微气泡激发的声微流对细胞声孔效应的影响

理论及实验研究了微气泡激发的声微流对声孔效应的影响。实验采用低幅度(0.05~0.3MIPa)连续超声波信号照射MCF-7细胞,PEI:DNA的复合质粒和造影剂气泡的混合溶液,通过扫描电子显微镜测量细胞膜声孔效应。结果表明声孔大小随着激励声压的幅度和照射时间的增加而增大,平均孔径范围为100 nm~1.25μm。基于Marmottant微气泡振动模型的理论计算结果表明微气泡振动所产生的声微流引起的剪切力在低幅度超声引发声致穿孔作用中起着关键作用。      

内吞金纳米粒子的鼻咽癌细胞SERS光谱

采用内吞方法将金纳米粒子引入细胞内,测试分析单个活性CNE-1鼻咽癌细胞的常规拉曼光谱和SERS光谱,并对其进行初步谱峰归属。CNE-1细胞的常规拉曼光谱有6个主要的拉曼峰:718,1001,1123,1336,1446和1660cm-1;沉积于细胞内的金纳米粒子强烈地增强了细胞内生化物质拉曼信号,在内吞金纳米粒子的CNE-1细胞的拉曼光谱中出现了20多个SERS拉曼信号,主要拉曼峰的强度明显高于常规拉曼信号。DNA骨架振动(1026,1097,1336和1585cm-1)证明金纳米粒子通过内吞作用而进入细胞核内。结果表明,基于胶体金SERS技术可能为活性鼻咽癌细胞内生化物质的探测提供一种高灵敏的方法。     

消癌平诱导人肺腺癌（ASTC-a-1）细胞内caspase-3活化的荧光光谱分析

采用CCK-8技术检测发现传统中药消癌平（XAP）对人肺腺癌（ASTC-a-1）细胞的增殖活性具有显著的抑制作用。利用共聚焦扫描荧光显微成像、荧光共振能量转移（FRET）及其受体光漂白技术证实了基于FRET技术构建的SCAT3质粒在ASTC-a-1细胞中的稳定表达。将消癌平加入细胞培养液中培育细胞,并在不同的时间检测活细胞内SCAT3的荧光发射光谱,从而监测细胞中caspase-3的活化状态。实验结果表明：(1)消癌平可以有效抑制人肺腺癌（ASTC-a-1）细胞的增殖活性并诱导细胞的死亡,消癌平对细胞的抑制作用具有剂量依赖性。(2)消癌平处理细胞72 h后,细胞内大量的SCAT3被切割,表明细胞内caspase-3的活化水平明显升高。(3)将含消癌平的细胞培养液与细胞共同培养24 h,然后采用没有消癌平的细胞培养液培养细胞48和72 h后,细胞内SCAT3的光谱没有明显改变,表明消癌平作用细胞24 h内没有显著激活细胞内的caspase-3。     

单细胞拉曼光谱研究游离脂肪酸对NIT-1胰岛β细胞生理的影响

运用激光镊子拉曼光谱技术探讨高浓度游离脂肪酸对NIT-1胰岛β细胞生理的影响。实验组细胞以含0.25mmol/L棕榈酸培养12,24,48h,平行对照组中不含任何脂肪酸。通过扫描形式收集各组细胞的拉曼光谱后,使用Hoechs33342/PI荧光染色保留活细胞的光谱,并在OriginPro 8.0系统中比较各组平均光谱的差异。结果显示对照组间的拉曼光谱无明显差异;高脂组光谱在780、1124、1092cm-1及1172cm-1发生拉曼位移,且780、1172、855cm-1及873cm-1峰值强度降低。这些变化的光谱峰在分子归属上指认为细胞内DNA和蛋白质。由此推断高浓度游离脂肪诱导NIT-1细胞损伤在光谱表现为细胞内DNA及蛋白质的结构、含量改变,且该变化与细胞的凋亡有着密切联系。在实验中激光光镊拉曼系统对观察细胞早期损伤有着积极作用。     

基因枪──导入外源基因的新式武器

 基因工程技术的诞生是２０世纪下半叶改变人类生活面貌的重大科学事件之一,它使人类第一次能够按着自己的意愿,依靠工程设计的原则去改造生命的遗传结构,并创造新的品种．其实质就是借助一定的手段将人们所选定的外源目的基因导入受体细胞中,并使这种基因整合到受体细胞的基因组中,从而使受体细胞表达出所导入基因的遗传性状;早期的基因工程技术是利用质粒作为运载外源目的基因的载体,通过分子生物学的方法来实现的．８０年代以后,又发展了一些利用物理学原理来导入外源目的基因的方法,如电击穿孔法、激光穿孔法等,而１９９０年由美国杜邦公司推出的商品化的“基因枪”则是利用高速微弹瞬时导入外源基因的一种新方法．     

金纳米棒核／二氧化硅壳纳米复合结构的可控制备及细胞成像

采用模板合成以及溶胶凝胶方法制备了金纳米棒核／二氧化硅壳（GNR@SiO2）纳米复合粒子,探讨了这种新型纳米复合结构的可控制备、光谱性质、细胞毒性和细胞成像。通过紫外可见分光光度计、透射电镜、共聚焦显微镜对样品进行表征,结果表明：通过对反应时间的调控,获得的纳米复合粒子的二氧化硅壳层厚度可以控制在20～30nm。由于二氧化硅壳层的存在,大大提高了金纳米棒的稳定性,同时降低了金纳米棒的细胞毒性;此外,由于二氧化硅壳层具有良好的化学修饰作用,因此可以将荧光探针分子标记在二氧化硅壳层表面,修饰后的纳米复合粒子可以通过细胞内吞作用进入细胞,从而实现细胞内的光学成像。因此,该纳米粒子复合材料在生物传感、细胞成像以及光热治疗等方面有着良好的应用前景。     

托卡马克等离子体中内部磁扰动的测量研究

热等离子体中内部磁扰动水平可以由逃逸电子输运来确定，逃逸电子输运采用扰动实验和稳态实验等四种不同方法较容易获得某些局域的逃逸扩散系数，首先利用等离子体快速移动实验，测量孔栏上硬X射线通量的变化，获得边缘扩散系数；第二，由微波辐射强度和硬X射线通量(HXR)信号的锯齿振荡的峰值延迟时间得到径向位置某处到孔栏之间平均扩散系数；第三，软X射线(SXR)强度和HXR通量的信号的锯齿振荡的峰值延迟时间给出等离子体芯区外的径向平均扩散系数；第四，由来自孔栏上HXR韧致辐射谱求得逃逸电子平均能量，继而得到逃逸约束时间， 关键词： 逃逸电子输运 扩散系数 内部磁涨落 软X射线(SXR) 硬X射线 (HXR)     

H-22细胞声孔效应的应力阈值

理论和实验研究了超声空化场中的H-22型肝癌细胞产生可逆声孔效应的剪应力阈值.本文用1.37 MHz的聚焦声场,当超顺磁性纳米氧化铁在细胞悬液中的终浓度为410 μg/mL,换能器负载电功率为2 W,超声辐照60 s,细胞存活率90%以上时,有45.9±13.5%的细胞显示普鲁士蓝染阳性,暗示超声作用下,这些细胞表面曾出现可逆性微孔而使磁性微粒由此进入细胞内.利用无界自由空间微泡运动方程的球对称稳态解对实验条件下细胞膜表面的切变应力进行数值估算,结果表明,使H-22细胞产生可逆性声孔效应的微流剪应力阈值为697 Pa. 关键词： 声孔效应 磁性标记 微流 剪应力     

三维拉曼成像技术用于纳米金刚石与细胞相互作用过程的研究

纳米金刚石(NDs),作为一种具备良好生物兼容性、化学稳定性、药物负载能力和众多不可比拟优越性能的材料,其在生物医学领域的应用被广泛关注,尤其是在生物成像和抗癌药物传输领域。首先对不同尺寸纳米金刚石的拉曼性能进行评价,确定了100 nm高温高压合成的NDs更适宜作为拉曼生物探针。之后,为了生物领域的应用,这些NDs表面的杂质经过羧基化方式处理获得均一表面性能,并采用扫描电镜、红外、拉曼和粒径分析手段对该过程进行验证。然后,NDs作为拉曼探针被用于快速定位HeLa细胞内NDs的分布,验证了HepG2细胞对NDs内吞过程的时间依赖性。此外,借助非侵入性的三维(3D)共聚焦拉曼成像技术,可视化观察了四种不同细胞(HeLa, HepG2, C6和MDCK)对NDs内吞量和滞留量的差异。其中,MDCK这种正常细胞内部极少发现NDs,而其他三种癌细胞中有大量NDs信号,显示出不同种类细胞对于NDs的吞入和滞留量的明显差异。实验结果表明,纳米金刚石拉曼生物探针不仅可以用于生物成像,更为癌症的定位和诊断提供可能性。     

DNA及其结构

 现在人们都知道核酸包括核糖核酸(RNA)和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)两大类,而DNA是细胞内最主要的遗传物质.然而这一科学知识的获得却经过了长期的曲折过程.核酸的发现最初是从细胞核的组成研究开始的.1868年瑞士青年科学家 F.Miescher 在德国 Tubingen 从外科医院收集绷带作为材料,从绷带上的浓细胞的细胞核中抽提出一类含磷元素较丰富的酸性化合物,称它为“核质”.这实际上已是含有蛋白质的核酸制品了.20年后 R.Altmann 制得了不含蛋白质的核酸,并首先使用了核酸这一名词.     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.