三维漏斗中颗粒流量及其相关因素研究

用三维沙漏实验研究了改变颗粒尺寸、漏斗开口尺寸和倾角条件下,漏斗中颗粒流量变化.应用Matlab软件拟合出流量与漏斗倾角以及颗粒尺寸的关系,并对实验现象给出了定性分析.     

平面颗粒流的瓶颈效应及其与速度的关系

通过实验研究了二维传送带上圆片颗粒运动与开口大小及传送带速度的关系，发现当开口尺寸d固定时，存在临界速度vc，在v＜vc范围，流量Q随速度v线性增大，在vc处Q-v关系发生突变.改变颗粒运动速度v或改变开口尺寸d均有临界值，使颗粒流规律发生转变.这是由于开口尺寸或速度变化使颗粒间相互作用及颗粒流状态变化造成的. 关键词： 平面颗粒流 瓶颈效应     

通道宽度和初始流量对颗粒稀疏流-密集流转变临界开口的影响

通过实验研究斜面上二维颗粒流，当出口尺寸减小到临界值Dc时，发生稀疏流到密集流的突变.发现临界尺寸Dc与初始流量和通道宽度有关，通道宽度一定的情况下，临界开口尺寸Dc近似随初始流量Q0的平方根增大.在初始流量Q0一定时，临界开口尺寸Dc随通道宽度W近似线性增大.给出了这些关系的表达式，理论计算与实验观测结果一致.同时，也讨论了通道宽度影响临界开口尺寸的原因. 关键词： 颗粒物质 颗粒流     

开口角度对二维颗粒流稀疏流-密集流转变的影响

用计算机模拟的方法研究了开口角度对二维颗粒流稀疏流—密集流转变的影响.在固定入口流量和固定颗粒数两种条件下,均发现当开口角度大于零时,开口角度的增大可以提高颗粒流由稀疏流向密集流转变的最大出口流量.在稀疏流状态下,出口流量与开口角度无关;而在密集流状态下,出口流量随开口角度的增大而增大.进一步的计算还发现增加开口角度可以提高颗粒流出开口的流动速度,且最大出口流量与颗粒的流动速度呈线性关系. 关键词： 颗粒物质 颗粒流 分子动力学模拟     

瓶颈开口角对二维颗粒流的影响

实验研究了平面传送带上颗粒流的特性，主要包括传送带出口处开口宽度以及瓶颈开口角度对颗粒流的影响.实验结果发现，改变瓶颈开口角度θ，当θ大于15°时，颗粒流量Q随着cosθ呈线性变化.同时，颗粒流量Q与传送带速度v以及开口大小R也密切相关，而在θ小于15°时，颗粒流量Q基本不随开口角度变化.     

二维颗粒流通道宽度效应的分子动力学模拟

通过用分子动力学方法对颗粒物质流的计算机模拟，研究发现增大通道宽度可以使二维颗粒流从稀疏流转变为密集流状态.通过对不同通道宽度下，固定开口为9.5d的颗粒流和 漏斗口以上9.5d×8d区域记录的模拟结果分析，发现随通道宽度增大，密度变大、温 度降低.当“颗粒温度”T较低时(T/m<0.05 J/kg),颗粒流内部接触数开始超过1.2 ，同时出现较为牢固的横向链状颗粒团簇，是造成流量突变以及密集流的原因. 关键词： 颗粒物质 颗粒流 计算机模拟     

格兰-汤普森棱镜透射光强扰动的温度效应

线偏振光正入射的情况下,格兰汤普森棱镜的透射光强随入射光方位角的变化出现周期性增强的扰动,影响了透射偏振光的质量.为了尽可能的减小扰动带来的不利影响,以保证棱镜使用过程中透射偏振光的质量,通过对不同温度下扰动因子的变化分析得到了:透射光强对入射角敏感的依赖关系.实验中,格兰汤普森棱镜的振动引起入射角在棱镜的结构角大小附近作微小变化,从而导致了透射光强的扰动,选取合适的结构角可以减小扰动.对于特定波长的入射光而言,应在允许范围内尽量减小胶合层厚度;当温度在一定范围内变化时,选取结构角为平均值温度所对应的极大值点也可以减小扰动所造成的影响.     

不同晶粒尺寸SnO2纳米粒子的拉曼光谱研究

对晶粒尺寸在4-80 nm范围的纯SnO2纳米颗粒进行了拉曼散射研究.除了SnO2 本征拉曼振动峰外,还有几个新的拉曼振动峰和波长在700 nm左右的一个发光很强而且峰宽很大的荧光峰被观察到.结果所示,当纳米颗粒尺寸减小时,纳米SnO2 颗粒的体相特征拉曼峰变弱,而由缺陷,表面和颗粒尺寸引起的相关效应呈强势.晶粒尺寸在20 nm左右是引起体相拉曼光谱变化的临界尺寸. 晶粒尺寸在20 nm以下,其体相拉曼峰的发生宽化和峰位移动, 以及分别出现在位于571 cm-1 的表面振动峰,位于351 cm-1 处的界面峰和与表面吸附水分子及氢氧基团的N系列拉曼峰是纳米SnO颗粒的主要特征.这些结果反映了纳米颗粒的微结构变化与颗粒尺寸和表面效应以及它们之间相互作用的信息.     

颗粒速度在颗粒流稀疏流-密集流转变中的作用

用实验和计算模拟的方法研究了颗粒流中的颗粒速度与颗粒流特性的关系.实验研究发现当入口流量固定时，在出口上方高速运动的颗粒会使颗粒流由稀疏流向密集流转变的临界出口尺寸变小.当颗粒流转变为密集流后，颗粒速度的作用被出口上方的颗粒堆积区所消耗，最终变得与颗粒速度无关.二维分子动力学模拟计算得到了与实验相同的结论.通过二维分子动力学模拟计算，还给出了不同颗粒速度下体系的密度和速率在空间的分布图.这些分布图显示随着颗粒到达出口上方的瞬间速度的不同，颗粒堆积区的密度和高度均会改变，并最终导致颗粒流流动状态的改变. 关键词： 颗粒流 颗粒气体 分子动力学模拟     

窄振动颗粒床中的运动模式

实验研究了竖直振动情况下,窄容器中颗粒的运动模式.发现运动模式与颗粒床厚度及振动加速度有很强的依赖关系.实验表明横向尺寸较小的容器可以抑制对流卷及拱起现象.对于足够厚的颗粒床,即使振动加速度很大,颗粒床下部仍然存在着颗粒聚集态.出现聚集态时,颗粒床对容器底的冲击力是倍周期分岔的.实验表明倍周期分岔点与颗粒床厚度无关.对于较薄的颗粒床,颗粒可以是聚集态或对流卷,视颗粒尺寸而定.如果使用尺寸分布非常窄的球形颗粒,可以观察到颗粒的有序排列.出现同心的圆筒形“壳”结构,每个“壳”上的颗粒是二维六角密排列的. 关键词： 颗粒物质 倍周期分岔 颗粒聚集态 球堆积     

Three-dimensional clogging structures of granular spheres near hopper orifice

The characteristic clogging structures of granular spheres blocking three-dimensional granular flow through hopper outlet are analyzed based on packing structures reconstructed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques.Spheres in clogging structures are arranged in a way with typical features of load-bearing,such as more contacting bonds close to the horizontal plane and more mutually-stabilized contact configurations than packing structures away from the orifice.The requirement of load-bearing inevitably leads to the cooperativity of clogging structures with a correlation length of several particle diameters.This correlation length being comparable with the orifice diameter suggests that a clogging structure is composed of several mutually-stabilized structural motifs to span the orifice perimeter,instead of a collection of independent individual spheres to cover the whole orifice area.Accordingly,we propose a simple geometric model to explain the unexpected linear dependence of the average size of three-dimensional clogging structures on orifice diameter.     

Intermittent granular flow and clogging with internal avalanches

The dynamics of intermittent granular flow through an orifice at the bottom of a granular bin and the associated clogging due to formation of arches blocking the outlet, is studied numerically in two dimensions. When the hole size is less than the grain diameter, only a single grain is removed from the system so that the system self-organizes to a steady state and the distribution of the grain displacements decays as power laws. On the other hand, when hole sizes are within few times of the grain diameter, the outflow distributions are also observed to follow a power law. Received 21 July 1999 and Received in final form 17 September 1999     

Silo clogging reduction by the presence of an obstacle

We present experimental results on the effect that inserting an obstacle just above the outlet of a silo has on the clogging process. We find that, if the obstacle position is properly selected, the probability that the granular flow is arrested can be reduced by a factor of 100. This dramatic effect occurs without any remarkable modification of the flow rate or the packing fraction above the outlet, which are discarded as the cause of the change in the clogging probability. Hence, inspired by previous results of pedestrian crowd dynamics, we propose that the physical mechanism behind the clogging reduction is a pressure decrease in the region of arch formation.     

沙漏计时原理二维数值模拟

提出沙漏计时二维数值模型,并用元胞自动机的方法对该模型进行计算机模拟.结果表明由于开口处沙粒的流动而引起的沙堆崩塌行为是一个准周期性振荡过程,开口大小与崩塌总时间近似成线性关系.特殊的开口位置会引起崩塌"拍",且随沙堆高度呈周期性变化.     

Langevin equation approach to granular flow in a narrow pipe

The gravity-driven flow of granular material through a rough, narrow vertical pipe is described using the Langevin equation formalism. Above a critical particle density the homogeneous flow becomes unstable with respect to short-wave length perturbations. In correspondence with experimental observations, we find clogging and density waves in the flowing material.     

Physics of humid granular media

A very small amount of liquid added or condensed from a vapor in a granular heap can induce dramatic changes of its static properties. In this paper we review recent advances in humid granular media. We discuss the first approaches for describing the cohesion forces acting between spherical rough beads, and their effect on the maximum avalanche angle of a granular heap. We also discuss the time dependency of these cohesive forces leading to ageing effects in the properties of the medium. To cite this article: L. Bocquet et al., C. R. Physique 3 (2002) 207–215.     

Segregation in arch formation

We report new segregation phenomena in the clogging arches formed during the discharge of granular piles. Results from molecular dynamics simulations show segregation effects with respect to both size and density ratios used in piles built with bidisperse mixtures of grains. The clogging arch is preferentially constituted of large grains when size bidisperse piles were discharged, whereas for density bidisperse mixtures there is a predominance of light grains in the arch for large orifice widths but, for small widths, an inversion in the preference is observed, with a slightly higher incidence of heavy grains forming the arches. We present arguments based on the reverse buoyancy effect and the statistics collected for the avalanche size distributions to explain how these effects can be understood as a crossover between two different segregation mechanisms acting independently at small and large orifice width limits.     

Discharge flow of granular particles through an orifice on a horizontal hopper:Effect of the hopper angle

We experimentally investigate the effect of the hopper angle on the flow rate of grains discharged from a twodimensional horizontal hopper on a conveyor belt.The flow rate grows with the hopper angle,and finally reaches a plateau.The curve feature appears to be similar for different orifice widths and conveyor belt-driven velocities.On the basis of an empirical law of flow rate for a flat-bottom hopper,we propose a modified equation to describe the relation between the flow rate and hopper angle,which is in a good agreement with the experimental results.