in the unburned mixture, the isentropic compression assumption does not hold and thereby the traditional method cannot be used to calculate the laminar burning velocity. A modified method without using the isentropic compression assumption is proposed. It is shown to work well for autoigniting mixtures. Besides, a power law correlation is obtained based on all the laminar burning velocity data. It works well for mixtures before autoignition while improvement is still needed for mixtures after autoignition.     

Measurements of burning velocities of dimethyl ether and air premixed flames at elevated pressures

Laminar burning velocities of dimethyl ether (DME) and air premixed flames at elevated pressures up to 10 atm were measured by using a newly developed pressure-release type spherical bomb. The measurement system was validated using laminar burning velocities of methane–air flames. A comparison with the previous experimental data shows an excellent agreement and demonstrates the accuracy and reliability of the present experimental system. The measured flame speeds of DME–air flames were compared with the previous experimental data and the predictions using the full and reduced mechanisms. At atmospheric pressure, the measured laminar burning velocities of DME–air flames are in reasonable agreement with the previous data from spherical bomb method, but are much lower than both predictions and the experimental data of the PIV based counterflow flame measurements. The laminar burning velocities of DME–air flames at 2, 6, and 10 atm were also measured. It was found that flame speed decreases considerably with the increase of pressure. Moreover, the measured flame speeds are also lower than the predictions at high pressures. In addition, experiments showed that at high pressures the rich DME–air flames are strongly affected by the hydrodynamic and thermal-diffusive instabilities. Markstein lengths and the overall reaction order at different equivalence ratios were extracted from the flame speed data at elevated pressures. Sensitivity analysis showed that reactions involving methyl and formyl radicals play an important role in DME–air flame propagation and suggested that systematic modification of the reactions rates associated with methyl and formyl formations are necessary to reduce the discrepancies between predictions and measurements.     

辐射传热对微重力环境下预混火焰传播特性的影响

1引言在火焰中，辐射过程是一种重要的传热方式。对该过程尽可能精确的计算，对于改进燃烧设备的设计、改善设备的运行性能十分有益。在正常重力环境下，与其它的释热现象相比，预混火焰中的辐射热损失十分微弱，因而，过去对预混火焰的分析中，往往忽略了辐射热损失的影响。近年来，对微重力（ug）环境下的预混火焰的研究结果表明，可燃极限与＃s最小点火能无关，自媳灭火焰（SEFs）发生时；其释放的能量比通常观察到的点火极限时的能量大几个数量级山，因此火焰伸张并不能解释“g环境下观察到的实验结果，辐射热损失可能是影响＃g火焰可…     

Characterization of the effects of pressure and hydrogen concentration on laminar burning velocities of methane–hydrogen–air mixtures

The aim of the present work was to characterize both the effects of pressure and of hydrogen addition on methane/air premixed laminar flames. The experimental setup consists of a spherical combustion chamber coupled to a classical shadowgraphy system. Flame pictures are recorded by a high speed camera. Global equivalence ratios were varied from 0.7 to 1.2 for the initial pressure range from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa. The mole fraction of hydrogen in the methane + hydrogen mixture was varied from 0 to 0.2. Experimental results were compared to calculations using a detailed chemical kinetic scheme (GRIMECH 3.0). First, the results for atmospheric laminar CH₄/air flames were compared to the literature. Very good agreements were obtained both for laminar burning velocities and for burned gas Markstein length. Then, increasing the hydrogen content in the mixture was found to be responsible for an increase in the laminar burning velocity and for a reduction of the flame dependence on stretch. Transport effects, through the reduction of the fuel Lewis number, play a role in reducing the sensitivity of the fundamental flame velocity to the stretch. Finally, when the pressure was increased, the laminar burning velocity decreased for all mixtures. The pressure domain was limited to 0.5 MPa due to the onset of instabilities at pressures above this value.     

The importance of thermal radiation transfer in laminar diffusion flames at normal and microgravity

The importance of radiation heat loss in laminar and turbulent diffusion flames at normal gravity has been relatively well recognized in recent years. There is currently lack of quantitative understanding on the importance of radiation heat loss in relatively small scale laminar diffusion flames at microgravity. The effects of radiation heat transfer and radiation absorption on the structure and soot formation characteristics of a coflow laminar ethylene/air diffusion flame at normal- and microgravity were numerically investigated. Numerical calculations were conducted using GRI-Mech 3.0 combustion chemistry without the NO_x mechanism and complex thermal and transport properties, an acetylene based soot formation model, and a statistical narrow-band correlated-k non-grey gas radiation model. Radiation heat transfer and radiation absorption in the microgravity flame were found to be much more important than their counterparts at normal gravity. It is important to calculate thermal radiation transfer accurately in diffusion flame modelling under microgravity conditions.     

Analytical predictions of shapes of laminar diffusion flames in microgravity and earth gravity

Flame shape is an important observed characteristic of flames that can be used to scale flame properties such as heat release rates and radiation. Flame shape is affected by fuel type, oxygen levels in the oxidiser, inverse burning and gravity. The objective of this study is to understand the effect of high oxygen concentrations, inverse burning, and gravity on the predictions of flame shapes. Flame shapes are obtained from recent analytical models and compared with experimental data for a number of inverse and normal ethane flame configurations with varying oxygen concentrations in the oxidiser and under earth gravity and microgravity conditions. The Roper flame shape model was extended to predict the complete flame shapes of laminar gas jet normal and inverse diffusion flames on round burners. The Spalding model was extended to inverse diffusion flames. The results show that the extended Roper model results in reasonable predictions for all microgravity and earth gravity flames except for enhanced oxygen normal diffusion flames under earth gravity conditions. The results also show trends towards cooler flames in microgravity that are in line with past experimental observations. Some key characteristics of the predicted flame shapes and parameters needed to describe the flame shape using the extended Roper model are discussed.     

Numerical study of the effects of gravity on soot formation in laminar coflow methane/air diffusion flames under different air stream velocities

Numerical simulations of laminar coflow methane/air diffusion flames at atmospheric pressure and different gravity levels were conducted to gain a better understanding of the effects of gravity on soot formation by using relatively detailed gas-phase chemistry and complex thermal and transport properties coupled with a semi-empirical two-equation soot model. Thermal radiation was calculated using the discrete-ordinates method coupled with a non-grey model for the radiative properties of CO, CO₂, H₂O, and soot. Calculations were conducted for three coflow air velocities of 77.6, 30, and 5 cm/s to investigate how the coflowing air velocity affects the flame structure and soot formation at different levels of gravity. The coflow air velocity has a rather significant effect on the streamwise velocity and the fluid parcel residence time, especially at reduced gravity levels. The flame height and the visible flame height in general increase with decreasing the gravity level. The peak flame temperature decreases with decreasing either the coflow air stream velocity or the gravity level. The peak soot volume fraction of the flame at microgravity can either be greater or less than that of its normal gravity counterpart, depending on the coflow air velocity. At sufficiently high coflow air velocity, the peak soot volume fraction increases with decreasing the gravity level. When the coflow air velocity is low enough, soot formation is greatly suppressed at microgravity and extinguishment occurs in the upper portion of the flame with soot emission from the tip of the flame owing to incomplete oxidation. The numerical results provide further insights into the intimate coupling between flame size, residence time, thermal radiation, and soot formation at reduced gravity level. The importance of thermal radiation heat transfer and coflow air velocity to the flame structure and soot formation at microgravity is demonstrated for the first time.     

Structure of propagating edge diffusion flames in hydrocarbon fuel jets

Direct numerical simulations with a C₃-chemistry model have been performed to investigate the transient behavior and internal structure of flames propagating in an axisymmetric fuel jet of methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, or propane in normal earth gravity (1g) and zero gravity (0g). The fuel issued from a 3-mm-i.d. tube into quasi-quiescent air for a fixed mixing time of 0.3 s before it was ignited along the centerline where the fuel–air mixture was at stoichiometry. The edge of the flame formed a vigorously burning peak reactivity spot, i.e., reaction kernel, and propagated through a flammable mixture layer, leaving behind a trailing diffusion flame. The reaction kernel broadened laterally across the flammable mixture layer and possessed characteristics of premixed flames in the direction of propagation and unique flame structure in the transverse direction. The reaction kernel grew wings on both fuel and air sides to form a triple-flame-like structure, particularly for ethylene and acetylene, whereas for alkanes, the fuel-rich wing tended to merge with the main diffusion flame zone, particularly methane. The topology of edge diffusion flames depend on the properties of fuels, particularly the rich flammability limit, and the mechanistic oxidation pathways. The transit velocity of edge diffusion flames, determined from a time series of calculated temperature field, equaled to the measured laminar flame speed of the stoichiometric fuel–air mixtures, available in the literature, independent of the gravity level.     

Adjoint sensitivity analysis of kinetic,thermochemical, and transport data of nitrogen and ammonia chemistry

Many studies apply sensitivity analysis to explore the impact of reaction kinetic parameters on model predictions. The importance of thermochemical and transport data is often assumed to be relatively low. While this is true for specific combustion properties of hydrocarbons, the role of thermochemical and transport data in combustion processes of nitrogen-containing molecules remains to be investigated. Thus, this work applies adjoint sensitivity analysis to the complete set of parameters in combustion models, i.e., kinetics, thermodynamics, and transport data. This integral approach increases the number of parameters considered in the sensitivity analysis drastically. Compared to forward sensitivity analysis, the adjoint approach is very efficient for a large number of parameters, and analysis with several thousand parameters can be performed in seconds. Nitrogen oxide formation in methane/air flames and laminar burning velocities of ammonia/air flames are considered as prediction targets. Sensitivity analysis results for kinetic, thermochemical, and transport data are compared by jointly considering all appearing parameter uncertainties. The comparison reveals that, due to their importance for the equilibrium constants of elementary reactions, the optimization potential of thermodynamic properties is often similarly high as that of the kinetics parameters. Transport parameters are found to be of the lowest priority for the model development due to their low uncertainties, even though high sensitivities are determined for several of them. More specifically, the analysis for the laminar burning velocities of ammonia/air flames reveals a high optimization potential for parameters in the N₂-amine chemistry, including the molar heat capacities of N₂H₂, N₂H₃, and NH. Interestingly, analyses with different mechanisms reveal strongly diverging results, especially regarding the importance of reactions with OH, which is uncommon when considering the combustion of hydrocarbons.