水合作用与pH调控聚电解质刷的构象转变

我们基于Flory-Huggins理论,建立理论模型研究水合作用与pH调控聚电解质刷的构象转变.理论模型考虑聚电解质链与水分子间的作用(聚电解质链的水合作用)、体系中的静电作用.研究发现,随着水合作用的改变,聚电解质刷出现由溶胀到塌缩的构象转变.由此表明了水合作用可在很大程度调节聚电解质刷的相变.通过分析pH的调控效应我们还发现,在碱性环境中(pH=8),聚电解质链单体的解离度增大,静电排斥会使得聚电解质刷溶胀.由此表明,聚电解质刷内水合作用与静电效应的耦合,将会共同决定聚电解质刷的构象转变特性.理论结果深刻揭示了水合作用的改变,会使得聚电解质刷体系发生相变,pH可在很大程度上改变其相变特性.     

亲水性两性离子聚合物刷的构象与结构

本文应用分子场理论,研究暴露于水蒸气中的亲水性两性离子聚合物(HP)刷的构象与结构.理论模型考虑HP-水(P-W)氢键和水-水(W-W)氢键效应,以及HP单体之间的偶极-偶极相互作用.研究发现,P-W与W-W氢键决定着HP的水合性,P-W氢键形成,会诱导HP刷溶胀.我们通过考察HP单体间的偶极-偶极相互作用发现,随着偶极-偶极相互作用增强,HP链在垂直培基表面沿着链方向,形成了结节状结构.这是由于HP单体之间的偶极-偶极静电吸引作用导致单体间汇聚结节,这种结节在刷内产生了较强的排斥体积作用,因此,这种HP刷具有抗污性能.在较高的接枝密度环境下,由于HP链间单体之间的偶极-偶极静电吸引作用,会形成链间单体-单体的结节,在刷内形成结节网络状凝胶结构,这种结构的出现,会使得HP刷呈现极强的抗污性.另外,当体系中水蒸气浓度增加、水合相互作用增强时,增加的P-W氢键将平衡HP单体之间的偶极-偶极相互作用,使得结节解开,聚合物链伸展.我们的理论结果符合实验观测,由此表明,P-W氢键效应,以及HP单体之间的偶极-偶极相互作用决定着HP刷的构象转变和结构特性,刷内出现的两性离子聚合物链内单体间的结节和链间单体结节状凝胶结构,是两性离子聚合物刷呈现较强抗污性的本质特性.     

多价抗衡离子诱导聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)刷构象转变的UCST行为

本文应用分子场理论,研究pH、[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)诱导聚甲基丙烯酸N,N-二甲基氨基乙酯(PDMAEMA)刷的上临界溶解温度(UCST)构象转变与结构特性.理论模型考虑p H和[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)对PDMAEMA刷体系的静电调控作用.研究发现,在不同[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)浓度、不同p H条件下,PDMAEMA刷呈现了UCST构象转变行为.由于p H调节PDMAEMA单体质子化,[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)通过与PDMAEMA带正电荷的单体结合,形成了在PDMAEMA链内以[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)为中介的带电单体间的静电吸引结合.随着温度升高,[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)与PDMAEMA带正电荷的单体结合被破坏,[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)在链内凝聚导致的静电屏蔽效应减弱,PDMAEMA链内带电单体间的静电排斥增强,PDMAEMA刷的构象呈现了从塌缩到溶胀的UCST转变行为,并且在较高[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)浓度条件下,PDMAEMA刷构象转变的UCST增高.在较低p H值条件下,较多的PDMAEMA单体被质子化,[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)与PDMAEMA带正电单体的结合增强,PDMAEMA刷构象转变的UCST增大.基于pH和[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)对PDMAEMA刷体系中的静电调控效应,可以预言,在较小p H和较大[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)浓度条件下,PDMAEMA链在垂直培基表面沿着链方向形成结节状结构.这是由于以[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)为中介的链内带电单体间的静电吸引作用增强,导致临近单体间汇聚结节.我们的理论结果符合实验观测,由此表明,pH调节PDMAEMA单体的带电状态,以及[Fe(CN)_6]~(3-)在PDMAEMA链内凝聚导致的静电屏蔽效应,决定着PDMAEMA刷的UCST构象转变和结构特性.     

模型化研究高分子凝胶体积相变中的共非溶性作用

基于Flory-Huggins理论，我们建立理论模型，研究在共非溶剂(CNS)中，高分子凝胶(PG)体积相变中的共非溶性作用.理论模型考虑PG中CNS的桥接作用、各种分子的混溶效应.研究发现，当CNS与高分子单体间的吸引强度较小时，CNS与高分子单体间桥接作用的减弱，会导致PG体积相变.当CNS与高分子单体间的吸引作用强度较大时，随着CNS与高分子单体间桥接作用的减弱，PG的体积分数呈现两次台阶式的转变，表明PG体系出现两次体积相变.这是由于桥接作用的减弱，虽然会有部分CNS分子被排挤出PG，但是并未完全消除CNS与高分子单体间的桥接吸引作用.所得理论结果符合实验观测，由此表明了共非溶性作用会在很大程度上调控PG的相变行为.     

水蒸气诱导两性离子聚合物刷的构象转变

我们把Flory Huggins模型(association models)推广应用到暴露于水蒸气中的两性离子聚合物刷体系,考虑两性离子聚合物-水氢键(P-W氢键)与两性离子聚合物链间两亲离子单体-单体键合(zwitterions complex)、形成氢键与两性离子聚合物链构象的耦合特性,研究水蒸气诱导的两性离子聚合物刷构象转变的机理和相行为.研究发现,随着水蒸气浓度的增加,P-W氢键效应会使得两性离子聚合物刷溶胀;两亲离子单体-单体键合效应会导致水分子将会被排出刷外,并会导致两性离子聚合物刷塌缩.通过分析两性离子聚合物刷的相图发现,P-W氢键效应在决定两性离子聚合物刷的相行为中起到主导作用,在水蒸气增加过程中两性离子聚合物刷将会单调溶胀.基于本文的分析,可以预言,由于P-W氢键效应,两性离子聚合物刷可以吸附水蒸气,当两性离子聚合物链接枝密度足够高时,两性离子聚合物刷内的水分子将会被排出,并会形成两亲离子单体-单体键合连接的凝胶状结构.     

球形聚电解质刷的自洽场模拟

利用自洽场理论(self-consistent filed theory,SCFT)研究了聚电解质体系盐浓度、链接枝密度及带电比对球形聚电解质刷相行为的影响,并和标度理论3种刷型的标度关系进行了对照.自洽场理论计算结果不仅给出了3种类型聚电解质刷的行为趋势,而且可以为不同类型重叠区的刷行为提供更多细节信息.离子的密度分布表明体系始终是局部电中性的,加盐刷与中性刷有相似之处,而渗透压刷的接枝链并不是均匀伸展.盐浓度下降时,单体自由端分布移向外层并出现排空区.     

中性/聚电解质高分子混合刷对蛋白质的吸附/解吸附

本文应用分子理论,研究中性(A)/聚电解质(B)高分子混合刷对蛋白质的吸附/解吸附特性.理论模型考虑蛋白质与中性高分子A的排斥、以及与聚电解质高分子B的静电吸引.研究发现,在pH=4～6、中性高分子A处于弱水合状态时,混合刷中A高分子链塌缩,B聚电解质链溶胀.由于蛋白质和B聚电解质链间的静电吸引,导致高分子混合刷对蛋白质的吸附.当A高分子水合性增强时,A高分子链溶胀,B聚电解质链塌缩.由于蛋白质与A高分子链间的排斥作用增强,与B聚电解质链间的静电吸引减弱,混合刷对蛋白质解吸附.     

中性/聚电解质高分子混合刷对蛋白质的吸附/解吸附

本文应用分子理论,研究中性(A)/聚电解质(B)高分子混合刷对蛋白质的吸附/解吸附特性.理论模型考虑蛋白质与中性高分子A的排斥、以及与聚电解质高分子B的静电吸引.研究发现,在pH=4～6、中性高分子A处于弱水合状态时,混合刷中A高分子链塌缩,B聚电解质链溶胀.由于蛋白质和B聚电解质链间的静电吸引,导致高分子混合刷对蛋白质的吸附.当A高分子水合性增强时,A高分子链溶胀,B聚电解质链塌缩.由于蛋白质与A高分子链间的排斥作用增强,与B聚电解质链间的静电吸引减弱,混合刷对蛋白质解吸附.     

高分子链在分子刷表面吸附的Monte Carlo模拟

用Monte Carlo方法模拟研究了一条自由高分子链在分子刷表面吸附的静态和动态特性.结果表明,随着自由链与分子刷之间吸附作用能(ε)的增大,自由链出现由脱吸附态到吸附态的相转变,同时链的扩散由正常模式转为亚扩散模式.临界吸附能(ε_C)几乎与自由链长度无关,但随着分子刷链长度的减小或分子刷链间距的增大而不断增大.在ε_C附近,自由链嵌入分子刷内部,同时链尺寸达到极小,而当ε?ε_C时,自由链处于强吸附态,链节主要分布于分子刷表层,同时整个吸附动态过程可分为自由链吸附和分子刷扩散两个阶段.     

浸没于带电纳米粒子溶液中的聚电解质刷:强拉伸理论

纳米粒子是调控聚电解质刷行为的一种新手段,聚电解质刷是调控纳米粒子与表面相互作用的一种重要媒介,本文应用强拉伸理论研究了聚电解质刷浸没于带同种电荷的纳米粒子溶液中的行为.给出了聚电解质刷、纳米粒子、反离子的密度分布和刷厚度的解析表达式,基于解析表达式,得到了体系的特征标度关系.当纳米粒子浓度Φ较高,电量Z较低时,纳米粒子可以渗入聚电解质刷内部.当纳米粒子浓度Φ相对较低,电量Z较高时,纳米粒子几乎不能渗入刷内部,但依然可以影响刷的厚度.在前一种情形下,刷行为由反离子、纳米粒子的渗透压与链的熵弹性之间的竞争决定,刷厚度满足的标度关系为H≈(ZΦ)~(-1/3);在后一种情形下,刷行为由反离子的渗透压与链的熵弹性之间的竞争决定,刷厚度满足的标度关系为H≈(ZΦ)~(-1).本文还探究了纳米粒子多分散性的效应.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.