除垢超声波传播影响因素的理论研究

从一维平面波理论入手分析了超声波声压分布特性。依据多普勒频移原理,在声场的运动方程,连续性方程,波动方程的基础上,建立一个超声波在流动的液体中传播的控制方程。根据轴对称模型的实际特点,简化了所得方程,并求出解析解。结果表明流动液体可以产生声波的衰减。液体的黏滞性是产生超声波衰减的重要原因。超声波的频率较高,液体的黏滞性对超声波衰减影响明显。依据黏滞力与速度梯度的关系,建立一个超声波在黏滞液体传播的控制方程,并依据边界条件求出解析解,反映了媒质黏滞性对超声波传播尤其是衰减特性的影响。     

Viability of yeast cells in well controlled propagating and standing ultrasonic plane waves

Recent studies have shown that there is no loss of cell viability when the cells are subjected to ultrasonic standing wave fields in acoustic cell retention systems. These systems are characterised by waves that spatially vary in pressure amplitude in the direction of sound propagation. In this work an anechoic 'one-dimensional' sonication chamber has been developed that produces propagating waves, which differ from standing waves in that the pressure amplitude remains constant as the wave travels in a medium with negligible attenuation. The viability of yeast cell suspensions as a function of treatment time was investigated during exposure to both standing and propagating wave fields with frequencies slightly above 2 MHz. The influence of 12% (vol/vol) of ethanol in water on the spatial arrangement of the cells in suspension was also studied. Changes in yeast cell morphology caused by the different types of suspension media and the ultrasonic treatment were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The agglomeration of yeast cells within the pressure nodal planes appears to minimise damaging effects due to ultrasonic fields.     

A wave field synthesis approach to reproduction of spatially correlated sound fields

This article discusses an open-loop wave field synthesis (WFS) approach for the reproduction of spatially correlated sound fields. The main application concerns laboratory reproduction of turbulent boundary layer wall pressure on aircraft fuselages and measurement of their sound transmission loss. The problem configuration involves reconstruction of random sound pressure distributions on a planar reproduction surface using a planar array of reproduction monopoles parallel to the reproduction plane. In this paper, the WFS formulation is extended to sound fields with imposed time and spatial correlation properties (or equivalently imposed cross-spectral density in the frequency and wave number domains). Numerical examples are presented for the reproduction of a propagating plane wave, diffuse acoustic field and wall pressure in subsonic or supersonic turbulent boundary layers. The reproduction accuracy is examined in terms of the size of the source plane and reproduction plane, their separation, and the number of reproduction sources required per acoustic wavelength. While the reproduction approach cannot reconstruct sub-wavelength correlation scales of subsonic turbulent boundary layers, it effectively reconstructs correlation scales larger than the acoustic wavelength, making it appropriate for diffuse acoustic field and supersonic turbulent layers.     

An efficient calculation algorithm for focusing by plane ultrasonic transducers

In the present paper, we simulate focused wave fields generated by a system of plane transducers used in an immersion ultrasonic technique. The ultrasonic beam penetrates into the elastic medium through the fluid-solid boundary. A real-time computer algorithm is proposed to calculate stress components in the solid medium. It is shown that a good focusing wave structure can be provided by a pair of plane rectangular transducers, inclined with respect to each other and to the beam acoustic axis.     

Design parameters of stainless steel plates for maximizing high frequency ultrasound wave transmission

This work validated, in a higher frequency range, the theoretical predictions made by Boyle around 1930, which state that the optimal transmission of sound pressure through a metal plate occurs when the plate thickness equals a multiple of half the wavelength of the sound wave. Several reactor design parameters influencing the transmission of high frequency ultrasonic waves through a stainless steel plate were examined. The transmission properties of steel plates of various thicknesses (1–7 mm) were studied for frequencies ranging from 400 kHz to 2 MHz and at different distances between plates and transducers. It was shown that transmission of sound pressure through a steel plate showed high dependence of the thickness of the plate to the frequency of the sound wave (thickness ratio). Maximum sound pressure transmission of ∼60% of the incident pressure was observed when the ratio of the plate thickness to the applied frequency was a multiple of a half wavelength (2 MHz, 6 mm stainless steel plate). In contrast, minimal sound pressure transmission (∼10–20%) was measured for thickness ratios that were not a multiple of a half wavelength. Furthermore, the attenuation of the sound pressure in the transmission region was also investigated. As expected, it was confirmed that higher frequencies have more pronounced sound pressure attenuation than lower frequencies. The spatial distribution of the sound pressure transmitted through the plate characterized by sonochemiluminescence measurements using luminol emission, supports the validity of the pressure measurements in this study.     

Characterization of airborne transducers by optical tomography

This paper describes the application of an acousto-optic method to the measurement of airborne ultrasound. The method consists of a heterodyne interferometric probing of the pressure emitted by the transducer combined with a tomographic algorithm. The heterodyne interferometer measures the optical phase shift of the probe laser beam, proportional to the acoustic pressure integrated along the light path. A number of projections of the sound field, e.g. a set of ray integrals obtained along parallel paths, are made in moving the transducer to be tested. The main advantage of the method is its very high sensitivity in air (2 x 10(-4) Pa Hz-1/2), combined with a large bandwidth. Using the same principle as X-ray tomography the ultrasonic pressure in a plane perpendicular to the transducer axis can be reconstructed. Several ultrasonic fields emitted by wide-band home made electrostatic transducers, with operating frequencies between 200 and 700 kHz, have been measured. The sensitivities compared favorably with those of commercial airborne transducers.     

Simulation of a functional solution to the acoustic tomography problem for data from quasi-point transducers

Two variants of a functional-analytical algorithm intended for solving inverse tomography problems are discussed and numerically carried out. The acoustic fields that are transmitted and received by transducers, which are equivalent to point ones, serve as experimental data. These data are used to calculate the classical or generalized scattering amplitude, and the scatterer characteristics are then reconstructed. The algorithm requires neither model linearization, no iterations for refining the estimates of scatterers, thus making it attractive for solving acoustic-tomography problems in different applications. The results of the numerical reconstruction of inhomogeneities in the sound velocity and absorption in a medium are presented.     

Schlieren visualization of ultrasonic wave fields with high spatial resolution

The visualization of ultrasonic wave fields in optically transparent liquids using the acousto-optic interaction is a well proven tool for the experimental investigation of wave propagation including wave field interaction effects with certain discontinuities and obstacles like reflection, refraction, and diffraction effects as well as for transducer testing and design. For high resolution visualization of wave fields including pulsed waveforms, pulsed light sources and sensitive optical imaging sensors with certain specifications are needed. In this paper the technical requirements of optical and electronic components for high resolution visualization of ultrasound wave fields will be presented. Also, specifications and operation results of a new designed, inexpensive Schlieren optical system will be presented, which is capable of pulsed wave field visualization in the MHz frequency range. The spatial resolution is high enough, not only for accurate beam shape and wave pattern visualization, but also for a gray-scaled display of wave amplitudes including amplitude zero crossings in ultrasound pulses. Consequently, ultrasonic wavelengths can be visualized quantitatively as well as wavelength changes of the ultrasound pulses while traveling through transparent media with different sound velocities. Results to be presented will include 2 MHz and 10 MHz experiments using single transducers as well as linear arrays of commercial medical scanners during their standard operation showing the system beamforming characteristics.     

驻波法测量声速实验的讨论

根据声波在2个换能器之间多次反射和声波在空气中的衰减,研究了驻波法测量声速实验中接收器输出信号随接收器到发送器间距离的变化.理论推导结果表明:声波在一般情况下不是严格的驻波,但是当反射比接近-1时则是双曲函数形式的驻波,这与实验测量结果一致.只有接收器到发送器的距离比较远,反射比接近-1时,才能得到几乎理想的驻波.     

浅海低频声场中目标深度分类方法研究

分析了浅海甚低频声场中的垂直双水听器的互谱特性,尤其关注了声场中只存在两阶简正波时声压互谱的有功分量.数值计算表明：当两个水听器的深度布放合理时,声压互谱有功分量的正负号分布与水平距离无关,选择合适的水听器深度布放组合,可以用于水面目标、水下目标的双择判决;声速分布对该方法的使用影响不大,海底存在吸收将影响算法的作用距离,但在有效作用距离内,该算法仍有较好的稳健性.运用Pekeris波导有效深度的概念建立了声压互谱有功分量正负号分布特性的近似理论分析并可预报双水听器合理的布放深度.理论分析揭示了双水听器布放深度之和应等于波导有效深度,并且在有效深度限制的波导范围内,整个声场的声压互谱有功分量的正负号分布被分为三个水平区域.理论分析加深了对浅海低频声场特性的理解,对该算法的实际使用有指导意义. 关键词： 目标深度分类 浅海低频声场 声压互谱 有功分量     

Use of focused ultrasonic receivers for remote measurements in biological tissues

The feasibility of using a focusing ultrasonic transducer as a sound pressure receiver is discussed. It is shown theoretically that, at certain angular apertures of the receiver, its output signal is proportional to the sound pressure in the field point coincident with the receiver center of curvature. The receivers of this type have been demonstrated suitable for remote measurements of field spatial distribution of plane and focused ultrasonic radiators. Data are presented on the experimental testing of focused receivers in measuring acoustic fields in water, air, and certain samples of biological tissues. The instruments are sufficiently universal and allow the measurement not only of acoustic fields, but also of temperature increments in locally heated media, as well as permit one to follow the initiation and development of ultrasonic cavitation and study nonlinear effects. The remote sensing ability and high sensitivity of focused ultrasonic receivers allow their practical use in biomedical acoustics for noninvasive measurements.     

Finite element analysis of broadband acoustic pulses through inhomogenous media with power law attenuation

Acoustic waves in tissues and weakly attenuative fluids often have an attenuation parameter, alpha(omega), satisfying alpha(omega)= alpha0omegay in which alpha0 is a constant, omega is the frequency, and y is between 1 and 2. This power law attenuation is not predicted by the classical thermoviscous wave equation and researchers have proposed different modified viscous wave equations in which the loss term is a convolution operator or a fractional spatial or temporal derivative. In this paper, acoustic waves undergoing power law attenuation are modeled by a modification to the thermoviscous wave equation in which the time derivative of the viscous term is replaced by a fractional time derivative. An explicit time domain, finite element formulation leads to a stable algorithm capable of simulating axisymmetric, broadband acoustic pulses propagating through attenuative and dispersive media. The algorithm does not depend on the Born approximation, long wavelength limit, or plane wave assumptions. The algorithm is validated for planar and focused transducers and results include radiation patterns from a viscous scatterer in a lossless background and signals reflected from a viscous layer. The program can be used to determine scattering parameters for large, strong, possibly viscous scatterers, in either a lossless or viscous background, for which analytic results are scarce.     

Sound wave attenuation in foam

Experimental measurements are presented for sound wave attenuation in foam without additives (standing wave method) and in foam with added particles (pulse method). A setup is developed that makes it possible to obtain a standing sound wave in stable foam and estimate the attenuation coefficient. A comparison is made of the coefficients of sound attenuation in foam in the sonic and ultrasonic frequency ranges, which have been published in a number of works. It is shown that the introduction of particles into foam leads to an increase in sound wave attenuation and may be the result of the viscous mechanism of sound wave energy loss.     

Zur Theorie einer Klasse von Beugungsproblemen mittels singulärer Integralgleichungen. IV Hochfrequente Schallbeugung an der Kreisblende: numerische Ergebnisse

The six-term developments of the far-field amplitude and the transmission coefficient formerly given for the high-frequency diffraction of a plane sound wave by a circular aperture in an infinite plane sound-soft screen at normal incidence are corrected and numerically evaluated.     

Beam profile measurements and simulations for ultrasonic transducers operating in air

This paper outlines a method that has been implemented to predict and measure the acoustic radiation generated by ultrasonic transducers operating into air in continuous wave mode. Commencing with both arbitrary surface displacement data and radiating aperture, the transmitted pressure beam profile is obtained and includes simulation of propagation channel attenuation and where necessary, the directional response of any ultrasonic receiver. The surface displacement data may be derived directly, from laser measurement of the vibrating surface, or indirectly, from finite element modeling of the transducer configuration. To validate the approach and to provide experimental measurement of transducer beam profiles, a vibration-free, draft-proof scanning system that has been installed within an environmentally controlled laboratory is described. A comparison of experimental and simulated results for piezoelectric composite, piezoelectric polymer, and electrostatic transducers is then presented to demonstrate some quite different airborne ultrasonic beam-profile characteristics. Good agreement between theory and experiment is obtained. The results are compared with those expected from a classical aperture diffraction approach and the reasons for any significant differences are explained.     

An indirect hybrid sound transmission loss controller

The control of sound transmission through panels is an important noise control problem in the aerospace, aeronautical, and automotive industries. The trend towards using lightweight composite materials that have lower sound insulation performance is a negative factor regarding low frequency transmission loss. Double-panel partitions with the gap filled with sound absorption materials are often employed to improve the sound insulation performance with reduced added weight penalty. However, in the low frequency range, the strong coupling between the panels through the air cavity and mechanical paths may greatly reduce the sound transmission performance, making it even lower than the performance of a single panel in some frequency ranges. In this work, an experimental investigation of a new kind of hybrid (active/passive) acoustic actuator is presented. The idea consists of replacing the acoustic absorption material by a hybrid actuator aiming at improving the transmission loss at low frequencies without altering the passive attenuation. A prototype of the system is tested in a plane wave acoustic tube setup. Different kinds of SISO feedforward control implementations were used to attenuate the sound power transmitted through the hybrid active–passive panel using an error microphone or a particle velocity sensor placed downstream with respect to the sample panel. Measurement results of the transmission loss with active and hybrid attenuation are presented and discussed.     

Ultrasonic field characteristics in resonant standing waves

The application of high performance ultrasound in resonant standing waves recently has obtained some new technical applications as the ultrasonic-standing-wave-atomization (USWA) of liquids. In this application a resonant ultrasonic wave field is generated by means of two oscillating transducers facing each other on a common axis. Characterization of the wave field formation in this resonant, high-amplitude case of ultrasonic standing wave fields is of significant importance for understanding and optimization of such processes. Computational simulation of the sound field provides insight in the complex gas behaviour and atomization process. The numerical simulation of the ultrasonic field characteristics is based on the fundamental hydrodynamic conservation equations including nonlinear and viscous effects. The numerical calculation procedure and boundary conditions will be outlined. Results for the ultrasonic wave field characteristics in standard geometric arrangements as well as possibilities for energy density enhancement will be discussed.     

Transparent and Ultra-lightweight Design for Ultra-Broadband Asymmetric Transmission of Airborne Sound

Acoustic one-way manipulations have recently attracted significant attention due to the deep implications in many diverse fields such as biomedical imaging and treatment.However,the previous mechanisms of asymmetric manipulation of airborne sound need to use elaborate heavyweight structures and only work in certain frequency ranges.We propose a mechanism for designing an ultra-lightweight and optically transparent structure with asymmetric transmission property for normally incident plane waves.Instead of fabricating solids into complicated artificial structures with limited bandwidth and heavy weight,we simply use xenon to fill a spatial region of asymmetric shape which allows the incident plane wave to pass along one direction while reflecting the reversed wave regardless of frequency.We demonstrate both analytically and numerically its effectiveness of producing highly-asymmetric transmission within an ultra-broad band.Our design offers new possibility for the design of one-way devices and may have far-reaching impact on various scenarios such as noise control.     

Propagation of sound from a monopole source above an impedance-backed porous layer

In this article, the propagation of sound from a monopole source above an impedance-backed porous layer is examined. The sound fields can be expressed in an integral form that is amenable to further analysis. A standard method of steepest descents is applied to evaluate the integral where the method of pole subtraction is needed to obtain a uniform asymptotic solution for the sound field above the plane surface. To obtain a numerical solution, the location of the pole was determined numerically by means of the Newton-Raphson method. Based on the pole location, the sound fields can then be calculated numerically. It has been demonstrated that the use of a plane wave reflection coefficient to calculate the sound fields is a special case of the asymptotic formula when the pole is located further away from the saddle point.     

Fresnel approximations for acoustic fields of rectangularly symmetric sources

A general approach is presented for determining the acoustic fields of rectangularly symmetric, baffled, time-harmonic sources under the Fresnel approximation. This approach is applicable to a variety of separable source configurations, including uniform, exponential, Gaussian, sinusoidal, and error function surface velocity distributions, with and without focusing in either surface dimension. In each case, the radiated field is given by a formula similar to that for a uniform rectangular source, except for additional scaling of wave number and azimuthal distance parameters. The expressions presented are generalized to three different Fresnel approximations that correspond, respectively, to diffracted plane waves, diffracted spherical waves, or diffracted cylindrical waves. Numerical results, for several source geometries relevant to ultrasonic applications, show that these expressions accurately depict the radiated pressure fields, except for points very near the radiating aperture. Highest accuracy near the source is obtained by choice of the Fresnel approximation most suited to the source geometry, while the highest accuracy far from the source is obtained by the approximation corresponding to diffracted spherical waves. The methods are suitable for volumetric computations of acoustic fields including focusing, apodization, and attenuation effects.