厅堂声学缩尺模型五十二年

厅堂声学缩尺模型自1934年F.Spondok首先提出后,经过五十年代的初步应用时期和六、七十年代的极盛时期,在客观指标测量方面已基本达到了实用化,并在厅堂音质设计和研究中起到了巨大作用。本文对声学缩尺模型五十二年来的发展作了简要回顾。 本文参考了120多篇有关文献。     

近场头相关传输函数的测量与分析

设计了测量距离可调整的头相关传输函数的实验测量方法，并采用人工头进行近场头相关传输函数的测量，建立了高空间分辨率的近场头相关传输函数数据库，为进一步开展双耳听觉的研究和虚拟听觉的应用提供了数据基础。根据实验数据，初步分析了远、近场情况下，距离、仰角、方位角等参量对头相关传输函数的影响规律。     

室内两步法监督式学习双耳声源距离估计

提出一种室内环境下两步法监督式学习双耳声源距离估计算法,该算法通过预先估计声源方位角信息以克服声源方位角的变化对声源距离估计性能的不利影响.该算法第1步利用深度神经网络模型估计声源的方位角,并将不同方位角的双耳信号分类;第2步中对每个方位角的双耳信号采用独立的深度神经网络模型进行声源距离估计,其中距离特征选用双耳信号的一些双耳特征和统计特性。在仿真和实际环境下,本文提出的两步法声源距离估计算法的距离估计准确率比现有算法提高了3%~5%左右,并且在各种不匹配环境下的距离估计准确率比现有算法高出5%~10%左右。实验结果表明利用声源方位角信息可以有效提高双耳声源距离估计算法的性能。      

双耳效应机理教学实验设计

应用Cool Edit Pro2.0声音处理软件生成声源样本文件,采用仿真人工头进行不同方位的声音录制,并应用Cool Edit Pro2.0对声音录制信号进行后期处理,设计了双耳效应中相位差、声级差的定量实验,时间差的半定量和音色差的定性实验.     

混凝土箱梁相似模型结构噪声对比分析*

为探讨混凝土箱梁噪声的时变特性,以京沪高铁32 m混凝土简支箱梁为原型,制作了1:10的缩尺模型,通过模态试验的方法验证箱梁模型与原型的相似关系,通过声学试验验证箱梁声学计算模型的正确性。然后,建立了箱梁缩尺模型与原型两种计算模型,利用有限元和边界元法求出两种模型的瞬态结构噪声。研究发现,箱梁缩尺模型与箱梁原型的材料参数满足一定关系,模型试验的方法能够验证箱梁模型与箱梁原型之间符合相似关系,箱梁模型的振动噪声测试结果能真实反映原型振动噪声水平。两种模型的结构噪声在时域内声压级及对应场点的声压存在一定相似关系。该研究可为箱梁缩尺模型结构噪声反演至箱梁原型提供依据,所采用的方法和得到的结果对桥梁结构振动与声辐射实验研究具有参考作用。     

基于双耳模型的倒谱系数在声目标识别中的应用

在声目标识别中,基于单路信号的特征提取算法难以保证特征在低信噪比条件下的鲁棒性。针对该问题,本文使用由两个传声器组成的小孔径阵列采集信号,采用Stereausis双耳听觉模型对两路信号进行综合处理,在此基础上设计了基于双耳模型的倒谱系数,并将其作为识别特征应用于多类地面目标识别。试验表明该特征可有效提高识别系统的识别性能和抗噪声能力。     

利用卷积网络的高速列车主观声品质预测*

随着高速列车在中国的高速发展,乘客对舒适性的要求也在提高,因此高速列车内声学舒适性是一个需要研究和解决的问题。首先,本文基于声学人工头设备,获取了高速列车行驶在350 km/h速度下不同车厢不同区域的双耳噪声样本,并对其分别开展了主观声学评价和基于响度、尖锐度、粗糙度和抖动度等参数的客观声品质分析。结果表明,350 km/h速度下高速列车车内噪声能量集中在3000 Hz以内,风挡区域是舒适性评价较差的位置,而响度是影响主观评价最大的因素。其次,利用卷积神经网络算法将主观评价结果与高速列车噪声样本相关联,建立了车内噪声主观声品质预测模型,并与基于BP神经网络的预测模型进行了对比。结果表明,基于卷积神经网络的主观声品质预测模型具有更高的预测精度,可以用于指导高速列车车内声学舒适性的优化设计。     

基于手机的多通路环绕声动态双耳重放*

随着VR眼镜技术的发展,普通的智能手机已可以作为虚拟现实和动态声、视频重放的平台。该文提出了一种基于手机的多通路环绕声动态双耳重放技术及其信号处理的高效实现方法。利用手机内的加速度传感器、电子罗盘、陀螺仪组成头踪迹跟踪器,实时检测倾听者头部的方向,并利用手机的信号处理芯片实现动态双耳合成。采用头相关脉冲响应的最小相位近似和主成分分解的方法简化双耳合成处理,提高了信号处理的效率。文中给出了系统的结构和软、硬件设计方法,并给出了实现22.2通路空间环绕声动态双耳重放的例子。客观测量和心理声学实验验证了所提出的方法。     

声学头模对语言清晰度测量的影响

借助声学头模考察了水平面不同语声源和噪声源位置对语言清晰度测量的影响,比较了有声学头模的双耳STIPA与无声学头模常规STIPA测量结果的差异,分别采用录听和现场测听方式进行了同等条件下的汉语听感清晰度主观评价实验,并分析了清晰度主客观结果的相关性。结果表明:声源位置对有声学头模的STIPA以及头模录制信号和真人现场实测的听感清晰度影响显著。无声学头模的STIPA更接近有声学头模时左右耳中较差的劣势耳的STIPA结果。单侧耳与语声源同侧或与噪声源异侧对应的单侧耳听感清晰度更高,语声源和噪声源重叠对应的双耳听感清晰度最低,声源分离可以显著提高双耳听感清晰度。头模录制信号和真人现场实测的听感清晰度与无声学头模STIPA不相关,与有声学头模的STIPA高度相关,其中单侧耳听感清晰度与该单侧耳STIPA高度相关,双耳听感清晰度与左右耳STIPA的较高值相关性最高。      

声学头模对语言清晰度测量的影响

借助声学头模考察了水平面不同语声源和噪声源位置对语言清晰度测量的影响,比较了有声学头模的双耳STIPA与无声学头模常规STIPA测量结果的差异,分别采用录听和现场测听方式进行了同等条件下的汉语听感清晰度主观评价实验,并分析了清晰度主客观结果的相关性。结果表明:声源位置对有声学头模的STIPA以及头模录制信号和真人现场实测的听感清晰度影响显著。无声学头模的STIPA更接近有声学头模时左右耳中较差的劣势耳的STIPA结果。单侧耳与语声源同侧或与噪声源异侧对应的单侧耳听感清晰度更高,语声源和噪声源重叠对应的双耳听感清晰度最低,声源分离可以显著提高双耳听感清晰度。头模录制信号和真人现场实测的听感清晰度与无声学头模STIPA不相关,与有声学头模的STIPA高度相关,其中单侧耳听感清晰度与该单侧耳STIPA高度相关,双耳听感清晰度与左右耳STIPA的较高值相关性最高。     

The influence of dummy head on measuring speech intelligibility

In order to investigate the influence of dummy head on measuring speech intelligibility,the objective and subjective speech intelligibility evaluation experiments were respectively carried out for different spatial configurations of a target source and a noise source in the horizontal plane.The differences between standard STIPA measured without a dummy head and binaural STIPA measured with a dummy head were compared and the correlation of subjective speech intelligibility and objective STIPA was analyzed.It is showed that the position of sound source affects significantly on binaural STIPA and subjective intelligibility measured by a dummy head or measured in a real-life scenario.The standard STIPA is closer to the lower value of the two binaural STIPA values.The speech intelligibility is higher for a single ear which is on the same side with the target source or on the other side of the noise source.Binaural speech intelligibility is always the lowest when both target and noise sources are at the same place but once apart the speech intelligibility will increase sharply.It is also found that the subjective intelligibility measured by a dummy head or measured in a real-life scenario is uncorrelated with standard STIPA,but correlated highly with STIPA measured with a dummy head.The subjective intelligibility of one single ear is correlated highly with STIPA measured at the same ear,and the binaural speech intelligibility is in well agreement with the higher value of the two binaural STIPA values.     

Objective evaluation of chamber-music halls in Europe and Japan

The room acoustical parameters reverberation time, RT; early decay time, EDT; clarity, C80; time gravity, Tg; bass ratio, BR; strength, G; initial time delay gap, ITDG; interaural cross-correlation coefficient, IACC(E), the where binaural quality index BQI equals [1-IACC(E3)]; and stage support, ST1 were measured in 18 major chamber-music halls in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Switzerland, and Japan, employing procedures in accordance with ISO 3382 (1997). In combination with the architectural data, the intrinsic objective parameters for the acoustics of chamber-music halls and their variation range were examined. The results of these studies reveal four pertinent orthogonal parameters: RT, G, ITDG, BQI. General design guidelines for a chamber-music hall are presented.     

DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM BASED ON THE HUMAN AUDITORY-BRAIN MODEL FOR MEASURING ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE—AN APPLICATION TO RAILWAY NOISE

Measurements of railway noise were conducted by use of a diagnostic system of regional environmental noise. The system is based on the model of the human auditory-brain system. The model consists of the interplay of autocorrelators and an interaural crosscorrelator acting on the pressure signals arriving at the ear entrances, and takes into account the specialization of left and right human cerebral hemispheres. Different kinds of railway noise were measured through binaural microphones of a dummy head. To characterize the railway noise, physical factors, extracted from the autocorrelation functions (ACF) and interaural crosscorrelation function (IACF) of binaural signals, were used. The factors extracted from ACF were (1) energy represented at the origin of the delay, Φ (0), (2) effective duration of the envelope of the normalized ACF, τe, (3) the delay time of the first peak, τ₁, and (4) its amplitude,ø₁ . The factors extracted from IACF were (5) IACC, (6) interaural delay time at which the IACC is defined, τ_IACC, and (7) width of the IACF at the τ_IACC,W_IACC . The factor Φ (0) can be represented as a geometrical mean of energies at both ears as listening level, LL.     

DISSIMILARITY JUDGMENTS IN RELATION TO TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL FACTORS FOR THE SOUND FIELD IN AN EXISTING HALL

In relation to the temporal and spatial factors of sound fields, dissimilarity judgments for different source locations on a stage were performed. This study is based on the model of the auditory-brain system, which consists of the autocorrelation and crosscorrelation mechanisms for sound signals arriving at two ears and the specialization of human cerebral hemispheres. There are three temporal factors (τ₁,φ₁ and τ_e) extracted from the autocorrelation function and four spatial factors (LL,IACC,τ_IACC and W_IACC) from the interaural crosscorrelation function of binaural signals. In addition to these temporal and spatial factors, the orthogonal factors of the subjective preference for sound field (Δt₁ and T_sub) were taken into account. The psychological distance between sound fields of different source locations on the stage were calculated by using these temporal, spatial and orthogonal factors of sound fields. Using these distances and their linear combination, dissimilarity can be calculated. Results of multivariable analysis show that the calculated scale values of dissimilarity agree well with the measured scale values.     

在WBEPM理论下EuⅠ原子里德堡能级计算(英文)

依据最弱受约束电子势模型理论,计算了铕原子4f76snd6D9/2(n≥13)、4f76snd8D9/2(n≥17)、4f76snd8D5/2(n≥15)和4f76snd8D3/2(n≥21)里德堡系列能级.计算结果与实验值的最大相对误差为4×10-5,最大绝对误差是1.91cm-1,达到了较高精度,这表明文中的外推数据是可信的.     

Design of scale model of plate-shaped absorber in a wide frequency range

In order to design the scale model in a wide frequency range,a method based on the reflective loss is proposed according to the high-frequency approximation algorithm,and an example of designing the scale model of a plate-shaped absorber is given in this paper.In the example,the frequency of the full-size measurement ranges from 2.0 GHz to 2.4 GHz,the thickness of the full-size absorber is 1 mm and the scale ratio is 1/5.A two-layer scale absorber is obtained by the proposed method.The thickness values of the bottom and top layer are 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm,respectively.Furthermore,the scattering properties of a plate model and an SLICY model are studied by FEKO to verify the effectiveness of the designed scale absorber.Compared with the corresponding values from the theoretical scale model,the average values of the absolute deviations in 10 GHz~12 GHz are 0.53 d Bm~2,0.65 d Bm~2,0.76 d Bm~2 for the plate model and 0.20 d Bm~2,0.95 d Bm~2,0.77 d Bm~2 for the SLICY model while the incident angles are 0?,30?,and 60?,respectively.These deviations fall within the Radar cross section(RCS) measurement tolerance.Thus,the work in this paper has important theoretical and practical significance.     

Test-based thermal explosion model for HMX

We present a thermal explosion (cookoff) model for an HMX-based plastic bonded explosive (LX-10). The thermal–chemical–mechanical response of LX-10 is modeled based on the measurements from the scaled thermal explosion experiment (STEX) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Confined LX-10 is heated at a rate of 1 °C/h until an explosion is observed. The modeled cookoff problem is simulated by the Arbitrarily Lagrangian–Eulerian hydrocode (ALE3D) that can handle a wide spectrum of time scales that vary from a structural to a high speed shock physics time scale. In addition to a comprehensive model for energetic material, the confinement material namely an AerMet 100 steel is modeled as a Steinberg–Guinan material with a Johnson–Cook failure model with a statistical failure distribution. By using the size distribution data from the fragmentation experiment, the metal fracture and fragmentation due to an explosion are modeled. The explosion temperature is predicted to within 1°. Calculated wall strain provides violence associated with the thermal explosion process and agrees favorably with the measured STEX data.     

Study of vertical sound image control with parametric loudspeakers

A parametric loudspeaker utilizes nonlinearity of a medium and is known as a super-directive loudspeaker. In this paper, the sound localization in the vertical direction using the upper and lower parametric loudspeakers is confirmed by listening tests and physical measurements. The differences in levels between the upper and lower parametric loudspeakers are varied as a parameter. The direction of sound localization in the vertical plane can be controlled not only when the acoustical axis is set to the right ear but also when it is set to at 5 deg to the right of the right ear. The effect of the level difference between the upper and lower loudspeakers is weaker than the differences observed when using ordinary loudspeakers. We obtained interesting characteristics of the left-right sound localization in the horizontal plane with the upper and lower parametric loudspeakers in the vertical plane. It is found that by setting the parametric loudspeaker at the right ear (that is, the horizontal angle of a listener to it is only 3 deg to the right), the direction of sound localization in the horizontal plane moved approximately 10 deg to the right. Moreover, by setting the parametric loudspeaker 5 deg to the right, the direction of sound localization moves approximately 20 deg to the right. The ILD (Interaural Level Difference) using a dummy head is calculated from the measured left and right sound signals. It is determined that ILDs of the parametric loudspeaker are larger than those of the ordinary loudspeaker. A simple geometrical acoustic model is introduced and analyzed. The analysis helps to explain the measured characteristics.     

Characterizing diffusive surfaces using scattering and diffusion coefficients

This paper presents the effects of height and coverage density of diffusive surfaces through the measurements of scattering and diffusion coefficients using scale models. Measurements were conducted using a 1:10 scale model. Scattering coefficients of 1D, 2D, and 3D diffuser profiles as well as diffusion coefficients of the 3D diffuser profile (hemisphere) were measured. It was found that the structural height of the diffuser is closely related to the frequency characteristics of the scattering coefficients, while the coverage density of the diffuser is closely related to the values of the scattering coefficients. Diffusion coefficients were less sensitive to structural height and coverage density than were the scattering coefficients. Using the measurement results, scattering and diffusion coefficients were estimated. In addition, the relationship between scattering and absorption coefficients was discussed.