High-pressure subsonic mode operation of chemical oxygen-iodine laser

A new regime of chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL), high-pressure subsonic mode operation, was demonstrated using a jet-type singlet oxygen generator (SOG). The laser output power of 342 W with chemical efficiency of 20.9% was obtained at the Cl₂ flow rate of 18 mmol/s and the operating pressure of 6.4 Torr in the laser cavity. The specific energy was 3.1 J/l which was four times higher than our supersonic device, and was comparable to the highest value for the supersonic regime. The experimental results were in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. Received: 26 February 1999 / Revised version: 13 July 1999 / Published online: 30 November 1999     

超音速氧碘化学激光实验研究

在一台５ｋＷ超音速氧碘化学激光器装置上采用转网式单重态氧发生器，在Ｃｌ２流量为１５０ｍｍｏｌ／ｓ时输出功率已超过１ｋＷ。     

方列管型射流式O2(1Δ)发生器的COIL出光研究

 方列管型射流式O₂(¹Δ)发生器是一种新型高效的氧碘化学激光器(COIL)化学能源供给装置。描述了采用该发生器在COIL上所做的一系列出光实验,这些实验着重于考察该发生器的性能参数及相应的COIL化学效率。结果在Cl₂流量为0.25mol/s、无冷阱、稳定腔条件下获得化学效率高达26% 。     

方列管型射流式O2（^1△）发生器的COIL出光研究

方列管型射流式O2(^1△)发生器是一种新型高效的氧碘化学激光器(COIL)化学能源供给装置。描述了采用该发生器在COIL上所做的一系列出光实验,这些实验着重于考察该发生器的性能参数及相应的COIL化学效率。结果在Cl2流量为0．25mol／s、无冷阱、稳定腔条件下获得化学效率高达26％。     

Semi-gas kinetics model for performance modeling of flowing chemical oxygen-iodine lasers (COIL)

The gas pressure in a laser cavity of flowing chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL)is about 133.31333 Pa[1]. In this pressure range, effects of homogeneous and inhomo-geneous broadening competing with each other on the performances of a COIL are no-ticeable. Generally, a rate equation (RE) model is adopted to the performance modeling of a supersonic COIL, such as in refs. [1—4]. This model assumes the spectral line pro-file is homogeneously broadened. Homogeneous broadening assumption sim…     

碘气流穿透深度和碘流量对COIL激光输出功率的影响

 通过采用Cl₂流量250mmol/s列管射流式氧发生器的COIL出光实验，得到了激光输出功率随碘副气流相对于氧主气流混合穿透深度的变化规律。实验结果表明，穿透深度对激光功率影响较大，存在最佳穿透深度，约为3.16mm,计算的最佳穿透深度与实验得到的最佳穿透深度基本一致。通过逐步改变供碘系统的碘气流流量，测量激光的输出功率，在实验上证实并找到了COIL的最佳碘流量值，约为4.5mmol/s，这一结果比以往文献所登载的最佳碘流量值要确切。     

化学反应与饱和模型对化学氧碘激光性能的影响

 将速率方程（RE）模型与化学动力学模型相结合，讨论了增益饱和模型与化学反应系统对COIL性能的影响。流动为预混的一维模型，考虑了10种成分和21个化学反应，分析计算了未分解碘分子，激发态氧产率，水含量以及温度等因素对COIL性能的影响。计算结果表明，碘流量过多，混合和反应过程中消耗大量能量；碘流量过低，导致粒子数反转和增益过低，对于能量的提取不利。     

A Chemosorption Vacuum Pump for a Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser with CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Buffer Gases

We present the design and investigation of a novel chemosorption vacuum pump (CSVP) for discharging the exhaust gases of a chemical oxygen-iodine laser system diluted with carbon dioxide (CO₂-COIL). The CSVP comprises two fixed-bed reactors separately filled with CO₂/H₂O and O₂/I₂/Cl₂ adsorbents, which can efficiently chemically absorb the CO₂-COIL exhaust gases at room or higher temperature. We consider the effects of the adsorbents in different specifications and fixed beds of various constructions on the adsorption performance of the CSVP. We develop and study the sealed CO₂-COIL system with the CSVP. We achieve a stable operation with a cumulative duration time of 40 s for four runs and an average output power up to 2.0 kW at a Cl₂ flow rate of ～158 mmol/s and a CO₂ flow rate of 132 mmol/s. The experimental results indicate that the COIL system with the CSVP performs similarly to a conventional COIL with a vacuum tank. Taking into account that the CSVP is free of vibration and noise, avoids air pollution, is easily operated, and has a short preparation time, we believe that the chemosorption vacuum pump is an excellent alternative pump system for a transportable COIL system.     

p-τ值对COIL的影响的实验研究

 实验研究了单重态氧发生器（SOG）的p-τ值，即初始氯气分压与停留时间的乘积，对化学氧碘激光器（COIL）的影响，并分析了诸多实验因素对SOG的p-τ值的影响。对于提高COIL的化学效率具有很重要的实际意义。     

Chemical oxygen-iodine laser with external production of iodine atoms in CH3I/Ar dc glow discharge

A cw chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) operating in a subsonic mode with a high water content of ～15% and external production of iodine atoms in CH₃I/Ar dc glow discharge has been demonstrated. A straightforward comparison of COIL performance for two cases—conventional, when I₂ was injected in the singlet oxygen flow, and when iodine atoms produced externally together with other discharge products were injected—was made. In the latter case nearly four times increase in output power was observed, suggesting that the relaxation of the energy stored in the singlet oxygen slowed down substantially, when the laser operated using CH₃I/Ar discharge products instead of iodine molecules.     

以氮气为载气COIL的设计与实验

 根据以氮气为载气的特殊要求，对kW级氧碘化学激光器（COIL）装置的结构进行了有针对性的设计和实验研究。在氯气流量为140mol/s的情况下, 获得了2.6kW的功率, 相应的化学效率为20.4%, 喷管出口能流密度达到了74W/cm²。这一结果达到了以氦气为载气COIL的水平。     

无稀释气立式氧碘化学激光器的设计与实验

 分析了氧碘化学激光器（COIL）在无稀释气条件下工作所带来的一系列问题和对其性能的影响，并提出了相应的解决方法，进而对COIL结构和相关参数进行了有针对性的设计和实验研究。在氯气流量为117.6 mmol/s时,平均输出功率2.25 kW，化学效率达到21.1%，比功率0.22 J/g；分别以氦气和氮气为稀释气，对COIL进行了参数和实验数据比较。     

高能COIL偏振态的实验研究

 通过两块楔镜补充衰减和中性衰减片相结合的能量衰减方法，测得了功率密度为20 W/mm² COIL的偏振态。采用角反射器作为稳定腔折返装置，提高了激光能量分布的均匀性。激光光束分别以45°的入射角入射到两块楔镜上，被楔镜反射后，垂直通过中性衰减片，最后进入偏振态测试仪。实验结果表明：在腔内没有任何偏振选择器件和不加外部电磁场的情况下，采用折叠式稳定腔的横流双模块氧碘化学激光光束呈现部分偏振性质，而且在出光过程中偏振度逐渐降低。     

以氮气为载气的千瓦级COIL的初步实验研究

 首次在氯气流量为110mmol/s、采用方列管型射流式O₂(¹Δ)发生器(SPJSOG)以及列阵式超音速氧碘混合喷管的COIL装置上，以氮气替代氦气作为载气进行出光实验研究。初步实验获得1.8kw的激光输出功率以及18%的化学效率。     

Computation of streamwise vorticity in a compressible flow of a winglet nozzle-based COIL device

Chemical oxygen iodine laser (COIL) is a high-power laser with potential applications in both military as well as in the industry. COIL is the only chemical laser based on electronic transition with a wavelength of 1.315 μm, which falls in the near-infrared (IR) range. Thus, COIL beam can also be transported via optical fibers for remote applications such as dismantling of nuclear reactors. The efficiency of a supersonic COIL is essentially a function of mixing specially in systems employing cross-stream injection of the secondary lasing (I₂) flow in supersonic regime into the primary pumping (O₂¹Δ_g) flow. Streamwise vorticity has been proven to be among the most effective manner of enhancing mixing and has been utilized in jet engines for thrust augmentation, noise reduction, supersonic combustion, etc. Therefore, a computational study of the generation of streamwise vorticity in the supersonic flow field of a COIL device employing a winglet nozzle with various delta wing angles of 5°, 10°, and 22.5° has been carried out. The study predicts a typical Mach number of approximately 1.75 for all the winglet geometries. The analysis also confirms that the winglet geometry doubles up both as a nozzle and as a vortex generator. The region of maximum turbulence and fully developed streamwise vortices is observed to occur close to the exit, at x/λ of 0.5, of the winglets making it the most suitable region for secondary flow injection for achieving efficient mixing. The predicted length scale of the scalloped mixer formed by the winglet nozzle is 4λ. Also, the winglet nozzle with 10° lobe angle is most suitable from the point of view of mixing developing cross-stream velocity of 120 m/s with acceptable pressure drop of 0.7 Torr. The winglet geometry with 5° lobe angle is associated with a low cross-stream velocity of 60 m/s, whereas the one with 22.5° lobe angle is associated with a large static and total pressure drop of 1.87 and 9.37 Torr, respectively, making both the geometries unsuitable for COIL systems. The experimental validation shows a close agreement with the computationally predicted values. The studies for the most suitable 10° lobe angle geometry show an observed Mach number of 1.72 with an improved mixing efficiency of 74% due to the occurrence of predicted streamwise vortices in the flow.     

Experimental investigation of chemical oxygen-iodine laser

Results of an experimental investigation of a chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) are presented. We determine the factors influencing the efficiency of a chemical singlet-oxygen generator (SOG) of the bubbler type operating on the chlorination of an alkaline solution of oxygen peroxide. We describe SOG constructions. A cw COIL with output power up to 400 W is developed on the basis of the investigated SOG. The feasibility of a modular construction of high-power COIL is demonstrated. A power-output level of 1 kW was achieved with a two-section laser. The feasibility is analyzed of COIL operation in a pulsed regime by pulsed bulk accrual of iodine atoms. We show that in this regime the laser can be operated without a low-temperature trap. An advantage of such a regime is also the possibility of controlling, in a wide range, the lasing pulse duration. A strong influence of molecular chlorine on the energy content of the active medium is observed when alkyliodides are used as iodine donors. The possibilities of using a pulsed COIL for controlled thermonuclear fusion are discussed. Translated from Trudy Fizicheskogo Instituta im. P. N. Lebedeva Akademiya Nauk SSSR, Vol. 194, pp. 114–147 (1989).     

VICON程序模拟氧碘化学激光器3维喷管流场的可行性探讨

 用VICON程序对化学氧碘激光器(COIL)喷管冷流场进行了3维模拟，得出的计算区几何较准确地反映了模拟装置的几何变化。主气流方向和副气流方向的分点数反映出了此2维平面内的气动特性，对不同流量的模拟结果对比分析得出穿透过度与穿透不够一样，致使主副气流混合不好。对带化学反应的情况进行了模拟，显现出副气流从喷孔出来后穿进主气流的马蹄形结构的变化过程，这些说明VICON程序可用来模拟研究COIL喷管流场特性。     

光腔与扩压器化学反应流场优化数值模拟

氧碘化学激光器(COIL)在化学反应条件下,由于光腔及扩压器的气流通道内存在残余化学反应放热,从而导致"热堵"现象发生,影响了扩压器的正常启动及光腔内超声速流场的流动品质。采用数值模拟方法对COIL光腔与超声速扩压器流道内的化学反应流场进行研究,对超声速扩压器插入段的长度、楔形体的数量级扩散段长度对化学反应流场的影响进行研究。数值模拟结果表明:通过优化插入段及楔形体长度、取消扩压器侧壁的半楔形体,改善了因化学反应放热对光腔及扩压器流场造成的不利影响。优化后,光腔内的流动不再受气流分离产生的斜激波的影响,扩压器二喉道内的分离现象消失,扩压器壁面的分离区减小,出口流动更加均匀,"热堵塞"现象消失。化学反应条件下的气流总压损失比冷流时提高约15%,光腔与扩压器的总压恢复系数为0.426,进出口的静压比为3.75,比优化前提高了约25%。     

Pressure recovery studies on a supersonic COIL with central ejector configuration

A chemical oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) is an electronic transition, low pressure, high throughput system. The field use of this laser demands the development of suitable pressure recovery systems. Ejector based pressure recovery systems form a potent alternative for open cycle COIL operation. The two possible configurations of motive gas injection in ejectors are peripheral and central. The present paper focuses on the investigation of a central injection low pressure ejector operated with a small scale supersonic COIL (SCOIL). The ejector handles a motive flow of nearly 120 g s⁻¹ and an entrained laser flow of nearly 3 g s⁻¹. The predicted geometry using integral methods has been validated numerically by employing Fluent 6.1 software in a 2-d axisymmetric viscous turbulent flow formulation. The numerical predictions have been experimentally validated, which indicate a pressure recovery of 63 Torr at design conditions. The results also show that the recovered pressure improves to 75 Torr for an off-design condition of higher motive flow rate.     

基于故障树的氧碘化学激光器故障分析

为方便快捷地查找出氧碘化学激光器故障发生的原因,以氧碘化学激光器常见故障为例,建立了其功率失常的故障树模型,用最小割集理论按下行法对模型进行了定性分析和定量分析。分析表明:氧碘化学激光器7个子系统中,碘供给子系统的可靠性最低,氯气供给子系统次之,这与实际情况相符。计算出的氧碘化学激光器出光不正常发生概率为3.99%,其可靠度为96.01%。