1.6μm相干激光测风雷达的速度标定研究

介绍了相干激光测风雷达系统中用转盘进行速度标定的方法,在实验室搭建了激光雷达速度标定装置。采用1.645μm种子注入单频脉冲激光器,在激光中心频率相对种子光移频量约62MHz、转盘直径300mm、转盘速度-47.12～47.12m/s可调、激光出射方向和转盘线速度方向夹角为36°时,采用相干探测的方法测出了多普勒频移并反演出了测量速度;数据处理过程中分别采用最大值频谱估计法和频谱对齐法计算多普勒频移和转盘速度。实验结果显示,频谱对齐法相对于最大值频谱估计法能够提高36.3%的测速精度,因此在激光雷达测风系统中采用频谱对齐法相对于常用的最大值频谱估计法测量的风速精度更高,这对提高相干激光雷达测风的风速精度提供了实验依据和参考标准,验证了频谱对齐法在激光雷达测风的数据处理中的可行性。     

基于大气分层的激光测风雷达回波模型

从相干激光测风雷达原理入手,论述了激光雷达回波特性和多普勒效应在测风雷达中的应用。基于大气分层模型,考虑到激光束的传播及其与大气之间的相互作用,建立了激光测风雷达回波模型,模拟回波信号在大气中的传输过程,为激光测风雷达回波信号的模拟提供了理论基础。     

瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达的校准

 在进行实际风速测量之前,对于新研制的测风激光雷达系统进行校准,可以验证并提高风速测量的准确性。根据瑞利散射多普勒激光雷达的测量原理,提出了利用瑞利散射谱和米散射谱之间的关系,采用运动硬目标实现对瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达进行校准的方法。设计了对瑞利散射多普勒测风激光雷达进行校准的实验系统,并给出了详细的校准步骤。     

相干多普勒激光测风雷达系统研究

大气中风速和风场分布的精确测量具有重要的军用和民用价值。近20年来,相干激光雷达对风场的遥测被经常用于大气边界层风场的精确测量。首先介绍了相干激光测风雷达的工作原理;然后对其相关的指标体系进行了详细的分析和论证,主要包括工作波长、探测灵敏度、测速精度以及作用距离与发射功率的关系等技术指标;最后给出了目前较优的相干激光测风雷达系统的技术方案和技术途径。在此基础上,采用1.5μm窄线宽激光光源设计了一套全固态、小型化激光相干测风实验装置,并进行了相关实验。     

连续模式相干测风激光雷达性能优化分析及实验研究

基于风场探测的需求,采用1 550 nm波长连续激光种子源搭建了一套全光纤结构多普勒相干测风雷达系统。从雷达方程出发,对连续激光相干雷达载噪比方程和不同雷达收发望远镜聚焦位置下风速合成权重进行了分析。针对测风雷达要求设计了5~200 m的变焦激光收发望远镜模块。扩束系统采用伽利略折射式结构,发射光束准直下扩束比为23,光学质量接近衍射极限。标定测试通过对旋转电机圆盘转速测量完成。转盘转速范围为-3 000 r/min到+3 000 r/min,转盘直径为26 cm。在视向速度多普勒频移分别为正向和负向时,雷达系统速度测量结果与通过圆盘转速计算值的相关系数为0.998与0.993,标准差为0.151 m/s和0.229 m/s。使用该测风激光雷达开展室外大气风速探测实验,取得了良好效果。     

多普勒测风激光雷达中马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的视场展宽技术研究

火星大气风速廓线探测对研究火星大气环境具有重要意义,基于马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的多普勒测风激光雷达相对于一般的相干/非相干多普勒测风激光雷达更适合于火星地基探测。为使马赫-曾德尔干涉仪对激光雷达中望远镜接收到的大视场角回波光信号进行频移检测,需要对马赫-曾德尔干涉仪进行视场展宽。对马赫-曾德尔干涉仪中棱镜式视场展宽技术与"猫眼"光学系统的视场展宽技术进行研究后发现,棱镜式视场展宽技术更具优势。设计并搭建了一套光程差为219 mm的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪,使用压电晶体扫描反射镜片的方式测量其对以11 mrad视场角入射的准平行光束的透射谱,得到干涉仪最大的干涉对比度为0.87,满足多普勒测风激光雷达的使用需求。结合地球大气环境分析了干涉仪干涉对比度随高度的变化,结果表明:虽然大光程差马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的干涉对比度在5 km以下低空大气中随高度增加有小幅下降,但仍可使用这种干涉仪进行大气风速探测。     

相干多普勒测风激光雷达低信噪比区域回波信号的估计方法

相干多普勒测风激光雷达通常会采用周期图最大值法（PM）提取不同距离门信号的多普勒频移（对应风速）信息。由于噪声和相干效率的影响,个别距离门信号会出现信噪比（SNR）突然降低的情况,从而导致系统的探测概率降低,影响系统整体的探测性能。为了解决个别距离门信号多普勒频移的错误估计问题,提出了一种新的非线性自适应多普勒频移估计方法。该方法利用风速的连续性,标定错误距离门,并自适应地利用强信噪比区域的多普勒频移统计数据来弥补信噪比变差而出现的估计错误。分别利用了仿真模型和一套1.54μm全光纤相干激光雷达系统获得了风场测量数据,对比了使用该技术前后反演得到的风速趋势,证明该方法能够有效地解决上述问题。     

Mach-Zehnder干涉仪条纹成像多普勒激光雷达风速反演及视场展宽技术

相对于传统多普勒鉴频器Fabry-Perot干涉仪, Mach-Zehnder干涉仪(MZI)具有透过率高、直线条纹易于探测、可进行视场展宽等优点. 本文设计了基于条纹成像MZI的非相干多普勒测风激光雷达系统, 构建了风速反演的数学模型, 利用MZI视场展宽技术优化了激光雷达系统的性能. 数值仿真实现了MZI鉴频系统干涉条纹图样的理想输出, 采用SineSqr函数拟合法获取了高精度的多普勒频移前后干涉条纹的移动距离, 并通过视场补偿减小了入射角对MZI光程差的影响, 从而实现视场展宽. 结果表明: 采用SineSqr函数拟合法可获得在±100 m·s^-1的径向风速范围内<0.45 m·s^-1的风速误差, 克服了条纹重心法反演风速不稳定性的缺点; 视场展宽技术在不降低鉴频性能的情况下, 能最大补偿1°的视场角. MZI条纹成像多普勒激光雷达应用技术的探讨将为中高层大气风速激光雷达测量系统的实际开发奠定良好的基础. 关键词： 激光雷达 条纹成像Mach-Zehnder干涉仪 风速反演 视场补偿     

半导体抽运的Er:YAG陶瓷单频脉冲激光器

利用掺铒钇铝石榴石(Er:YAG)单块非平面环形腔(NPRO)激光器作为种子源,通过注入锁定技术研制了半导体抽运的Er:YAG陶瓷单频脉冲激光器。在重复频率为200Hz的条件下,获得了脉冲能量为11.45mJ、脉冲宽度为174ns的1645nm单频脉冲输出,在x和y方向上的M~2因子分别为1.45和1.42,脉冲光与种子光拍频信号的频谱半峰全宽为2.67MHz。实验表明,Er:YAG陶瓷作为增益介质在产生1.6μm激光方面具有较好的性能。此激光器可在激光雷达领域作为多普勒相干测风激光雷达和遥感激光雷达的光源。     

基于法布里-珀罗标准具四边缘技术的双频率多普勒激光雷达研究

对基于法布里-珀罗(F-P)标准具四边缘技术的双频率多普勒测风激光雷达进行研究。简要分析了F-P标准具四边缘双频率风速测量原理。详细介绍了基于F-P标准具四边缘双频率多普勒激光雷达系统结构。对发射激光双频率间隔、入射光束发散角、标准具有效口径和标准具干涉平板反射率等参数进行了详细的优化设计。根据选取的系统参数,对多普勒激光雷达系统的探测性能进行了仿真。仿真结果表明:晴天天气条件下,在±25m/s的径向风速测量动态范围内,在满足径向风速误差小于2m/s的情况下,当发射激光仰角为60°、距离和时间分辨率分别为60m和1min时,系统在晚间和白天的探测高度分别可达到8km和6.5km。系统在晚间的整体探测性能明显要优于基于F-P标准具双边缘技术的多普勒测风激光雷达系统。同时,系统的探测性能受天空背景噪声的影响较大,系统在白天工作时应采用窄带宽的滤光片以提高系统的探测性能。     

1.5μm激光雷达相干探测CO_2与风场系统设计与仿真(英文)

探测低空大气CO2浓度的同时可以探测大气风场。采用相干探测较非相干探测具有更高的信噪比,而目前1.5μm波长由于在人眼安全、系统设计简单廉价等方面存在一定优势,使1.5μm可能成为未来探测气溶胶激光雷达的主流波长。本文阐述了激光雷达相干探测大气CO2与风场的原理,设计了1.5μm相干探测激光雷达系统,并对系统的信噪比进行了估算,得出结论:1.5μm相干探测风场与CO2是可行的,经过3分钟的脉冲积累,在3km处仍具有高于10的信噪比值。     

Wind sensing in an atmospheric boundary layer by means of micropulse coherent Doppler lidars

An algorithm is developed and computer simulation of wind sensing by means of micropulse coherent Doppler lidars (CDLs) in the atmospheric boundary layer is conducted for low values of the signalto- noise (SNR) ratio. The accuracy of lidar wind measurements is studied numerically for parameters of micropulse Stream Line CDLs. Optimal parameters of the measurements and processing data obtained at low SNR, which allow reconstructing vertical profiles of the wind velocity vector with required accuracy within an entire atmospheric boundary layer, are determined.     

Single-frequency polarized eye-safe all-fiber laser with peak power over kilowatt

An all-fiber, single-frequency, linearly polarized, high peak-power, pulsed laser at 1,540 nm for Doppler wind lidar is presented. This laser is composed of a single-frequency, narrow-linewidth external cavity diode laser, and multistage fiber amplifiers. A peak power of 1.08 kW and a pulse width of 500 ns at 10 kHz repetition rate are achieved, which is the highest peak power with a linewidth of 800 kHz in erbium-doped silica fiber to our knowledge. The beam quality of M ² < 1.3 and a polarization extinction ratio over 16 dB are obtained. This laser will be employed in a compact long-range coherent Doppler wind lidar.     

Low-coherence doppler lidar with multiple time coherence of reference and probe waves

The notion of multiple time coherence of optical beams is introduced and mathematically analyzed for the first time. Mathematical simulation is used to demonstrate the possibility of the generation of multiple fiber pulses (MFPs), which exhibit multiple time coherence, and the possibility of their application for the laser Doppler anemometry of spatially separated scattering objects (including the realization of wind coherent Doppler lidars). A method to obtain MFPs of a given duration with the means of fiber-optic commutation is proposed. The method is based on nanosecond lasers with a limited coherence length realized in a set of fiber topologies. The concept of a low-coherence Doppler lidar with the multiple time coherence of the reference and probe waves is formulated. The energy parameters of the lidar are mathematically simulated for one of the topologies of the MFP device.     

Noise reduction in LOS wind velocity of Doppler lidar using discrete wavelet analysis

The line of sight (LOS) wind velocity can be determined from the incoherent Doppler lidar backscattering signals. Noise and interference in the measurement greatly degrade the inversion accuracy. In this paper, we apply the discrete wavelet denoising method by using biorthogonal wavelets and adopt a distance-dependent thresholds algorithm to improve the accuracy of wind velocity measurement by incoherent Doppler lidar. The noisy simulation data are processed and compared with the true LOS wind velocity. The results are compared by the evaluation of both the standard deviation and correlation coefficient. The results suggest that wavelet denoising with distance-dependent thresholds can considerably reduce the noise and interfering turbulence for wind lidar measurement.     

Rlationship between the aerosol scattering ratio and temperature of atmosphere and the sensitivity of a Doppler wind lidar with iodine filter

The sensitivity of Doppler wind lidar is an important parameter which affects the performance of Doppler wind lidar. Aerosol scattering ratio, atmospheric temperature, and wind speed obviously affect the mea- surement of Doppler wind lidar with iodine filter. We discuss about the relationship between the measurement sensitivity and the above atmospheric parameters. The numerical relationship between them is given through the theoretical simulation and calculation.     

Statistics of a coherent lidar signal in a turbulent atmosphere

Absolute and conditional statistical properties of a pulse coherent Doppler lidar signal in a turbulent atmosphere are studied. Upon coherent receiving of optical fields scattered by a large number of particles, the lidar signal is shown to be a nonstationary non-Gaussian random process with Gaussian conditional statistical characteristics. The appearance of non-Gaussian properties of the signal is caused by correlation of turbulent fluctuations of the wind velocity field within the scattering volume. For the considered signal model, which corresponds to the single scattering approximation and is a sum of a large number of random variables, the central limit theorem is found to be untrue due to the statistical dependence of particles’ positions in a turbulent atmosphere. The results of numerical calculations show that, for a homogeneous and isotropic turbulence, the behavior of the signal statistics significantly depends on the size of the scattering volume and on the state of atmospheric turbulence. A Gaussian statistics is observed at small heights; with an increase in height, the non-Gaussian component becomes considerable in fluctuations of the lidar signal.