蔬菜种子的干燥动力学及其活性

本文研究了初含水率、干燥周期、料层厚度相同时,不同供热方式（热风、热风与辐射、热风与辐射并加湿）的白菜种子在固定床的干燥动力学及其活性,与传统的只热风供热相比,当干球温度相同时辐射加热风干燥的种子终含水率比低１３．８％、发芽率比高０．３％,而辐射加热风并加湿干燥其终含水率比低５．８％,发芽率比高０．８％。为确保种子活力,建立了褚－杨白菜种子临界温度Ｔｃｖ方程,并已验证其正确性．该方程为蔬菜种子干燥提供了理论基础并有重要的工程意义。     

Phenomenological nuclear-reaction description in deuterium-saturated palladium and synthesized structure in dense deuterium gas under γ-quanta irradiation

The observed phenomena of changes of chemical compositions in previous reports [1, 2] allowed us to develop a phenomenological nuclear fusion-fission model with taking into consideration the elastic and inelastic scattering of photoprotons and photoneutrons, heating of surrounding deuterium nuclei, following d-d fusion reactions and fission of middle-mass nuclei by “hot” protons, deuterons and various-energy neutrons. Such chain processes could produce the necessary number of neutrons, “hot” deuterons for explanation of observed experimental results [1, 2]. The developed approach can be a basis for creation of deuterated nuclear fission reactors (DNFR) with high-density deuterium gas and the so-called deuterated metals. Also, this approach can be used for the study of nuclear reactions in high-density deuterium or tritium gas and deuterated metals.     

不需干燥预处理过程获得含水汽的丙酮气体样品的高质量红外光谱

测量气体样品的红外光谱时,红外光谱仪器内的水汽和气体样品中所含的水汽会严重干扰气体的红外光谱。为消除水汽的干扰,通常作法是测量前必须将水分子(气态)彻底排除掉,也就是使光谱仪器和气体样品保持干燥状态。该研究提供一个新测量方法,不需任何干燥预处理过程,直接获得含水汽的丙酮气体的红外光谱。经过几十次光谱扫描累加后,观察并根据水汽谱的吸收峰性质(吸光率>0或吸光率<0),向光谱仪样品室引入少量干燥氮气或少量潮湿空气,在接下来的光谱扫描累加过程中,水汽吸收峰将逐渐变小直至消失。实验结果表明该方法去除水汽干扰峰简单高效。新方法在0.5 cm-1光谱分辨率时效果非常好,为气体的高分辨分析提供了有力工具。     

基于PLC的绕组线圈真空干燥系统的设计

目前厂家对浸漆绕组线圈的干燥主要使用传统热风循环的方法,而且关于浸漆绕组线圈的干燥工艺研究尚不充分;针对传统绕组浸漆线圈干燥时间长,干燥所得线圈表面绝缘性能欠佳等问题,设计研发了一套自动化程度较高的绕组浸漆线圈真空干燥系统;该系统主要由真空单元、温度控制单元、电气控制单元、人机交互单元等部分组成;通过将浸漆线圈放置于真空环境中,对浸漆线圈进行通电的方式来加热干燥,以可编程逻辑控制器为核心,利用PLC的PWM输出功能控制加热,同时提出了浸漆线圈干燥的均匀设计实验方案,得出了最佳实验干燥工艺,最后通过对实验数据的回归分析得出了各实验指标之间的关系及显著性影响;实验结果表明:该系统不仅缩短了浸漆线圈的干燥时间,而且使浸漆线圈表面的绝缘性能有了明显的提高。     

In-situ observation of the combustion of air-dried and wet Victorian brown coal

This work investigates the fundamental and practical implications of the application of drying technologies to Victorian brown coal combustion. The base case of 60% moisture content coal preheated prior to combustion is compared with partially dried coal (with or without pre-heating) and coal dried to equilibrium moisture content (10–15%). Pulverised coal was combusted in a drop tube furnace and in-situ observations of combustion phenomena, particle temperature and gas temperature were made. An ignition delay was found to occur when partially dried coal was combusted without pre-heating. Flame stability was also decreased when wet coal was combusted without pre-heating. No ignition delay was observed when the water in coal was heated prior to entering the furnace, as in current boilers. The peak particle temperature was found to be higher than the wall temperature by around 130 °C for dried coal, 80 °C for preheated wet coal and 40 °C for non-preheated partially dried coal. The gas temperature profile in the furnace was measured and found to lag behind the particle temperature peak. It was concluded that the evolution and evaporation of water in the wet case lead to an ignition delay, cooler peak particle temperatures and prolonged char combustion. The difference in particle temperatures between preheated wet coal and dried coal and the gas temperature behaviour was attributed to the steam gasification reaction, although studies to elucidate reasons for the differences are ongoing. The quantified results on ignition delay and particle temperatures have important implications for the design of new technologies, in particular the boilers and feed size preparation, for power generation from high-moisture brown coals.     

城市下水污泥和煤/LPG在循环流化床上的混烧试验研究

在高6000 mm、直径300mm的循环流化床上进行了含水率为79％的湿污泥与煤／石油液化气(LPG)的混烧试验。试验结果表明:无论用煤还是LPG作为辅助燃料,试验都能在设定的工况条件下稳定运行;向炉内加入石灰石的量达到钙硫摩尔比为3．4∶1时,二氧化硫和氯化氢的排放达标,脱硫效率和脱氯效率分别为75％和94％;在试验中, 烟气中NOx排放、烟气中汞含量和二恶英类排放都不超标;试验产生的飞灰含碳量低,飞灰中痕量元素的浸出毒性不超标;计算表明,如果利用余热干燥污泥和预热空气可有效地减少辅助燃料的消耗量。     

油藏多孔介质湿饱和流动的热流耦合分析

建立了蒸汽驱热水驱替部分湿饱和流动热流耦合的物理模型,在其基础上得到包括温度方程、压力方程、饱和度方程、渗流速度方程等在内的数学模型,采用全隐式中心差分方法,得到温度场、压力场等的迭代公式,对某应用示例的数值模拟说明了其过程的热流耦合机制,并指出应对油藏实施有效的加热降黏措施,可同时提高原油采收率和采油速率.     

A power ultrasonic technology for deliquoring

Solid-liquid separation is a topic of permanent interest in many areas such as mineral recovery, food processing and sewage disposal. The adequate application of high-intensity ultrasonic fields may contribute to improve the efficiency of conventional deliquoring processes. Deliquoring refers to removal of liquid from a product without changing its phase.Different effects are involved in the application of high-intensity ultrasound for deliquoring, the most important of which are: the alternating acoustic stresses, the radiation pressure, the acoustic streaming, interface instabilities and cavitation. One of the main advantages of the ultrasonic energy in deliquoring processes is its ability to release the strongly bound moisture.This paper deals with the application of an ultrasonic procedure for deliquoring of slurries in which a high-intensity vibration, homogeneously distributed, is directly applied to the wet particulate material. The vibration travels through the solid-liquid medium and the rapid series of alternative compressions and rarefactions produce a kind of "sponge effect" which favours the migration of moisture through natural or acoustically created channels.The obtained results show that the new technique is very promising to assist filtration processes for solid-liquid separation of highly concentrated suspensions of fine particles.     

Evaluation of Heat Transfer Coefficient During Drying of Typical Municipal Solid Waste Matrices with Significant Shrinkage at Medium Temperature

High-moisture municipal solid waste leads to lower heat value, lower combustion efficiency, and frequent and serious erosion during incinerating. Municipal solid waste should be dried before being efficiently incinerated. The purpose of this work is to carry out experimental study and simulation on characteristics of moisture migration of municipal solid waste matrices at medium temperature (100°C–200°C) in a muffle furnace. Obvious shrinkage during moisture migration of biological waste matrices with high initial moisture content was observed. The results showed the initial moisture content and framework mobility of waste matrices and the rate of moisture migration influence on shrinkage; and linear relationships between shrinkage and moisture content ratio of waste matrices during the first falling-rate period at certain drying temperature were established. Certain experimental results of drying characteristics of moisture migration of biological waste matrices, such as potato slices and watermelon peels, under medium temperature were simulated using the shrinkage model with introducing a shrinkage term in the governing equations. The model was numerically solved by applying the finite-differences method. The results show good agreement with experiment data. The shrinkage of biological waste matrices can enhance surface heat transfer of matrices. Thus, shrinkage plays an important role in the drying behavior of high-moisture biological municipal solid waste matrices.     

气固同轴撞击流干燥试验研究

撞击流干燥（Impinging Stream Drying，ISD）技术是强化相间传热传质和加快颗粒干燥过程的有效方法。通过在自行设计的同轴水平撞击流试验装置上对物料进行的一系列干燥试验，验证了空气温度、颗粒喂料速率、颗粒预热温度等操作参数和撞击距离、撞击室容积等结构参数对干燥性能的影响，获得了同轴撞击流干燥的一般规律...     

Pneumatic Drying of Solid Particle: Experimental and Model Comparison

Abstract

This article presents a mathematical model approach to studying the drying phenomena of solid particle in a pneumatic (flash) dryer. The analysis is focused on the pneumatic momentum, mass, and heat balance of the solid particle when it moves inside the reactor. A fixed bed fluidization model was used to calculate the forces balance on the single solid particle. By solving mass and heat balance occurred in the particle, the water/liquid removal efficiency can be calculated. To validate the model calculations, we conducted a set of experiments and compared the simulation with the experimental data. High-moisture, natural concrete sand, the additional material for portland cement, was used and dried along a vertical cylindrical tube with length of 2 m and diameter of 6.68 cm. The drying gas was supplied by a high-capacity air blower which was connected to the burner to produce 120 m³/h of drying gas with maximum temperature of 800°C.     

Europium Luminescent Polymeric Microspheres Fabricated by Spray Drying Process

The spray drying method was used to prepare luminescent microspheres. These microspheres were prepared by spraying an aqueous solution of dextrin and an europium(III) complex with subsequent drying in a hot medium. The spray dried powder was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL). Particle size distribution was estimated from SEM images. The ultrasonic spray drying technique was successfully applied to yield a microparticulated and red luminescent powder composed by the [Eu(dpa)(3)](3-) (dpa = dipicolinic acid) complex incorporated in dextrin microspheres.     

蒽衍生物取代基团与三线态-三线态湮灭上转换性能关系研究

三线态-三线态湮灭（TTA）上转换是一种以低功率非相干光泵浦实现大的反斯托克位移的光谱转换技术，具有激发和发射波长可调的特点，在提高太阳能利用率方面具有重要应用价值。经过十几年的发展，敏化剂分子的研究取得了很大进步，而发光剂分子的研究相对落后。以敏化剂多吡啶钌(Ⅱ)配合物[Ru(bpy)₂Phen]2+和发光剂2-位取代的蒽衍生物（DTACl和DTACN）作为研究对象，复配得到两个弱光上转换体系。通过敏化剂与发光剂的发射和上转换光谱性质，系统研究了蒽2-位取代基团对发光效率、三线态-三线态能量传输（TTET）、TTA等能量传递过程的影响。研究发现DTACl具有比DTACN高的荧光量子产率、大的三线态猝灭常数和高的TTA效率，这些结果最终使得[Ru(bpy)₂Phen]2+/DTACl的上转换效率高于[Ru(bpy)₂Phen]2+/DTACN。除此之外，利用敏化剂、发光剂的发射光谱，结合密度泛函理论计算，进一步从轨道能级的角度，研究了敏化剂、发光剂三线态能级差与TTET效率之间的关系，以及发光剂三线态与单线态能级差与TTA效率之间的关系。研究结果表明：降低蒽2-位取代基团的吸电子能力，能有效提高发光剂的三线态能级水平，从而减小发光剂与敏化剂的三线态能级差，增大发光剂的三线态与单线态能级差，提高发光剂与敏化剂之间的TTET效率、发光剂的TTA效率，进而提高体系的TTA上转换效率。该工作为开发新型、高效的发光剂分子提供了一种简单、可行的设计思路。     

给水加热型联合循环的变工况性能

在联合循环改造的各种方案中,给水加热型具有投资少、改动少、耗用优质燃料较少、尤其是简单易行及技术难度小等特点,因此在我国现有的技术经济水平、特别是以煤为主的国情下,有一定应用市场。本文分析比较了多种变工况运行方式的性能及可能出现的问题,并在此基础上提出综合性能较好的运行模式。     

Generalized form of the direct and adjoint radiative transfer equations

The main goal of this paper is to give a rigorous derivation of the generalized form of the direct (also referenced as forward) and adjoint radiative transfer equations. The obtained expressions coincide with expressions derived by Ustinov [Adjoint sensitivity analysis of radiative transfer equation: temperature and gas mixing ratio weighting functions for remote sensing of scattering atmospheres in thermal IR. JQSRT 2001;68:195-211]. However, in contrast to [Ustinov EA. Adjoint sensitivity analysis of radiative transfer equation: temperature and gas mixing ratio weighting functions for remote sensing of scattering atmospheres in thermal IR. JQSRT 2001;68:195-211] we formulate the generalized form of the direct radiative transfer operator fully independent from its adjoint. To illustrate the application of the derived adjoint radiative transfer operator we consider the angular interpolation problem in the framework of the discrete ordinate method widely used to solve the radiative transfer equation. It is shown that under certain conditions the usage of the solution of the adjoint radiative transfer equation for the angular interpolation of the intensity can be computationally more efficient than the commonly used source function integration technique.     

排气全燃型联合循环设计点性能简明估计公式

排气全燃型联合循环设计点性能简明估计公式蔡睿贤（中国科学院工程热物理研究所北京１０Ｏ０８０）关键词：排气全燃型联合循环，热力分析主要符号表Ｈｕ燃料热值Ｌ燃料理论空气量ｌ比功Ｐ单位能量价格Ｒ燃气轮机与蒸汽轮机的功率比α过量空气系数β摩尔燃料系数△增量η...     

Drying and Impregnation of Wood with Propiconazole Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The process of wood drying is studied in supercritical (SC) CO₂ and SC-CO₂ containing 5 vol % ethanol at temperatures of 323, 343, and 353 K and pressures of 10, 20, and 30 MPa. It is established that 40–87% of moisture is removed from wood in the first cycle of drying. An increase in the duration of the decompression stage of the drying process decreases the number of cracks in the wood samples. The solubility of propiconazole is studied in SC-CO₂ at 323, 343, and 353 K in the pressure range of 10–30 MPa using a dynamic method. Rather high saturation concentrations of (3–5) × 10^–3 mol/mol CO₂ are obtained, which indicates the potential benefits of using SC-CO₂ as a solvent in wood impregnation with propiconazole. Continuous impregnation is achieved when impregnating wood with propiconazole from SC-CO₂. The impregnation efficiency increases with increasing pressure and duration of the process.     

Repetitively pulsed CO2 laser driven by an electron accelerator with a gas-discharge plasma cathode

A repetitively pulsed electron-beam-controlled CO₂ laser driven by an electron accelerator with a plasma electron emitter based on low-pressure glow discharge with hollow anode and cathode is presented. The application of the proposed emitter makes it possible to sharply increase the current and to control the electron-beam duration and, hence, the energy and time characteristics of the laser. It is demonstrated that the radiation pulse duration ranges from 300 to 1200 μs, whereas the radiation energy amounts to 200 J at an efficiency of 18%. In the course of lasing, the focal spot is not affected by the heterogeneous heating of the active medium. A significant heterogeneity in the gas flow upon an incomplete renewal of the gas in the zone filled with radiation leads to an increase in the focal spot owing to the wavefront distortions. Original Text ? Astro, Ltd., 2006.     

利用TD-NMR技术研究杨木高温干燥过程水分分布

木材中水分状态变化和迁移对木材的物理性质有重要影响.通过时域核磁共振技术(TD-NMR)可以从分子层面解读木材与水分的关系,可以为木材干燥、木制品加工提供理论依据和实践参考.该研究以北京杨为研究对象,通过对高温干燥过程中木材内部水分变化的自由感应衰减(FID)曲线和横向弛豫时间(T_2)进行测定与分析,探究木材干燥过程中水分状态变化及迁移过程.研究结果表明,FID和T_2信号量与木材含水率高度线性相关,由此可以计算木材在干燥过程中任意时刻的含水率.通过对干燥过程中水分T_2分布的分析表明:心材试件在干燥过程中,长弛豫时间自由水(c状态水分)的拟合面积出现了先减小后增大然后再减小的趋势,而边材试件中则不存在这种现象.在北京杨心材试件中含量最多的是弛豫时间为10 ms数量级的水分,而在边材试件中各状态水分含量差异较小,含量最多的是弛豫时间为100 ms数量级的水分.在高温干燥过程中,边材试件内各状态水分百分含量减少的速度快于心材,各试件中自由水的蒸发速度明显快于结合水.     

Applications of ultrasound to enhance fluidized bed drying of Ascophyllum Nodosum: Drying kinetics and product quality assessment

In this study, ultrasound either as a pretreatment technique or as an integrated technique was employed to enhance fluidized bed drying of Ascophyllum nodosum, and drying kinetics and dried product quality were assessed. In order to compare technology efficiency and dried product qualities, oven drying and fluidized bed drying (FBD) were employed. The novel drying methods included airborne ultrasound-assisted fluidized bed drying (AUA), ultrasound pre-treatment followed by FBD (USP), and hot water blanching pre-treatment followed byFBD (HWB). Six drying kinetics models were used to describe the drying curves, among which the Page model was the best in fitting USP and AUA. Model by Millidi et al. was employed to describe HWB. Airborne ultrasound in AUA did not reduce energy consumption or drying time, but retained total phenolic content (TPC) as well as colour, and exhibited the highest yield among the novel drying methods. USP and HWB showed lower energy consumption and drying time considerably, but the TPC was the lowest among the studied methods. At the same time, USP dried product exhibited the lowest a_w, followed by HWB and then AUA. This studyalso demonstrated that FBD could be a very practical drying method on Irish brown seaweed, and ultrasound-assisted drying methods may have potential developments in Irish brown seaweed drying process.