Ocean dynamic noise energy flux directivity in the 400 Hz to 700 Hz frequency band

Results of field studies of underwater dynamic noise energy flux directivity at two wind speeds, 6 m/s and 12 m/s, in the 400 Hz to 700 Hz frequency band in the deep open ocean are presented. The measurements were made by a freely drifting telemetric combined system at 500 m depth. Statistical characteristics of the horizontal and vertical dynamic noise energy flux directivity are considered as functions of wind speed and direction. Correlation between the horizontal dynamic noise energy flux direction and that of the wind was determined; a mechanism of the horizontal dynamic noise energy flux generation is related to the initial noise field scattering on ocean surface waves.     

噪声源非均匀分布海洋环境噪声水平声能流理论分析

研究水平非均匀分布噪声源所产生的各向异性海洋环境噪声场声能流。提出一种混合型非均匀分布噪声源模型,理论分析并数值计算了此模型情况下的环境噪声场水平声能流。结果表明:非均匀分布噪声源引起的海洋环境噪声场具有显著非零平均水平声能流;不同接收点的水平声能流明显不同;其幅度和方向取决于各个局部海域不等强度声源产生的合成噪声声能流矢量和。研究了两接收点间噪声的声压和振速水平分量、振速水平分量归一化相关系数随两接收点间距的关系,各量之间表现出较强相关性,为分析水下矢量声场目标探测技术性能提供理论依据。      

机载C波段全极化SAR海面风矢量反演理论研究及实验验证

机载全极化SAR海面风矢量反演研究对于近海岸复杂气象条件下风矢量探测具有重要意义. 本文从极化散射理论出发,通过分析全极化SAR探测数据与海面风矢量的关系, 设计了全极化SAR海面风矢量反演方案.依据机载SAR高机动性和全极化两个探测特点, 针对VV极化探测数据,提出了基于最大似然估计的海面风矢量反演方法,并设计了飞行实验方案; 针对VH极化探测数据,提出了通过带约束最优拟合的VH极化海面散射模型反演风速, 再利用CMOD5地球物理模型函数计算风向的海面风矢量反演方法. 利用机载全极化SAR探测的台风'海葵'边缘数据,开展了海面风矢量反演实验研究. 研究结果表明,两种风矢量反演方法均可不借助辅助信息,反演复杂气象条件下的海面风矢量. 前者反演风向、风速的均方根误差分别为18.0°, 1.8 m/s, 后者反演风向、风速的均方根误差分别为9.3°, 1.2 m/s,后者的反演精度优于前者. 这是因为VH极化归一化雷达截面与风向和雷达入射角无关,仅与风速密切相关, 更适合复杂气象条件下的海面风矢量反演. 关键词： 机载全极化SAR 海面风矢量 理论研究 实验验证     

移动式多普勒激光雷达光束扫描及风场反演技术研究

移动式多普勒激光雷达在外场实验过程中,考虑到工作平台的随机性,测量坐标系很可能不再是地面参考坐标系,这为三维矢量风场的反演带来困难。提出采用三维空间坐标旋转变换的方法建立了测量坐标系与地面参考坐标系的一般关系式,并进一步导出了反演三维风场的普遍公式。此外,在光束扫描过程中,由于二维扫描仪加工精度等的限制,光束存在一定的定向误差。采用Monte-Carlo模拟方法定量研究了光束指向偏差引起的风场测量误差,结果表明,当水平风速为100m/s时,1°的光束定向误差引起的水平风速大小误差为0.712m/s,方向误差为0.704°,与理论计算结果一致。理论分析结果还表明:当水平风速为100m/s时,1°的光束最大定向偏差引起的水平风速大小的最大偏差为1.16m/s,方向最大偏差为1°。     

Mapping of the ocean surface wind by ocean acoustic interferometers

Measurements of marine surface winds are crucial to understanding mechanical and thermodynamic forces on the ocean. Satellite measurements of surface winds provide global coverage but are problematic at high wind speeds. Acoustic techniques of wind speed retrieval, and even for tracking hurricanes, have been suggested as an alternative since wind is a strong source of ambient noise in the ocean. Such approaches involve near-local measurements with bottom-mounted hydrophones located close to the area of interest. This paper suggests a complementary approach: measuring directivity of low-frequency ambient noise in the horizontal plane. These measurements would employ long vertical line arrays (VLAs) spanning a significant portion of the ocean waveguide. Two VLAs separated by a distance of some tens of kilometers and coherently measuring acoustic pressure form a single ocean interferometer. By sampling the area of interest from different perspectives with at least two interferometers, marine surface winds might be mapped over horizontal scales of the order of 1000 km with about 10 km resolution (more specifically, the 10 km resolution here means that contribution from the basis functions representing surface wind field with the scale of spatial variations of the order of 10 km can be resolved; independent retrieval of the wind within 10(4) cells of a corresponding grid is hardly possible). An averaging time required to overcome statistical variability in the noise field is estimated to be about 3 h. Numerical simulations of propagation conditions typical for the North Atlantic Ocean are presented.     

C波段机载合成孔径雷达海面风场反演新方法

针对基于散射计地球物理模型函数的机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)海面风场反演中存在的风向获取依赖于图像风条纹或数值预报、 散射计数据和浮标等背景场资料, 风向与SAR图像时空分辨率不匹配, 进而影响机载SAR海面风场反演精度等问题, 本文根据机载SAR对海探测特点, 研究一种适用于C波段机载SAR的海面风场反演新方法. 利用SAR图像距离向不同入射角的后向散射系数, 依据地球物理模型构造最小代价函数, 通过代价函数的求解直接从机载SAR数据同时反演出海面风速和风向. 利用论文提出的海面风场反演方法分别对仿真SAR数据和实测C波段机载SAR数据进行风向、 风速的反演误差分析及试验验证.研究结果表明, 该方法适用于机载SAR海面风场反演, 可不依赖背景风向直接反演出精度较高的风速和风向; 雷达后向散射系数误差是决定海面风速、风向反演精度的关键因素, 辐射定标精度越高则反演误差越小; 海面风速反演误差随着风速的提高而增大, 当海面风速大于18 m/s时, 风速反演误差显著增加, 而海面风向的反演误差与风速无明显关系. 关键词： 机载合成孔径雷达 海面风场 多入射角     

Horizontal anisotropy of dynamic noise in oceanic waveguides

A theoretical study of the horizontal anisotropy of dynamic oceanic noise is carried out. It is assumed that an anisotropic noise field distribution arises in the ocean because of noise field scattering from wind waves. The dependence of the magnitude of noise anisotropy on the form of the angular wind wave spectrum is investigated.     

Long time-base observations of surf noise

A year of surf noise observations in the very near shore region of La Jolla Shores beach are presented. Ambient sound levels and surface wave height were recorded for 9 min every hour from July 1997 through June 1998 at a monitoring station located 360 m seaward of the beach in 8-m deep water. Sound segments that were dominated by the noise from breaking surf formed the basis of a correlation analysis between surf noise level and wave height, wave period, wind speed, and mean water depth. The analysis shows that surf noise is primarily determined by wave height, and scales approximately with the wave height squared. The surface wave energy flux onto the beach also scales with wave height squared, leading to the conclusion that the conversion of the mechanical energy of the surface wave field into noise energy is approximately constant. In fact, the ratio of noise energy to surface wave energy flux varies by up to a factor of 3 over the range of energy fluxes considered (100-3000 W per m).     

海面大气边界层中聚焦光束漂移各向异性的实验研究

 利用位置敏感型光电倍增管（PSPMT），设计了测量聚焦光束漂移的实验装置。该装置在80 mm的有效探测面内实现了2维位置信号的直接探测，空间分辨率可达1 mm，明显优于四象限探测器和阵列探测器，最高采样频率可达80 kHz，且动态范围很大，优于一般的成像器件。在近海岸海面上5 m处的大气边界层中进行了距离为1 000 m的聚焦激光传输实验。测量结果表明：聚焦光斑的质心漂移具有各向异性，水平方向光斑漂移幅度一般介于5.61 mm和14.83 mm之间，垂直方向光斑漂移幅度介于3.54 mm和7.3 mm之间，两者之比的平均值为1.69；水平方向和垂直方向的光斑漂移功率谱密度（PSD）在低频段也存在差异，垂直方向光斑漂移的PSD比水平方向光斑漂移的PSD下降速率更快。     

Variances of the vertical and horizontal wind measured by tower instruments and SODAR

At the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center, a monostatic Doppler SODAR has been operated near a 200 m high meteorological tower. Vertical profiles of the components of the wind vector and of the variances of the vertical wind and of the horizontal wind direction have been sampled continuously from the SODAR and the tower instruments as 30-min mean values. During seven episodes lasting more than 2 h, the instantaneous vertical wind speed was measured simultaneously by a sonic anemometer and the SODAR, and spectra were calculated. An intercomparison of the spectra and wind data measured directly by the SODAR and the tower instruments has been performed by a linear regression and correlation analysis referring to different height levels of measurement and stability classes.Systematic and statistically distributed differences among the data measured by the SODAR and the in situ instruments are discussed. Our investigation shows that the variance of only the vertical wind speed can be measured reliably by a SODAR. The variances of the horizontal wind direction and the elevation angle of the wind vector should not be used in a routine manner from a SODAR.     

考虑噪声源深度分布的海洋环境噪声模型及地声参数反演

考虑到海洋环境噪声源深度分布不集中,建立了噪声源随深度分布的海洋环境噪声模型,分析了源深度对噪声场垂向特征的影响并从简正波角度予以解释,发现海底声阻抗和声源深度都显著影响由海洋环境噪声获得的等效海底反射损失大掠射角部分,进而将该模型用于地声参数反演.两段实测噪声数据200—525 Hz频段的反演结果表明:基于海洋环境噪声的地声参数反演最优值与声传播的反演结果相近;源平均深度最优值随频率增加有变小的趋势,说明随频率增加环境噪声主要贡献源逐渐由航船转为风浪;当海况大于3级时,400 Hz以上频段噪声源深度平均值很小,与Monahan气泡理论的描述一致.     

梯度倾斜相关测量水平C_n~2和横向风速廓线的理论与仿真研究

根据Rytov近似以及泰勒湍流冻结假设,推导出以不同距离的前向散射光为信标的水平路径上梯度倾斜角的相关表达式.基于该表达式,在理论上提出了计算湍流强度与横向风速的新方法,并通过数值仿真对该方法进行了初步验证.结果表明,在5%高斯误差情况下,大气折射结构常数和风速的计算结果与理论真值在整体变化上具有较好的一致性,线性相关系数分别能达到0.8与0.9.该方法能够得到不同湍流与风速条件下的湍流强度廓线以及风速廓线,为反演大气湍流强度以及风速提供了一种新思路.     

岛礁海域海洋环境噪声垂直分布和垂直指向性

依据岛礁海域复杂海底地形、海试期间航船分布和实测风速数据,应用射线声传播理论,建立岛礁海域海洋环境噪声三维模型。在海试岛礁海域深海声道条件下,采用射线3D算法,仿真计算了32元垂直测量阵所处265~885 m负声速梯度深度范围内1 kHz风关和50 Hz远处航船海洋环境噪声级垂直分布,以及50 Hz航船海洋环境噪声垂直指向性,并与实测分析进行比较。结果表明,仿真结果与海试实测数据一致性良好。在本例海底起伏、接收点周边存在众多岛礁和海底山的三维环境中,1 kHz风关海洋环境噪声级随深度分布较近于均匀;西南方向较远处航道区海域海底较平坦,航道区至接收阵为缓斜坡海底,50 Hz远处航船海洋环境噪声级随深度有所增加,其噪声垂直指向性无明显水平凹槽。文中建立的岛礁海域海洋环境噪声三维模型,可较好地表征本例岛礁复杂地形海底起伏海域的风关和航船海洋环境噪声级的垂直分布、及航船环境噪声的垂直指向性,实测和仿真的岛礁海域海洋环境噪声相关数据,可供实际应用及相关研究参考。      

利用海洋环境噪声估计浅海海底表层声速

为提高反演效率,提出一种快速估计浅海海底表层声速的方法。根据噪声能流理论,垂直阵接收的海洋环境噪声数据能够用于无源提取海底反射损失,反射损失曲线中具有明显的临界角效应,从而接估计海底表层声速。以射线模型为基础,推导了噪声提取的反射损失与理论值之间的差异,并讨论实际阵列波束形成在不同角度和频率下的性能。考虑到非等声速环境下声线会发生弯曲,需对角度进行修正以提高方法的广泛适用性。不同频率的临界角与有效深度之间存在对应关系,黄海某海区数据处理结果表明,在临界角不变的有效深度内,海底表层可以视为等声速层,该海区海底表层0.5 m内声速估计结果为1547 m/s,与有源反演结果相近。      

Statistical Study of Ion Flux Fluctuations in the Magnetosheath

Our paper presents a statistical study of INTERBALL-1 ion flux fluctuations measured in the dusk magnetosheath. We concentrated on low-frequency variations near the magnetopause and in the bow shock region. The results are based on computed relative standard deviations of the magnetosheath ion flux and reveal that an amplification of the solar wind variations is not statistically significant. The level of fluctuations increases from the bow shock toward the magnetopause. The direction of the interplanetary magnetic field and the magnitude of the upstream velocity are found to order the fluctuation level in the magnetosheath.     

风成海面的极化辐射

采用几何光学模型和统计的方法研究了风成海面的极化辐射特性.本文假设海面由一系列随 机分布的小镜面组成，海面对电磁波的散射可看作镜面的反射，风成海面的辐射是小镜面辐 射的统计平均.计算了前三个Stokes 参数，结果表明辐射亮温随方位的变化关系为余弦函数 ，周期为π；辐射亮温随方位角的变化幅度为几个Κ.风成海面的极化辐射特性提供了利用 被动微波遥感手段反演海洋风场的途径. 关键词： 极化 辐射 亮温 风成海面     

Wind dependence of ambient noise in shallow water of Bay of Bengal

This work reports on investigations into the wind dependence of ambient noise in the Bay of Bengal. Ambient noise measurements were made in the shallow water of Bay of Bengal using a portable broadband, high frequency data acquisition system together with a sensitive hydrophone suspended from the measuring platform at a depth of 5 m from the surface where the ocean depth was 25 m. Periodic measurements were carried out for one year corresponding to a wind speed range between 2 m/s and 9 m/s during summer, monsoon and winter seasons. The proportionality of the noise level with wind speed for frequencies ranging from 500 Hz to 6 kHz for each season was studied. The analysis reveals that the correlation between the wind speed and the ambient noise spectrum level was higher at lower frequencies. The results of empirical fitting based on analysis were used for noise level prediction and the model predictions compare well with the measured noise level. Further it was observed that the wind generated noise level measured during summer was approximately 8 dB less than that in other seasons. On the other hand the proportionality between the noise level and the wind speed was less during winter.     

Horizontal Anisotropy of Dynamic Noise in Deep and Shallow Water

Acoustical Physics - The paper describes a theoretical study of horizontal anisotropy of dynamic ocean noise. It is shown that the anisotropic distribution of the ocean noise field is governed by...     

S型叶尖小翼对风力机流场特性影响的研究

在额定尖速比下,结合滑移网格的大涡模拟方法,对有无叶尖S型小翼的三叶片水平轴风力机流场特性进行了数值研究,结果表明:加装S型小翼后,改善了风轮上游的速度及压力分布情况,汲取了更多的风能;风轮压力面及吸力面的最大压差由1359 Pa提高到1756 Pa,使风轮功率放大;叶尖涡结构扩展规律与PIV(Particle Image Velocimetry)实验结果一致,叶尖涡轴向速度由15.6 m/s降低到了13.3 m/s,涡漩能量减少,叶尖涡涡量强度减弱,降低了气动噪声。     

Effect of flight path dispersion on airport noise

The social impact of aircraft noise is usually assessed by way of estimates of the “energy sum” of noise delivered to points on the ground. Though in such estimates one commonly supposes that the noise generating aircraft fly along specific trajectories, it has been shown that statistical dispersion about the mean flight path can be significant. The literature suggests that the effect is dominated by lateral excursions due to fluctuations in heading during departure.In this paper an additive term is presented to correct “energy sum” based noise indices for lateral flight path dispersion. Gaussian distribution of flight paths and logarithmic decay of noise level are assumed in the mathematical model. Under these conditions, the correction term depends only on the horizontal and vertical distances between the observer and the closest point on the mean flight path, both distances being normalized by the standard deviation of the lateral fluctuations.The limited data that have been reported indicate that the standard deviation tends to grow linearly with distance after liftoff. If so, the correction for a given aircraft category will tend to be constant along lines radiating outward from the lift-off point. Lateral dispersion always reduces the noise index along the ground track. This reduction decreases to either side, vanishing at some 3 to 6 degrees azimuth. For larger azimuth angles, dispersion increases noise energy-the maximum occurring at some 10 degrees. In typical airport situations this maximum increase may be as great as four decibels. Accordingly, as these results represent a lower bound for them, dispersive effects may significantly influence airport exposure.A numerical example illustrates how lateral flight path dispersion broadens and foreshortens contours of equal noise exposure.