Signatures of deterministic chaos in radar sea clutter and ocean surface winds

Several time series of wind components and X-band Doppler radar signals, gathered concurrently over a approximately 0.01 km(2) area of the ocean surface, were examined for evidence of a low-dimensional dynamical attractor with the Grassburger-Procaccia algorithm. Only the vertically polarized radar reflectivity and the horizontal surface wind speed time series suggested the presence of such an attractor. The correlation dimension for these two observables appeared to be nearly the same. This suggested a working hypothesis that the dynamical behavior of both the vertically polarized radar reflectivity and the horizontal surface winds are controlled by a single low-dimensional dynamical system. The hypothesis was further examined by predicting winds from radar reflectivity, using a neural network deterministic model, and comparing the prediction performance with that of the SEASAT statistical algorithm for retrieving surface winds from radar backscatter. It was found that the deterministic model did, in fact, achieve a higher prediction correlation coefficient for a limited time period. (c) 1995 American Institute of Physics.     

Low frequency deep ocean ambient noise trend in the Northeast Pacific Ocean

Concern about effects of anthropogenic noise on marine life has stimulated new studies to establish present-day ocean noise levels and compare them to noise levels from previous times. This paper reports on the trend in low-frequency (10-400 Hz) ambient noise levels and presents measurements made using a calibrated multi-element volume array at deep ocean sites in the Northeast Pacific from 1978 to 1986. The experiments provided spectral noise levels as well as horizontal and vertical noise directionality. The data presented here provide evidence that the trend derived from 1960s data extended to around 1980, but has since continued at a lower rate.     

Statistical characteristics of the dynamic noise energy flux in the ocean in the 400 to 700 Hz frequency band

Estimates and standard deviations of the azimuth and elevation angles are presented for the underwater dynamic noise energy flux vector in the deep open ocean in the frequency band from 400 to 700 Hz at wind speeds of 6 and 12 m/s. The measurements are performed by a freely drifting combined measuring system at a depth of 500 m. The mean horizontal and vertical angles of the energy flux vector and their standard deviations are estimated using different averaging times. For the averaging time, a limiting value of 60 s is obtained. The presence of a relation between the direction of near-surface wind and the propagation direction of the horizontal dynamic noise energy flux is revealed. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for the generation of the horizontal mean dynamic noise energy flux is related to the scattering of the initial noise field by the rough ocean surface.     

Effects of typhoon "KAI-TAK" on deep ocean ambient noise in the South China Sea

By investigating the effects on deep ocean ambient noise of typhoon "KAI-TAK" which passed the north area of the South China Sea,it is shown that the wind speed,the rainfall intensity and the long wave swell caused by typhoon affect the ocean ambient noise significantly.The correlation between the ocean ambient noise and the wind speed during the typhoon is much better than that in the non-typhoon period in the same Beaufort scale.Analysis of the correlation between the 415 h ocean ambient noise measured data and wind speed shows that,when the frequency is greater than 300 Hz,the correlation coefficient between the ocean ambient noise and the wind speed is greater than 0.5,achieving a moderate correlation;when the frequency is greater than 630 Hz,the correlation coefficient is between 0.8 and 0.9,achieving a high degree of correlation.The correlation between the ocean ambient noise and the wind speed is better than that between the ocean ambient noise and the significant wave height when the frequency is greater than 300 Hz.The correlation between the ocean ambient noise and the wind speed in infrasonic band from 10 Hz to 20 Hz is poor in the South China Sea,because the shipping is busy in this sea area and the ocean ambient noise is contaminated by the ship noise even during the typhoon.     

The effect of ocean wave on the vertical spatial correlation of ocean ambient noise

The effect of the correlation function of noise sources derived from the ocean wave spectrum on the vertical spatial correlation of ocean ambient noise is investigated. The spatial correlation models of ocean ambient noise usually assume that the surface noise sources are uncorrelated. This assumption can be used to explain some physical phenomena, but it is not consistent with the real situation. Considering the relation between the ocean wave motion and the ambient noise generated by wind, the spectrum of ocean wave is introduced to calculate the vertical correlation of ocean ambient noise as the correlation function of noise sources by using the Kuperman-Ingenito(K/I) noise model. The comparison of the simulations and the experimental data shows that the simulations of vertical correlation of ambient noise have some differences with the experimental data by assuming the noise sources are uncorrelated and the simulations of vertical correlation of ambient noise have a good agreement with the experimental data by using the correlation function of noise sources derived from the ocean wave spectrum under the situation of high wind speed.     

台风“启德”对南海深海海洋环境噪声特性的影响研究

研究台风“启德”经过南海北部对南海深海海洋环境噪声的影响,表明台风导致的风速增减、降雨强弱以及形成的长波涌浪均会影响海洋环境噪声级的大小变化,海洋环境噪声显著受到台风的影响。相同风级下,台风期间海洋环境噪声级与风速的相关性明显好于非台风期间。分析测量的415 h海洋环境噪声数据与风速、波高的相关性,频率大于300 Hz时,海洋环境噪声级与风速的互相关系数大于0.5,达到中度相关;频率大于630 Hz时,互相关系数介于0.8和0.9之间,达到高度相关;频率大于300 Hz时,海洋环境噪声级与风速的相关性好于海洋环境噪声级与波高的相关性。南海海洋环境噪声10~20 Hz的次声频与风速的相关性差,是因为南海航运繁忙,该频段的海洋环境噪声会受到航船噪声的影响,即使台风期间也不例外。      

海面波浪对海洋环境噪声垂直空间相关性的影响

研究了由海浪谱导得的噪声源的相关函数对海洋环境噪声垂直空间相关性的影响。常用的海洋环境噪声空间相关性模型一般假设海面噪声源是非相关的,这种假设可以解释一些物理现象,但是与真实情况并不符合。考虑到风成噪声与海浪运动的相关性,引入海浪谱,得到噪声源的相关函数,利用Kuperman-Ingenito (K/I)噪声模型,计算海洋环境噪声的垂直相关性。通过仿真结果与实验数据对比可以看出,在高风速下,假设噪声源不相关时计算得到的噪声场垂直相关性与实验结果相差较大,而利用由海浪谱导得的噪声源的相关函数计算得到的噪声场的垂直相关性与实验结果符合较好。      

岛礁海域海洋环境噪声垂直分布和垂直指向性

依据岛礁海域复杂海底地形、海试期间航船分布和实测风速数据,应用射线声传播理论,建立岛礁海域海洋环境噪声三维模型。在海试岛礁海域深海声道条件下,采用射线3D算法,仿真计算了32元垂直测量阵所处265~885 m负声速梯度深度范围内1 kHz风关和50 Hz远处航船海洋环境噪声级垂直分布,以及50 Hz航船海洋环境噪声垂直指向性,并与实测分析进行比较。结果表明,仿真结果与海试实测数据一致性良好。在本例海底起伏、接收点周边存在众多岛礁和海底山的三维环境中,1 kHz风关海洋环境噪声级随深度分布较近于均匀;西南方向较远处航道区海域海底较平坦,航道区至接收阵为缓斜坡海底,50 Hz远处航船海洋环境噪声级随深度有所增加,其噪声垂直指向性无明显水平凹槽。文中建立的岛礁海域海洋环境噪声三维模型,可较好地表征本例岛礁复杂地形海底起伏海域的风关和航船海洋环境噪声级的垂直分布、及航船环境噪声的垂直指向性,实测和仿真的岛礁海域海洋环境噪声相关数据,可供实际应用及相关研究参考。      

机载合成孔径雷达海面风场探测辐射定标精度要求研究

复杂的机载合成孔径雷达系统使得探测精度要求研究难以系统有效. 依据辐射定标精度在机载合成孔径雷达海面风场探测信息流程中的作用, 提出通过辐射定标精度要求整体考察系统探测精度要求的研究方法, 仿真研究了CMOD4地球物理模型函数的参数关系,系统地确定出不同入射角和风向条件下机载合成孔径雷达海面风场探测的辐射定标精度要求.研究结果表明, 辐射定标精度要求随着入射角的增加而降低,且随着风向变化呈周期性变化, 这一规律与CMOD4地球物理模型函数中由风速变化引起的后向散射截面变化值的变化规律一致. 依据这一规律,研究发现通过采用有源定标器定标、设计载机做侧风飞行以及选择大入射角的探测图像作为反演图像区这三种手段,能够提高风速反演精度.     

Ocean dynamic noise energy flux directivity in the 400 Hz to 700 Hz frequency band

Results of field studies of underwater dynamic noise energy flux directivity at two wind speeds, 6 m/s and 12 m/s, in the 400 Hz to 700 Hz frequency band in the deep open ocean are presented. The measurements were made by a freely drifting telemetric combined system at 500 m depth. Statistical characteristics of the horizontal and vertical dynamic noise energy flux directivity are considered as functions of wind speed and direction. Correlation between the horizontal dynamic noise energy flux direction and that of the wind was determined; a mechanism of the horizontal dynamic noise energy flux generation is related to the initial noise field scattering on ocean surface waves.     

噪声源非均匀分布海洋环境噪声水平声能流理论分析

研究水平非均匀分布噪声源所产生的各向异性海洋环境噪声场声能流。提出一种混合型非均匀分布噪声源模型,理论分析并数值计算了此模型情况下的环境噪声场水平声能流。结果表明:非均匀分布噪声源引起的海洋环境噪声场具有显著非零平均水平声能流;不同接收点的水平声能流明显不同;其幅度和方向取决于各个局部海域不等强度声源产生的合成噪声声能流矢量和。研究了两接收点间噪声的声压和振速水平分量、振速水平分量归一化相关系数随两接收点间距的关系,各量之间表现出较强相关性,为分析水下矢量声场目标探测技术性能提供理论依据。      

Field measurements of sonic boom penetration into the ocean

Six sonic booms, generated by F-4 aircraft under steady flight at a range of altitudes (610-6100 m) and Mach numbers (1.07-1.26), were measured just above the air/sea interface, and at five depths in the water column. The measurements were made with a vertical hydrophone array suspended from a small spar buoy at the sea surface, and telemetered to a nearby research vessel. The sonic boom pressure amplitude decays exponentially with depth, and the signal fades into the ambient noise field by 30-50 m, depending on the strength of the boom at the sea surface. Low-frequency components of the boom waveform penetrate significantly deeper than high frequencies. Frequencies greater than 20 Hz are difficult to observe at depths greater than about 10 m. Underwater sonic boom pressure measurements exhibit excellent agreement with predictions from analytical theory, despite the assumption of a flat air/sea interface. Significant scattering of the sonic boom signal by the rough ocean surface is not detected. Real ocean conditions appear to exert a negligible effect on the penetration of sonic booms into the ocean unless steady vehicle speeds exceed Mach 3, when the boom incidence angle is sufficient to cause scattering on realistic open ocean surfaces.     

A model for the spatial coherence of arbitrarily directive noise in the depth-stratified ocean

Though referred to as noise, the ambient ocean soundscape carries valuable information about the physical ocean environment. To study this information, Kuperman and Ingenito introduced a model for spatial coherence in a depth stratified ocean arising from the vertically directive diffuse acoustic noise produced by bubbles distributed throughout the surface. Here the model is adapted to incorporate horizontal directivity as well, making it possible to include additional noise contributions from directive features such as storms, biologics, shipping, and wave breaking. As an analytic approach, the model can serve as a computationally light complement to existing methods.     

利用海洋环境噪声直接提取海底反射系数

提出了一种利用海洋环境噪声直接(非迭代)提取海底反射系数的方法,基于海洋环境噪声垂直相关函数与方向密度函数的相似性,结合海洋环境噪声射线理论,由两个垂直排列的水听器实现海底反射系数的被动获取.方法适应性的仿真分析说明较高海况下且近场无航船干扰的海洋环境噪声数据有利于方法的实现;对于两层海底,海洋环境噪声垂直相干函数经高...     

机载C波段全极化SAR海面风矢量反演理论研究及实验验证

机载全极化SAR海面风矢量反演研究对于近海岸复杂气象条件下风矢量探测具有重要意义. 本文从极化散射理论出发,通过分析全极化SAR探测数据与海面风矢量的关系, 设计了全极化SAR海面风矢量反演方案.依据机载SAR高机动性和全极化两个探测特点, 针对VV极化探测数据,提出了基于最大似然估计的海面风矢量反演方法,并设计了飞行实验方案; 针对VH极化探测数据,提出了通过带约束最优拟合的VH极化海面散射模型反演风速, 再利用CMOD5地球物理模型函数计算风向的海面风矢量反演方法. 利用机载全极化SAR探测的台风'海葵'边缘数据,开展了海面风矢量反演实验研究. 研究结果表明,两种风矢量反演方法均可不借助辅助信息,反演复杂气象条件下的海面风矢量. 前者反演风向、风速的均方根误差分别为18.0°, 1.8 m/s, 后者反演风向、风速的均方根误差分别为9.3°, 1.2 m/s,后者的反演精度优于前者. 这是因为VH极化归一化雷达截面与风向和雷达入射角无关,仅与风速密切相关, 更适合复杂气象条件下的海面风矢量反演. 关键词： 机载全极化SAR 海面风矢量 理论研究 实验验证     

C波段机载合成孔径雷达海面风场反演新方法

针对基于散射计地球物理模型函数的机载合成孔径雷达(SAR)海面风场反演中存在的风向获取依赖于图像风条纹或数值预报、 散射计数据和浮标等背景场资料, 风向与SAR图像时空分辨率不匹配, 进而影响机载SAR海面风场反演精度等问题, 本文根据机载SAR对海探测特点, 研究一种适用于C波段机载SAR的海面风场反演新方法. 利用SAR图像距离向不同入射角的后向散射系数, 依据地球物理模型构造最小代价函数, 通过代价函数的求解直接从机载SAR数据同时反演出海面风速和风向. 利用论文提出的海面风场反演方法分别对仿真SAR数据和实测C波段机载SAR数据进行风向、 风速的反演误差分析及试验验证.研究结果表明, 该方法适用于机载SAR海面风场反演, 可不依赖背景风向直接反演出精度较高的风速和风向; 雷达后向散射系数误差是决定海面风速、风向反演精度的关键因素, 辐射定标精度越高则反演误差越小; 海面风速反演误差随着风速的提高而增大, 当海面风速大于18 m/s时, 风速反演误差显著增加, 而海面风向的反演误差与风速无明显关系. 关键词： 机载合成孔径雷达 海面风场 多入射角     

The effects of the ocean surface wave spectrum on low frequency ambient noise in deep water

An ocean surface wave spectrum which is used for low frequency ambient noise in deep water is proposed. It explains the mechanism of low frequency ambient noise from the theoretical relation between the spectrum of sound pressure and wave. Combining the surface wave spectrum and local wind speed in deep water, a theoretical expression of low frequency ambient noise is obtained with wave generated noise theory. Simulation results show that the wave spectrum is crucial to the intensity and the spectral slope of radiated noise spectrum,and the theoretical noise spectrum could be used to predict the ambient noise in deep water.The predicting results axe verified through the experimental data recorded by an ocean bottom seismometer that was deployed on the floor of deep water in April 2016. It is observed that the statistical noise levels from the experimental data for frequencies from 1 Hz to 100 Hz are larger than 70 dB, and the low frequency ambient noise spectrum follows the shape of inverted"N",the valley of noise spectrum is at 3-4 Hz, and the noise intensity is 70 dB. The peak of noise spectrum is at 50 Hz, and the noise intensity is 92 dB. The correlation coefficient is 0.95 between the model spectrum and measured data.     

海面波浪谱对深海低频环境噪声的影响

提出了一种适用于深海低频环境噪声的波浪谱,通过声压谱和波浪谱的理论关系,分析了深海低频噪声在百赫兹以下的谱特征,解释了不同频段噪声谱的主要产生机理。将深海传播条件下海面波浪谱与海面风速相结合,利用波浪发声理论得到一种低频海洋环境噪声理论表示方法。仿真结果表明,波浪谱决定着辐射噪声谱的强度和斜率,本模型得到的理论噪声谱可以对低频海洋环境噪声进行预报。2016年的深海实验观测数据分析显示,统计的环境噪声谱级在1 Hz至100 Hz频段范围内大于70 dB,并且噪声谱在低频段呈倒“N”型,在34 Hz处为噪声谱的谷值,噪声级为70 dB,在50 Hz处为噪声谱的峰值,噪声级为92 dB,通过理论计算和实验对比,相关系数为0.95,理论结果和实验测量对比结果符合较好。      

A computational analysis of sonic booms penetrating a realistic ocean surface

The last decade has seen a revival of sonic boom research, a direct result of the projected market for a new breed of supersonic passenger aircraft, its design, and its operation. One area of the research involves sonic boom penetration into the ocean, one concern being the possible disturbance of marine mammals from the noise generated by proposed high-speed civil transport (HSCT) flyovers. Although theory is available to predict underwater sound levels due to a sonic boom hitting a homogeneous ocean with a flat surface, theory for a realistic ocean, one with a wavy surface and bubbles near the surface, is missing and will be presented in this paper. First, reviews are given of a computational method to calculate the underwater pressure field and the effects of a simple wavy ocean surface on the impinging sonic boom. Second, effects are described for the implementation of three additional conditions: a sonic boom/ocean "wavelength" comparison, complex ocean surfaces, and bubbles near the ocean surface. Overall, results from the model suggest that the realistic ocean features affect the penetrating proposed HSCT sonic booms by modifying the underwater sound-pressure levels only about 1 decibel or less.     

Light reflection from a rough liquid surface including wind-wave effects in a scattering atmosphere

Visible and near-IR images of the ocean surface, taken from remote satellites, often contain important information of near-surface or sub-surface processes, which occur on, or over the ocean. Remote measurements of near surface winds, sea surface temperature and salinity, ocean color and underwater bathymetry, all, one way or another, depend on how well we understand sea surface roughness. However, in order to extract useful information from our remote measurements, we need to construct accurate models of the transfer of solar radiation inside the atmosphere as well as, its reflection from the sea surface. To approach this problem, we numerically solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE) by implementing a model for the atmosphere-ocean system. A one-dimensional atmospheric radiation model is solved via the widely known doubling and adding method and the ocean body is treated as a boundary condition to the problem. The ocean surface is modeled as a rough liquid surface which includes wind interaction and wave states, such as wave age. The model can have possible applications to the retrieval of wind and wave states, such as wave age, near a Sun glint region.