微晶纤维素电流变液在挤压流中的粘弹性

测量了微晶纤维素/蓖麻油悬浮体构成的电流变液在挤压流中的动态粘弹性.给出了平行于电 场方向的储能模量G′和损耗模量G″对电场和应变幅度的依赖关系.实验显示,当电场超过 临界电场后,随着应变幅度增加, 电流变液的粘弹性从线性变到非线性,电流变液出现了应 变导致的“类固体”和流体之间的转变过程. 还研究了应变幅度和振荡频率对电流变液粘弹性非线性的影响. 关键词： 电流变液 挤压流 粘弹性     

奇特的电流变液

 电流变液(ＥｌｅｃｔｒｏｒｈｅｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＦｌｕｉｄ)是由高介电常数的固体颗粒悬浮于某种低介电常数、低黏性的不导电液体中所形成的,未加电场时,电流变液内的颗粒无序分布,施加电场后,颗粒迅速聚集成跨越电极的链或柱,当施加的电场足够大时,电流变液转变为类似固态,撤去外电场时,又恢复为液态,这一液固两态相变的响应时间为毫秒量级,这一奇特属性,再加上电流变液的电导率低,产生电流变效应所需的电功输入少,电流变液的电热效应低,使得电流变液在工业技术中有着极大的潜在应用。     

电流变液的微波透射调控行为

依据外电场作用下电流变液结构由各向同性转变为各向异性及介电性能改变的实验事实,建立了微波穿透电流变液样品的理论模型,导出了微波透射率的基本表达形式.理论模拟显示:当电流变液的介电常量小于所处环境的介电常量时,透射率随电场的增加而增加;反之则减小.实验研究表明:电流变液的微波衰减(透射率)的变化可以通过电场来调控.分析认为在外加电场作用下,电流变液结构转变和介电性能的变化是导致微波透射率可调控的主要原因.     

电流变液的微波透射调控行为

依据外电场作用下电流变液结构由各向同性转变为各向异性及介电性能改变的实验事实,建立了微波穿透电流变液样品的理论模型,导出了微波透射率的基本表达形式.理论模拟显示:当电流变液的介电常量小于所处环境的介电常量时,透射率随电场的增加而增加;反之则减小.实验研究表明:电流变液的微波衰减(透射率)的变化可以通过电场来调控.分析认为在外加电场作用下,电流变液结构转变和介电性能的变化是导致微波透射率可调控的主要原因.     

电流变液在平行平板剪切下的动态响应

建立了用于测试电流变液在两平行平板间剪切时对外加高压阶跃电场的剪切应力响应的实验测试系统。此系统对剪切应力变化的时间分辨率可以达到10μs量级。利用此系统对基于沸石和硅油的电流变液的极化和退极化过程,电流变液在不同外加电场强度和不同剪切速率条件下的剪切应力上升和撤去电场时剪切应力的下降过程进行了研究。研究发现电流变液的剪切速率越高,其响应时间越短,随着外加电场的升高,响应时间略有增加。此实验结果与其他现有相关研究结果比较吻合。     

电流变液中的双折射现象观察

本文研究了电流变液(ER流体)可调节的双折射现象,激光束垂直于电场方向,利用He-Ne激光器对SiO₂、季戊四醇和硅油组成的ER流体进行测量.发现当一对偏振片互相正交,不加电场时,没有光线射出;当施加电场时,就有光线射出,透射光强度随电场增大.对于相同材料的ER流体,低浓度的ER流体双折射现象更加明显,电流变液双折射现象起因于颗粒在电场作用下排列成链状或柱状结构.     

金纳米流体的电场可调光学性质

利用多次还原法制备了不同粒径的金纳米颗粒,SEM和粒度分析表明其平均粒径分别为11 nm,35 nm和58 nm.进一步通过表面活性剂辅助的液相转移法制备出不同粒径的油基金纳米流体,测试了金纳米流体在电场作用下的光学性质.结果表明金纳米流体在电场作用下表现出明显的双折射现象,且随电场强度的变化双折射具有可调节性.金颗粒粒径和浓度对折射率有明显影响,在实验采用的浓度范围内,折射率随金颗粒浓度和粒径的增加而减小.最后,利用电流变液结构转变机理对金纳米流体的电致双折射进行了分析. 关键词： 纳米流体 双折射 电流变液     

电流变液微波反射可调控性

研究了纳米二氧化钛包覆高岭土和钇掺杂钛酸钡两种电流变液的微波反射行为.实验发现，在垂直于微波传播方向电场作用下，两种电流变液微波反射系数均随电场强度的增大而增大；钇掺杂钛酸钡电流变液微波反射系数变化幅度比二氧化钛包覆高岭土电流变液宽，并且电场调节的能力随浓度的增加有减弱的趋势.对钇掺杂钛酸钡电流变液存在一个临界浓度，低于这个浓度，电场的调控能力随电场强度的增加而增大，高于这个浓度，电场的调控能力随电场的增加先增大后减小.另外，二氧化钛包覆高岭土电流变液反射回波相位随电场强度的增大出现最大值后逐渐减小趋于平 关键词： 电流变液 微波反射 相位     

平行平板间电流变液非零压力梯度Couette流动的稳定性分析

采用Rajagopal和Wineman所提出本构方程,对电流变液在二维平行平板间非零压力梯度Couette流动的线性稳定性问题进行研究。通过分析和数值计算发现,任何壁面运动都将使流动稳定性增强。在外加电场存在的情况下,电流变液效应也将使流动稳定性增强。     

电流变液态光栅实验研究

利用电流变液在电场作用下可以形成周期性链状结构的性质，在实验上制作了电流变液态光栅。搭建了产生均匀、细小激光光束的光路装置，调制了均匀、浓度适当的电流变液，并以此为材料在电场作用下形成了电流变液态光栅。利用电流变液态光栅，观察到了标准的光栅衍射现象。测量了电流变液态光栅的光栅常数、衍射条纹间距等实验数据，分析处理，总结了数据。为了验证流体光栅的物理性质，进一步做了液态光栅和传统固态光栅的对比实验，发现两者的对比度十分良好。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.