基于封装光纤Bragg光栅传感器的混凝土应变监测试验研究

研究了光纤Bragg光栅封装工艺,提出并实现了两种封装光纤Bragg光栅传感器:工字型钢管封装光纤Bragg光栅应变传感器及钢管封装光纤Bragg温度传感器。研究了传感器的埋设工艺,采用金属丝固定法、钢管抽出法两种方法进行了埋设。将它们埋入到钢筋混凝土梁中,实现对混凝土的拉、压应变及温度的测量。结果显示,在试验梁弹性阶段,可以较为准确的监测混凝土应变。     

基于变刚度结构的光纤布拉格光栅低温环境下的温度増敏方法研究

光纤布拉格光栅采用非电磁信号测试方式,具有显著的抗电磁干扰以及可嵌入被测结构内部等特性,已成为近些年广受关注的光学应变、温度传感与测试新技术。但在极端条件下(如超低温环境),光纤由于受到其自身材料特性的局限,传感特性不明显甚至限制了其应用。基于结构变刚度的力学増敏方法,本文提出了一种适用于低温区的光纤布拉格光栅温度传感増敏的结构设计方法。研究结果表明：该传感结构可有效感应低温下的温度变化,増敏效果明显;并获得増敏效果随结构材料与几何特性的依赖关系,经过优化可使得光栅区对温度和应变的敏感性大大提高,甚至提高1个数量级。最后,完成了这一増敏结构的设计和制备,实验验证了所提方法的有效性和可靠性。     

温度补偿式光纤光栅土压力传感器

针对现有土压力传感器无法实现长期、实时监测的要求,设计了温度补偿式光纤光栅土压力传感器。选用有硬中心的平膜片作弹性元件,选用灵敏度高、体积小、质量轻、易于波分复用和组成传感网络的光纤光栅作敏感元件;同时采用了不受力光栅法进行了温度补偿。经实验测试,该传感器的灵敏度为1.5 nm/M Pa;线性度误差为0.35%;重复性为0.06%;迟滞为2.19%;静态误差为2.21%;这些指标能够满足实际工程应用要求。     

FBG多功能传感系统集成与应用

为充分发挥光纤光栅(FBG)传感系统复用能力,可同时对传感光路各个传感器的光信号进行有效识别,且为传感器设计和加工提供依据,基于FBG传感原理,从系统集成及复用能力优化的角度,探讨波分复用传感器设计方法,以及节点传感器结构和灵敏度设计原则与标准,并将提出的原则等应用于某实际工程光纤监测系统。传感系统在运行过程中,获得了较为可靠的监测数据,分布式光纤和点式电测技术测试结果相差6%左右,进一步表明临近光纤传感器没有出现传感信号串扰现象,为工程施工和安全维护提供参照。     

Analysis on strain transfer of a pasted FBG strain sensor

Optical fiber is not in direct contact with the material host in practice, so the strain measured by the Fiber-optic Bragg Grating (FBG) sensor is not the true strain. The transfer mechanism between the measured strain and the true strain depends on mechanical properties of fiber, protective layer, substrate, adhesive layer, and the material host. This paper analyzes the transfer mechanism of strain in detail, and proposes the shear stress distribution of polynomial form, and establishes the transfer function of strain. This paper also analyzes the influence on length of FBG sensor, adhesive layer thickness and elastic modulus on strain transfer coefficient in detail. The theoretical guidance for the practical application of the FBG sensor is given through the strain transfer analysis.     

铝槽封装光纤光栅传感器的增敏特性研究

提出了一种光纤布喇格光栅的铝槽封装工艺,并对铝槽封装光纤光栅传感器的应变与温度传感特性进行了实验研究和理论分析.与裸光纤光栅的测试结果比较表明,铝槽封装工艺基本不改变光纤光栅应变传感的灵敏性,但是温度灵敏度系数提高了3.5倍.经过该工艺封装的光纤光栅可以探测识别0.2 με的应变与0.02℃的温度变化.     

光纤布喇格光栅中心波长反向漂移的实验研究

以较大载荷轴向拉伸光纤布喇格光栅时,由于裸纤与涂覆层的弹性模量不同,会产生中心波长反向漂移现象,严重影响了传感器的准确度与测量范围.实验研究表明,在光纤固定端适当剥除一段涂覆层,然后将裸露部分与带涂覆层部分同时固定,可将光纤布喇格光栅的中心波长反方向漂移量控制在10－3 nm以内,同时可增大光纤布喇格光栅的有效调谐范围,并使其能够保持较好的线性度,实验结果与理论计算结果相符合.     

Reliability of fiber Bragg grating sensors embedded in textile composites

The reliability of the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded in textile composites with both dual-end and single-end is studied in this paper. The effects of debonding of the interfaces of the fiber/coating and coating/resin on the reliability are considered. Measurement error induced by the deviation of the location of sensors after embedding into a composite has been analyzed for the three-point bending experiments. The analysis indicates that the determination of the precise location of FBG sensors would be a key problem when the sensors are embedded in a large gradient strain field. The experimental results show that the debonding at the interfaces has great effect on the reliability of single-ended FBG sensors and little effect on that of dual-ended sensors. It is suggested that FBG sensors be calibrated before they are imbedded into composite, which will help to improve the precision of the measurement and avoid damage to sensors to ensure the sensor's strength while the composite is under loading.     

光纤Bragg光栅应变、温度交叉敏感问题的研究

解决应变和温度的交叉敏感,实现应变和温度同时测量一直是光纤光栅传感器研究的关键问题。从应变和温度交叉敏感的物理机制出发,较为全面地介绍了几种主要解决方案：双波长矩阵法、2个包层直径不同的FBG法、啁啾光栅法等。并且基于双波长矩阵法,提出了一种基于管式弹性应变敏感元件的光纤光栅传感器结构,很好地实现了温度150℃,压力20MPa的同时区分测量,其温度灵敏度为0.02nm/℃。解决了温度和应变同时区分测量这一技术难题。     

铜片封装光纤光栅传感器的应变和温度传感特性研究

提出了一种光纤光栅的铜片封装工艺，并通过实验和理论分析研究了光纤光栅的应变和温度传感特性.与裸光纤光栅的测试结果相比，铜片封装工艺基本不改变光纤光栅应变传感的灵敏度，但是温度灵敏度系数提高了2.78倍.经过铜片封装后的光纤光栅可以探测到的应变和温度分别为1 με和0.03℃，便于工程应用.     

基于少模-无芯-少模光纤结构的高灵敏度折射率传感器

光纤折射率传感器广泛应用于各种复杂环境的监测。设计了一种基于少模光纤（fewmode fiber,FMF）–无芯光纤（coreless fiber,CLF）–FMF结构的高灵敏度折射率传感器。该传感器由2小段FMF之间熔接1段减薄的CLF组成马赫-增德尔干涉仪（Mach–Zehnder interference,MZI）,测量外界折射率,利用光纤布拉格光栅（fiber Bragg grating,FBG）进行温度补偿。MZI干涉光谱中的谐振波谷同时受折射率和温度影响,FBG只受温度的影响。利用MZI和FBG的折射率和温度灵敏度系数构建灵敏度矩阵,实现折射率和温度的同步测量。实验结果表明,MZI折射率灵敏度为345.66 nm/RIU,温度灵敏度为0.013 4 nm/℃;FBG的温度灵敏度为0.010 4 nm/℃。     

基于弯曲伸张结构的光纤光栅传感研究

以民用工程结构如桥梁、大坝、高层建筑的健康检测为背景, 采用光纤光栅传感器实现对结构性能的实时监测和诊断, 及时发现结构的损伤以评估结构的安全性. 提出了一种可用于光纤光栅传感的新型弯曲伸张弹性敏感结构, 可实现对压力、应变以及加速度的准确测量. 对该结构弯梁腹部处的应变进行了理论分析和实验验证, 结果表明弯梁腹部处各点的应变与该弯曲伸张结构在竖直方向上所受压力、应变以及加速度大小成线性关系. 其最大的优点是同样灵敏度下体积小, 在井下等横向尺寸受限、又要测量纵向加速度的情况下, 梁式传感结构很可能无法使用, 该新型弯曲伸张型弹性敏感结构可作为弹性元件用于光纤光栅压力、应变、称重以及加速度传感器的设计.     

High sensitivity fiber Bragg grating pressure difference sensor

Based on the effect of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) pressure difference sensitivity enhancement by encapsulating the FBG with uniform strength beam and metal bellows, a FBG pressure difference sensor is proposed, and its mechanism is also discussed. The relationship between Bragg wavelength and the pressure difference is derived, and the expression of the pressure difference sensitivity coefficient is also given. It is indicated that there is good linear relation between the Bragg wavelength shift and the pressure difference of the sensor. The theoretical and experimental pressure difference sensitivity coefficients are 38.67 and 37.6 nm/MPa, which are 12890 and 12533 times of that of the bare FBG, respectively. The pressure difference sensitivity and dynamic range can be easily changed by changing the size, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio of the beam and the bellows.     

光纤光栅多参数桥梁结构监测系统的研究

从土木工程应用的实际情况出发,利用光纤光栅传感器具有波长绝对编码和易于复用的特点,提出工程化同时测量温度、应变和压力的全光栅型低成本分布式传感方案。设计了基于连续波调频技术的光纤光栅多参量桥梁结构监测系统,将光频域反射复用与波分复用技术相结合,实现分布式光栅传感网络的寻址,提高了系统复用容量。实验表明：所设计的传感系统能够准确监测结构重要部位的内部应变及车流量等参数,为桥梁结构的静、动载测试提供了准确的数据,同时也为桥梁的工作状态评估和健康诊断提供了依据。     

基于偶联剂技术的光纤光栅压力传感实验研究

报道了利用偶联技术封装光纤光栅压力传感器的新方案.通过采用特殊聚合物材料将光纤光栅封装于金属管中，并采用偶联材料分别与聚合物和光纤以化学键偶联的工艺，解决了由于有机弹性体聚合物的弹性模量（1.2×105 N/m2）与光纤光栅的弹性模量(7×1010 N/m2)相差很大，在压强较大时易导致光纤光栅与聚合物材料之间的撕裂滑脱问题，改善了光纤光栅压力响应特性.封装后的光纤光栅压力的线性测量范围为0.04 MPa~0.6 MPa，压力响应灵敏度为－4.48 nm/MPa，与裸光栅压力响应灵敏度－0.003063 nm/MPa相比，增敏了1463倍.利用实验中所使用光谱仪0.05 nm的分辨率，压强测量准确度为±0.01 MPa，线性度为0.9978.     

薄板挠曲型光纤Bragg光栅土压力传感器设计与分析

根据土压力传感器与土介质的匹配原则,设计了一种圆平膜片薄板挠曲型FBG土压力传感器。通过在圆膜片上设计一组对称的光栅固定柱,有效避免了传感器在使用过程中产生谱峰分裂。同时,利用光栅固定柱张角引起的应变效应,大幅度地提高了传感器的压力灵敏度。理论分析了该结构的增敏机理并给出传感器灵敏度公式,计算结果表明,传感器的压力灵敏度可达1 374.3 pm/MPa。使用ANSYS建立薄板挠曲的有限元模型,通过提取固定柱中心点处在光纤方向上的位移,获得了有限元模型的压力灵敏度为1 360.8 pm/MPa。有限元分析和理论设计结果的相对误差为0.98%,具有很高的一致度,验证了理论设计和分析的正确性。     

埋入式光纤光栅应变测量系统的设计

埋入式光纤光栅应变传感器作为大型土木结构健康监测的智能元件具有很好的发展前景。讨论了埋入式光纤光栅应变传感器的传感机理，设计了埋入式光纤光栅应变测量系统。从力学角度阐述了光栅传感探头的结构和制作工艺。采用可调谐F-P滤波器对光栅信号进行解调，解决了应变与温度交叉敏感问题。系统对应变的测量范围为0～1500με。通过理论分析证实了系统方案的可行性。     

Characteristics of strain transfer and the reflected spectrum of a metal-coated fiber Bragg grating sensor

Previous researchers have simulated strain transfer and spectrum of normal fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors with a polymer coating bonded on the structure. They only considered the shear stress in a polymer coating for the simulation. However, for metal-coated FBG sensors, not only shear stress but also axial stress in the metal coating should be reflected into the calculation because its axial stiffness is no longer negligible. Thus, the author investigated the strain transfer and reflected spectra of metal-coated FBG sensors by considering both shear stress and axial stress. The strain transfer analysis involved evaluating the strain profiles along the sensor by plotting an analytical solution, and validating the evaluated profiles with the results obtained by a finite element analysis (FEA). The solution was also verified by the experiments that used aluminum-coated FBG sensors bonded on a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite specimen. A transfer-matrix (T-matrix) formulation and coupled mode theory were used to simulate the reflected spectra of metal-coated FBG sensors for the evaluated strain profile. In addition, the effect of mechanical and geometric parameters of the sensor was examined. The findings revealed that the strain transfer characteristics and reflected spectra deteriorated with increases in the thickness and Young's modulus of the metal coating due to the consideration of axial stress. It is the opposite results for the normal FBG sensor with a polymer coating. Furthermore, the results also indicated that the decrease in bonding thickness resulted in improved strain transfer and signal characteristics. Moreover, a bonding length of 14 mm was suitable in suppressing an asymmetric shape of the reflected spectrum and in achieving an accurate measurement. The results of the parametric study are expected to contribute to improve the measurement accuracy of metal-coated FBG sensors in actual applications. The analytical methodology can be usefully employed in the design of a metal-coated FBG sensor system.     

基于光纤光栅的一体式靶式流量传感技术

针对以往液压系统检测中存在的特点,如结构杂、体积大、精度低,设计了一种基于光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)的一体式靶式流量传感器。分析了FBG及靶式流量传感原理,设计出一种组成紧凑、便于密封以及拆装的一体式靶片,将放在流体里的靶片受到的与流速成相关变化的冲击力变为FBG波长的漂移,双FBG对称分布,分别放在悬臂梁两表面中轴线处,这种差动形式可以很好地增加灵敏度,并且可以解决应变和温度的交叉敏感现象。通过FLUENT分析了流体形式,结果显示这种结构给流体造成的影响比一般结构小。实验测试过程中,双FBG中心波长总变化数值和放置于靶片的质量呈现出明显的线性变化,并且灵敏度为一个FBG灵敏度的双倍,可靠性以及稳定性较好。     

Temperature-calibrated fiber-optic refractometer based on acompact FBG-SMS structure

A novel all-fiber temperature-calibrated refractometer based on a compact fiber Bragg grating(FBG) single-multi-single(SMS)structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated.The sensor head is composed of a FBG combined with a SMS structure,in which the middle multimode fiber(MMF)section is etched by a time-controlled hydrofluoric.The transmission dip of SMS is extremely sensitive to ambient refractive index(RI)variation,whereas the upstream FBG provides the necessary temperature information for RI calibration.All aforementioned functions are performed via a compact FBG-SMS structure not longer than 25 mm.The proposed sensing device provides a linear RI sensitivity over water or waterbased solutions(RI values near 1.33 at optical wavelengths for most biological and many environmental applications),and has temperature-calibration capability.Hence,the said refractometer is a good candidate for sensing in chemical and biological applications.