利用可调谐半导体激光光谱技术对含尘气体中NH3的测量

利用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术（TDLAS）并结合波长调制，在近红外波段1531.7nm处对常温常压下的NH₃进行浓度测量.在10m的长程吸收池内得到了25×10^-6的浓度信号，并且在25×10^-6—400×10^-6浓度范围内二次谐波信号与浓度具有良好的线性关系.讨论了粉尘颗粒对于二次谐波信号的干扰，并提出了利用激光强度线性拟合解决颗粒对气体测量干扰的方法. 关键词： 可调谐半导体吸收光谱 波长调制 3浓度测量')" href="#">NH₃浓度测量 颗粒影响     

非标定波长调制吸收光谱气体测量研究

为消除可调谐激光调制吸收光谱气体测量技术对于标定过程的依赖,研究了二次谐波信号的非标定波长调制气体测量方法.通过对测量的二次谐波线型进行分析,给出相同工况下二次谐波模拟信号,并利用测量与模拟二次谐波信号进行线性拟合直接计算气体浓度.实验室内采用非标定波长调制气体测量方法,利用 6336.24 cm^-1处特征吸收谱线对10 cm长气体吸收池内的CO₂进行了测量.结果表明,非标定波长调制气体测量方法可适应各种不同条件,适合于现场气体在线测量.当调制系数在1.8—3. 关键词： 波长调制 二次谐波 吸收光谱 半导体激光器     

采用小波分析方法降低可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术测量下限的实验研究

基于可调谐激光吸收光谱技术,主要采用数据处理的方法如互相关、小波分析等降低光谱吸收技术的测量下限。采用可调谐激光吸收光谱技术中的波长调制技术,对较低浓度下的NH₃进行了降低测量下限的试验研究。采用近红外波段2.25 μm附近的一组ν₂+ν₃ NH₃吸收谱线,其强度远高于1.5 μm处谱线,结合波长调制技术在最优信噪比的条件下对常温常压下不同浓度的NH₃进行了测量。为了保证实验条件下测量得到的二次谐波信号的峰值高度达到最大且信噪比最优,实验在调制系数为2.2左右的情况下,通过加载最优的高频调制信号来保证信噪比(SNR)。在10 m长的Herriott池中探测到了浓度为0.6×10-6的二次谐波信号,其中信号处理部分主要采用相关分析、多次平均以及小波变换分析来控制中心波长的移动和降低噪音的干扰。结果表明,经过数据处理以后的谐波信号,其检测下限降低到处理前的约百分之一,且不需要增加任何实验设备就可以很好的抑制噪音的影响,将相关分析和小波分析与波长调制技术相结合,这种数据处理方法对于在线检测技术具有很好的实用价值。     

低频波长调制光谱的理论与实验研究

通过调制半导体激光外腔压电陶瓷的电压实现低频波长调制 ,并慢扫描激光器的波长 ,测量了CS 原子D2线 [6S1 2 (F =4)→ 6P3 2 ]的吸收光谱 ,利用锁相放大器处理了二次、四次、六次谐波信号 ,实验结果与理论分析相吻合 ,在实验过程中还发现高次谐波探测可以有效地提高探测信号的信噪比     

光纤气体传感器解调方法的研究

利用可调谐激光光谱技术并结合二次谐波检测的波长调制方法对气体浓度进行检测,大大提高了检测灵敏度.然而光的传输和电路自身延时都会产生未知的相位延时,含有气体浓度信息的被测信号和二倍频参考信号的相位差变化严重影响二次谐波信号测量结果.本文设计出一种4路乘法锁相解调电路,设计中分别用正弦信号和余弦信号对被测信号进行解调,经积分电路后得到两路分别与相位差的正弦值和余弦值相关的解调信号.将两路解调信号平方,再通过加法器相加后消除相位差,得到完全与相位差无关的幅值信号.实验证明当被测信号相位在0°—90°变化时,解调 关键词： 可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱 波长调制 解调电路 相位差     

基于人工神经网络的大量程光纤实时距离干涉测量仪

提出了一种基于人工神经网络的全光纤化大量程实时距离干涉测量仪.采用双正弦相位调制方法,即通过同时调制半导体激光器的波长和干涉仪的光程差实现外差测量.为了扩大干涉仪的测量范围和消除输出信号中的交叉敏感,采用人工神经网络进行信号处理,把两路经过初步解调的干涉信号作为输入样本,物体距离的实际值作为输出样本,对神经网络进行训练,以使其具有良好的推广能力.实验结果表明神经网络的使用不仅扩大了距离的测量范围而且提高了测量精度.     

基于半导体光放大器瞬态交叉相位调制效应的高速反相和同相波长转换的研究

采用半导体光放大器(SOA)中的瞬态交叉相位调制效应是实现高速全光信号处理的有效途径.利用SOA和带宽为0.4 nm的窄带滤波器同时实现了重复频率为10 GHz、脉冲宽度为10 ps的同相和反相全光波长转换.当滤波器的中心波长相对于探测光载波波长蓝移0.25 nm或者红移0.05 nm时，得到反相波长转换；当滤波器的中心波长相对于探测光波长蓝移0.29 nm或者红移0.25 nm时，得到同相的波长转换.同时用数值模拟了从同相到反相波长转换的极性演化过程，理论分析和实验结果基本相符. 关键词： 半导体光放大器 波长转换 瞬态交叉相位调制     

SG-DBR半导体激光器的光谱技术研究

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱作为一种高灵敏度、高选择性、非侵入的痕量气体实时检测技术,已在大气监测、工业控制等方面得到广泛应用。采用一种新型宽带可调谐的SG-DBR半导体激光器(可调谐范围1 520~1 570 nm)作光源,并通过自编程序对该激光器设定了18个通道,输出波长分别对应CO,CO₂以及H₂O的吸收谱线中心位置,设计和构建了一个基于近红外可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱的多组分气体光谱测量系统,描述了相关的光学系统设置,结合波长调制(wm)的二次谐波技术测量其中14个通道(分别对应CO和CO₂的吸收谱线)的吸收光谱,系统获得的CO和CO₂峰值吸收探测极限能够达到10-5。实验结果验证了SG-DBR激光器在波长调制吸收光谱多组分气体检测领域的可行性。在实际应用过程中使用单个SG-DBR激光器可以实现多组分气体的同时测量,有效降低设备成本和系统复杂性。     

基于可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱的氧气测量方法的研究

O₂是工业过程中广泛应用的重要气体, 在工业生产环境下实现O₂浓度的快速在线检测对提高燃烧效率和节能减排具有重要的意义。可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱谐波探测技术是一种具有高灵敏、高选择性、快速响应等特点的气体检测新技术,该技术利用了半导体激光器的可调谐和窄线宽特性,通过精心选择待测气体的某条吸收线可排除其他气体的干扰,实现待测气体浓度的高灵敏快速在线检测。文章以可调谐分布反馈(Distributed feedback, DFB)半导体激光器作为光源,通过波长调制方法对760 nm附近氧气某一吸收线的二次谐波信号测量,从而实现了对氧气浓度的快速在线检测。系统指标达到：检测范围0.01%～20%;检测精度0.1%;长期稳定性1%。     

基于波长调制技术的激光器调制特性研究

在流场诊断技术中,可调谐半导体吸收光谱技术（TDLAS）成为主要的诊断技术之一,其可实现非接触、原位检测。波长调制（WMS）和直接吸收(DA)是两种最常用的TDLAS气体传感方法,在目标含量很低或者极端流场环境下,波长调制技术呈现出更多的优势,检测灵敏度与直接吸收相比可以提高1～2个数量级。在近红外波长调制技术应用领域,分布反馈式（DFB）半导体激光器成为流场诊断技术的光源选择之一,无论利用谐波信号（或者归一化谐波信号）的线型拟合,还是选择谐波信号的峰值来反演流场参数,吸收模型的准确建立均十分重要。在模型建立时,激光器频率-时间响应以及光强-时间响应的准确表示尤为重要。为解决吸收模型准确建立问题,提出了一种准确测量激光器调制参数的完整方法,通过实验测量了用于探测水汽吸收的1 392和1 469 nm激光器的调制特性,研究了分布反馈式激光器的调制参数随调制幅度,调制频率以及工作温度的变化。根据该方法得到的调制参数,建立吸收模型,测得常温下空气中水汽浓度为1.97%,直接吸收方法测得浓度为1.99%,验证了该测量方法的准确性。研究表明,调制深度随调制幅度的增加线性增加,随调制频率的增加非线性单调减小,随工作温度的升高线性增加;激光器的出光强度和频率同时被调制,强度变化超前频率变化的相位,随调制幅度的变化不明显,随调制频率的增加单调增加,随工作温度的升高单调减小;归一化一次谐波振幅和二次振幅均随调制幅度的增加而增加,随调制频率的增加而减小,随工作温度的变化不明显。在吸收光谱应用领域,波长调制技术发挥的作用愈加重要,调制系数与谐波信号的峰值息息相关,在波长调制技术应用时,选取适当的调制参数,有利于得到合适的谐波信号,可通过改变调制幅度、调制频率、工作温度得到最优调制系数。研究了近红外分布反馈式半导体激光器的调制特性,该方法同样适用于不同封装和不同波段激光器调制特性的研究,利于推广吸收光谱技术在各领域的应用。     

Demonstration of a widely tunable digital supermode distributed Bragg reflector laser as a versatile source for near-infrared spectroscopy

In this paper we report the characterization of a novel, widely tunable, diode laser source operating over the full telecom L-band (1563–1613 nm), namely the digital supermode distributed Bragg reflector (DS-DBR) laser, and its application to multi-wavelength gas sensing via absorption strategies. The spectroscopic performance of the laser has been assessed by investigating the ro-vibrational spectrum of CO₂, and wavelength modulation spectroscopy was accomplished for proof-of-principle sensitive measurements in discrete spectral regions.     

Evaluation of two voice-separation algorithms using normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners

Two signal-processing algorithms, designed to separate the voiced speech of two talkers speaking simultaneously at similar intensities in a single channel, were compared and evaluated. Both algorithms exploit the harmonic structure of voiced speech and require a difference in fundamental frequency (F0) between the voices to operate successfully. One attenuates the interfering voice by filtering the cepstrum of the combined signal. The other uses the method of harmonic selection [T. W. Parsons, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 60, 911-918 (1976)] to resynthesize the target voice from fragmentary spectral information. Two perceptual evaluations were carried out. One involved the separation of pairs of vowels synthesized on static F0's; the other involved the recovery of consonant-vowel (CV) words masked by a synthesized vowel. Normal-hearing listeners and four listeners with moderate-to-severe, bilateral, symmetrical, sensorineural hearing impairments were tested. All listeners showed increased accuracy of identification when the target voice was enhanced by processing. The vowel-identification data show that intelligibility enhancement is possible over a range of F0 separations between the target and interfering voice. The recovery of CV words demonstrates that the processing is valid not only for spectrally static vowels but also for less intense time-varying voiced consonants. The results for the impaired listeners suggest that the algorithms may be applicable as components of a noise-reduction system in future digital signal-processing hearing aids. The vowel-separation test, and subjective listening, suggest that harmonic selection, which is the more computationally expensive method, produces the more effective voice separation.     

Elaboration of some signal processing algorithms in ultrasonic techniques: application to materials NDT

In ultrasonic techniques, information on defect characterization possibilities has required more evolved technique development than classical methods. To obtain a high probability of defect detection, these methods use signal-processing algorithms in order to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio. These methods are also used to discriminate between planar and volumetric defects. In this paper, some signal-processing algorithms are developed and implemented on a computer to allow their utilization in real-time processing of ultrasonics NDT results.     

Silicon-carbide-based extreme environment temperature sensor using wavelength-tuned signal processing

A wavelength-tuned signal-processing approach is proposed for enabling direct unambiguous temperature measurement in a free-space targeted single-crystal silicon carbide (SiC) temperature sensor. The approach simultaneously exploits the 6H SiC fundamental Sellmeier equation-based wavelength-sensitive refractive index change in combination with the classic temperature-dependent refractive index change and the material thermal-expansion path-length change to encode SiC chip temperature with wavelength. Presently, the technique is useful for fast coarse temperature measurement as demonstrated from room temperature to 1000 degrees C using a 10-peak count wavelength-tuned measurement with a 0.31 nm total wavelength change. This coarse technique can be combined with the previously presented two-wavelength signal-processing temperature measurement approach to simultaneously deliver a wide temperature range and a high-resolution temperature sensor. Applications for the sensor range from power plants to materials processing facilities.     

Optical modulator using metal-oxide-semiconductor type Si ring resonator

Electric-field drive optical modulators using a Si ring resonator were fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers. The fabricated resonators consisted of Si waveguides with width and thickness of 1.0 and 0.3 μm, respectively. In order to induce the linear electro-optic (EO) effect in the Si core layer, the strain was applied by covering the layer with Si₃N₄ film (0.26 μm thick) deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at 750 °C. The vertical electric-field was applied to the Si waveguide through the top and bottom cladding layers, and the optical output from the drop port at the resonance wavelength was measured. At a wavelength of 1501.6 nm, the optical modulation of 33% was obtained at 200V (electric-field at the silicon surface ∼3 × 10⁵ V/cm, nearly the breakdown field). The resonance wavelength was shifted toward the short wavelength side by applying both positive and negative voltages, this shift was explained by carrier concentration modulation. The linear EO effect in the Si core layer was not observed, presumably because the strain in the Si core layer was too small.     

High-precision pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy in NO2-N2

A method for high-precision pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy applied to a simple system for detection of NO₂ traces in nitrogen is presented. The acoustic signal from a closed cell containing NO₂/N₂ samples irradiated by a pulsed visible laser is analyzed in the frequency domain. A signal-processing method to obtain a high-resolution Fourier spectrum of the signal was developed. An accurate fitting of the resonance peaks with Lorentzian profiles gives high-precision determination of the amplitude and width of the resonance peaks. The resonance maximum is proportional to the absorbed energy; therefore, the choice of the laser wavelength, linewidth and frequency stability are critical for a precise calibration due to the fine structure of the NO₂ optical spectrum. The method also allows high-accuracy measurement of the Q of the acoustic cavity. The dependence of Q on the buffer gas pressure is characteristic of an acoustic cavity where energy losses near the walls predominate. Consequently, an important enhancement of sensitivity takes place at high N₂ pressure. Received: 1 June 2001 / Revised version: 27 July 2001 / Published online: 7 November 2001     

Unique temperature sensing characteristics of CO2-laser-notched long-period fiber gratings

Long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs) are written by use of a focused CO₂ laser beam to notch periodically on the surface of optical fibers. Temperature characteristics of the CO₂-laser-notched LPFG are investigated in detailed to develop its sensing applications. It is shown that, for such LPFG, temperature sensitivity of resonant wavelength can be increased by creating deeper notches. The coupling from the fundamental core mode to a cladding mode in the LPFG can be enhanced by increasing the ambient temperature. The polarization-dependent loss (PDL) of the LPFG depends strongly on the ambient temperature. Such unique temperature characteristics can be used to solve the cross-sensitivity problem between the temperature and the tensile strain. So, the LPFG is a promising temperature sensor based on the wavelength modulation, on the intensity modulation and/or on the PDL modulation.     

Wavelength modulation study of CdGeAs2

Reflectivity spectra and their derivatives with respect to the wavelength are obtained on CdGeAs₂ by using a wavelength modulation method. The structures observed corresponding to optical transitions are in good agreement with electronic transitions deduced from a recent pseudopotential calculation taking into account the spin-orbit interaction by Polygalov and Poplavnoi.     

Temperature and current coefficients of lasing wavelength in tunable diode laser spectroscopy

The factors determining temperature and current coefficients of lasing wavelength are investigated and discussed under monitoring CO₂-gas absorption spectra. The diffusion rate of Joule heating at the active layer to the surrounding region is observed by monitoring the change in the junction voltage, which is a function of temperature and the wavelength (frequency) deviation under sinusoidal current modulation. Based on the experimental results, the time interval of monitoring the wavelength after changing the ambient temperature or injected current (scanning rate) has to be constant at least to eliminate the monitoring error induced by the deviation of lasing wavelength, though the temperature and current coefficients of lasing wavelength differ with the rate.     

The discrimination algorithms for overlapped MPSK and MQAM modulations using higher-order cumulants

Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) is responsible for detecting the correct modulation types in the intelligent receivers. AMC performance degrades when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) decreases because of the overlapping among the digital modulation types’ features, and this performance worsens under fading channel conditions. This paper proposes two new algorithms that improve the AMC performance accuracy of the overlapped digital modulations in feature space by improving their discrimination. These algorithms are named temporal Fisher discriminant analysis (TFDA) and supervised Fisher discriminant analysis (SFDA). The simulation results show that TFDA improves AMC performance accuracy up to 19.01% compared with the reference paper (Ge et al., 2021) and up to 38.15% compared with the reference paper (Teng et al., 2018). In contrast, SFDA improves AMC performance accuracy up to 23.12 % compared with the reference paper (Ge et al., 2021) and up to 49.025% compared with the reference paper (Teng et al., 2018).