薄壁快脉冲252Cf裂变电离室的研制及性能测试

介绍了用于中子探测器效率刻度的薄壁快脉冲252Cf裂变电离室。 在用飞行时间法测量中子能谱时, 该裂变电离室能够给出252Cf裂变中子发射时刻信号, 输出脉冲上升时间约为5.5 ns, 电离室由厚度为0.15 mm的不锈钢构成。 测试结果表明, 对裂变碎片的探测效率为99.2%, α粒子脉冲幅度和碎片脉冲幅度可清晰分开。A thin wall, fast pulse 252Cf ionization chamber, which was designed for calibrating efficiency of neutron detectors, was described. The ionization chamber can be used as the start detector in time of flight measurements of the 252Cf fission neutron spectrum. The chamber is composed of 0.15 mm thick stainless steel, the rise time of pulse signals is about 5.5 ns. As the test result shows, the detection efficiency of fission fragments is 99.2%, and pulse signals caused by fissions are distinguished clearly from those caused by α decays.     

高功率脉冲磁控溅射钛靶材的放电模型及等离子特性

等离子密度及金属离化率是影响高功率脉冲磁控溅射沉积薄膜质量的关键因素,高功率脉冲磁控溅射参数(如电压、脉宽、沉积气压及峰值电流等)影响着等离子密度和金属离化率.本文利用MATLAB/SIMULINK建立等效电路模型,对高功率脉冲磁控溅射钛(Ti)靶材的放电电流曲线进行模拟,利用鞘层电阻计算Ti靶材鞘层处的等离子密度,并采用半圆柱体-整体模型理论计算Ti的离化率.研究发现:采用由电容、电感和电阻组成的等效电路模型,可以模拟Ti靶材的放电电流;在不同高功率脉冲溅射电压、脉冲宽度和不同沉积气压下,真空室等离子密度在2×10~(17)—9×10~(17) m~(–3)范围内,随着溅射电压、脉冲宽度及沉积气压的增加,鞘层处的平均等离子密度增大;在不同沉积气压下, Ti的离化率值在31%—38%之间,随着气压增加, Ti的离化率增加.     

高压快速离化半导体开关及其脉冲压缩特性

 介绍了全固态高压快速离化半导体开关(FID)的工作原理和半导体结构,实验研究了在不同外偏置电压下的输出脉冲幅度特性和脉宽压缩特性,并对实验研究结果进行分析。在50 Ω负载下,将一输入脉冲幅度1.7 kV 、脉宽4 μs、重频2 kHz高压脉冲,通过FID压缩成脉冲幅度1 985 V、脉宽90 ns、重频2 kHz的高压脉冲。     

纳秒脉冲电压下气体开关的击穿特性

 采用快速Marx发生器产生ns量级的高电压脉冲,分别开展了不同脉冲电压值下气体开关自击穿实验,获得了气体开关在不同气压下的击穿电压和击穿延迟时间以及抖动。详细介绍了纳秒脉冲电压作用下,气体火花开关击穿电压和击穿延迟时间随工作气压变化的特点,指出了气体开关在不同场合应用时的要求。     

基于APD线列的单光子探测计数研究

单光子探测系统可以对单个光子进行探测;探测系统含有探测部分、淬灭电路部分和计数部分;探测部分主要由工作在盖革模式下的雪崩光电二极管组成;在盖革模式下的雪崩光电二极管发生雪崩后不能自然停止,淬灭部分主要为了主动抑制雪崩电流,快速降低雪崩电压,以达到提高探测效率,降低错误计数的目的;APD线列产生多个光子脉冲信号,计数部分的主要功能是对多路光子脉冲信号进行计数、显示并且可以控制每路APD的比较电压,保证每路APD淬灭电路的正常工作。     

PTS装置工作模式及波形调节

为了对即将建成的PTS装置的实验能力进行分析,对装置的工作模式及波形调节能力进行了分析。装置具有三种工作模式:短脉冲模式、长脉冲模式和波形调节模式。在不同的工作模式下,装置可以进行不同负载的实验研究。在基本工作模式下,在15 nH负载上输出前沿90 ns、幅值8~10 MA脉冲电流。通过电路模拟,对装置在三种工作模式下预计的负载电流输出进行了分析,短脉冲模式下装置负载电流的上升时间约90 ns,长脉冲模式时约200 ns,波形调节模式时可以达到400 ns。模拟结果表明,通过调节激光触发气体开关的触发方式和脉冲输出开关及装置其他参数,PTS装置可以输出脉冲前沿100~400 ns、波形形状在一定范围可调的强电流脉冲。     

小型空心阴极等离子体电子枪实验

基于空心阴极效应和低压辉光放电原理,设计了一种小型空心阴极等离子体电子枪并进行了实验研究,在低气压下获得了稳定的空心阴极辉光放电,测量电子枪放电结果表明:在空心阴极中加入灯丝热子可明显降低放电气压;电子束电流的大小随放电电压增大而增大,受气体气压影响较小;在气压2Pa,放电电压10kV,脉宽4μs脉冲下放电,可得到脉宽为2μs,电流为600mA的电子束。     

纳秒脉冲电压下同轴场畸变开关多通道放电特性

使气体开关形成多通道放电是减小开关电感、通道电阻、电极熔蚀,提高开关寿命和稳定性的有效措施。设计了一种同轴场畸变气体火花开关,研究了开关在纳秒脉冲电压下的多通道放电现象。研究了脉冲电压上升速率与多通道放电特性的关系,比较了两种体积比的SF6/Ar混合气体多通道放电特性。实验结果表明:一定气压下,平均通道数随着脉冲电压上升率增加而增多,电流分布趋向均匀;相同脉冲峰值与气压比值,不同气压下,高气压下的通道数较多;SF6/Ar混合气体中,氩气含量较高情况下多通道放电特性较好。最后,结合J.C.Martin的多通道放电理论对实验结果作出了初步解释。     

全固态激励小型TEA CO_2激光器的研制

基于国产非晶态合金磁芯,研制了采用可控硅开关、脉冲升压变压器、以及两级磁脉冲压缩网络的全固态激励电路系统,并且应用于放电体积为29 cm3,工作气压为100 kPa的电晕预电离小型TEA CO2激光器。讨论了提高系统能量传输效率和减小系统体积的设计方法,并且测量了系统的工作性能以及各部分的能量损失。实验结果表明:磁脉冲压缩网络的能量传输效率大于83%,全固态激励系统的总效率大于75%;连接激光器负载时,输出脉冲的电压峰值约为22 kV,电流上升时间约为100 ns;得到了脉冲能量109 mJ,宽度70ns的激光输出,激光器整体效率约为3.3%。在目前的封离体积与气体循环方式限制下,激光器最大重复频率约为100 Hz,而激励电路部分可以达到400 Hz的工作频率。     

百纳秒脉冲下绝缘材料沿面闪络特性北大核心CSCD

为研究百纳秒脉冲下两种典型的绝缘材料(尼龙和有机玻璃)在气体中的沿面闪络特性,设计了百纳秒脉冲沿面闪络实验平台。通过实验研究了绝缘材料的闪络电压随气体气压、闪络距离、等物理因素的变化规律,实验表明:闪络电压随着气压的增加而增加,但是闪络场强随着闪络间距的增加而降低;在相同条件下,有机玻璃的闪络电压比尼龙高。同时通过沿面闪络实验,得到在百纳秒脉冲下不同气压、不同闪络间距的闪络电压值。     

利用252 Cf快裂变室测量BC501A液闪探测器的相对探测效率和响应函数

本文利用²⁵²Cf快裂变室和多参数数据采集系统,逐事例的同时记录了自发裂变中子和瞬发伽马的飞行时间(TOF),脉冲形状甄别(PSD)和反冲能量(RE,裂变中子是通过测量反冲质子;瞬发伽马是通过测量康普顿反冲电子)三维信息.详细介绍了通过离线数据分析完全扣除三维信息中的伽马事例贡献,以获得Φ50.8 mm×50.8 mm的BC501A液闪探测器的相对探测效率和响应函数的方法.在不通过探测器响应函数进行数据转换的条件下,利用中子的能量直接确定了中子的有效测量阈值.得到的中子 关键词： 252Cf快裂变室')" href="#">²⁵²Cf快裂变室 BC501A液闪探测器 相对探测效率 响应函数     

LS301快中子探测器的效率刻度

主要介绍了利用252Cf标准裂变中子能谱刻度快脉冲LS301型液闪中子探测器的探测效率的实验方法和结果, 简要介绍了实验数据的处理过程, 得到了阈值分别为0.5, 0.7, 1.0和1.6 MeV, 以及中子能量在10 MeV以下的探测器效率, 并对测量结果进行了误差分析。同时为了检验实验结果的准确性, 将实验结果与理论计算结果进行比较, 两者在不确定度范围内符合得很好。Neutron detection efficiency of LS301 fast neutron detector was calibrated by measuring the neutron energy spectrum of 252Cf source, which has a standard fission neutron spectrum. A low mass, fast ionization chamber is used as the fission fragments detector in the time of flight(TOF) spectrometer and afforded the start signal of neutron flight. The stop signal was offered by the anode of LS301. A measured TOF spectrum was turned to the neutron energy spectrum which will be compared with the standard one. Consequently, the fast neutron detection efficiency of LS301 was obtained. Calibration procedures of experimental and data processing was given. Relative detection efficiencies were obtained separately for threshold settings of 0.5, 0.7, 1.0 and 1.6 MeV for neutron energies under 10 MeV. Experimental results accorded with theoretical efficiency curves which were calculated with the Monte Carlo code NEFF50.     

Correlation between neutrons and fragments in 252Cf (sf)

The gridded ion chamber developed at CBNM provides a powerful tool for measurements of fission fragment angular, kinetic energy and mass distributions with an angular efficiency close to 4π. In the present experiment it is used together with a neutron time-of-flight detector to measure the correlation between neutron emission, fragment angle, mass and energy in the spontaneous fission of ²⁵²Cf.     

Digital signal processing application to <Superscript>252</Superscript>Cf(sf) reaction products spectroscopy

The emission of prompt fission neutrons in spontaneous fission of ²⁵²Cf was studied by the application of digital data processing for the first time. The study was aimed at comparing the obtained results with those from the pioneering work of Budtz-Jorgensen and Knitter. By using a twin Frisch grid ionization chamber for fission fragment detection and a neutron scintillator (NE213) for the detection of neutrons, a total of about 10⁷ neutron coincidences were registered. The fission-fragment kinetic energies were measured using a fast (80 MHz) waveform digitizer that provided 10-bit amplitude resolution. Standard analog NIM modules were used for neutron time-of-flight and pulse shape measurements. A time-to-digital converter (TDC) with 1-ns resolution and a pair of gated charge-to-digital converters with 12-bit amplitude resolution were also used. The fission fragment signals were analyzed by means of digital signal processing algorithms. Data on prompt fission neutron energies were obtained by using a time-of-flight (TOF) spectrum unfolding procedure applicable to list-mode data.     

Equivalent properties of single event burnout induced by different sources

The experimental results of single event burnout induced by heavy ions and 252Cf fission fragments in power MOSFET devices have been investigated. It is concluded that the characteristics of single event burnout induced by 252Cf fission fragments is consistent to that in heavy ions. The power MOSFET in the "turn-off" state is more susceptible to single event burnout than it is in the "turn-on" state. The thresholds of the drain-source voltage for single event burnout induced by 173 MeV bromine ions and 252Cf fission fragments are close to each other, and the burnout cross section is sensitive to variation of the drain-source voltage above the threshold of single event burnout. In addition, the current waveforms of single event burnouts induced by different sources are similar. Different power MOSFET devices may have different probabilities for the occurrence of single event burnout.     

Equivalent properties of single event burnout induced by different sources

The experimental results of single event burnout induced by heavy ions and 252Cf fission fragments in power MOSFET devices have been investigated. It is concluded that the characteristics of single event burnout induced by 252Cf fission fragments is consistent to that in heavy ions. The power MOSFET in the ＂turn-off＂ state is more susceptible to single event burnout than it is in the ＂turn-on＂ state. The thresholds of the drain-source voltage for single event burnout induced by 173 MeV bromine ions and ^252Cf fission fragments are close to each other, and the burnout cross section is sensitive to variation of the drain-source voltage above the threshold of single event burnout. In addition, the current waveforms of single event burnouts induced by different sources are similar. Different power MOSFET devices may have different probabilities for the occurrence of single event burnout.     

密封Cf源的成分测定和中子发射率修正

当密封Cf源寿命超过20年后,其他同位素和子体核素尤其Cf-250和Cm-248的贡献不断增大,使得Cf源中子发射率不能简单按照Cf-252半衰期进行估算。基于Cf源中同位素及其子体核素的衰变和自发裂变规律,提出了一种测定密封Cf源中Cf-252和Cf-250成分的方法,达到快速估算寿命超过20年的Cf源中子发射率的目的。采用长计数器相对测量得到一个使用近30年Cf源在某一时刻的中子发射率,确定了该源初始时刻Cf-252和Cf-250原子核数分别为4.452×1016和7.746×1015,据此给出了Cf源的中子发射率随时间的变化关系。同时在另外两个时刻的推算结果与长计数器测量结果符合得非常好,相对偏差小于0.3%,进一步验证了该方法的可靠性。此外还对Cf-252,Cf-250和Cm-248对中子发射率的贡献与中子源寿命的关系进行了分析,结果表明当Cf源寿命达到30年时,Cf-252对总中子发射率的贡献已经降至67.65%,而Cf-250和Cm-248的贡献已经达到29.32%和2.94%。     

A Miniaturized XeCl Dielectric Barrier Discharge as a Source of Short Lived,Fast Decaying UV Radiation

A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) of coaxial geometry has been examined as source of intensive, short‐lived UV radiation. A binary gas mixture consisting of 98% Xe + 2% Cl₂ and a ternary composition of 96% Ne + 6% Xe + 0.2% HCl were investigated in the pressure range between 10 and 750 mbar. The discharge was excited by unipolar high voltage square pulses with amplitudes of 3 to 7 kV at a repetition rate of 100 Hz. UV radiation intensity is increased by combining 5 square pulses with a period of 1 μs each in one train (burst). Radiation decay on three orders of magnitude within 10 μs was obtained for both gas mixtures in burst mode. Maximum energy of the light pulse was the same for both gas mixtures and estimated as 40 nJ. It is shown that the optimum gas pressure for highest radiation intensity depends not only on gas composition but also on applied voltage and number of pulses in the train. A variation of the spectral band shape of XeCl emission during the pulse is detected (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Investigation of polar emission in 252Cf and 235U + nth fission

The energy distributions and relative intensities of protons, deuterons, tritons and α-particles emitted along the fission axis during spontaneous fission of ²⁵²Cf were measured simultaneously with both fission fragment energies. The absolute intensity of particles, the mass distribution of fragments, the total kinetic energy and total excitation energy of both fragments were subsequently deduced from the experimental data. Statistical model calculations based on a hypothesis that the polar particles are evaporated from fission fragments have been performed for ²⁵²Cf and ²³⁶U fission. Although some experimental results agree remarkably well with the evaporation hypothesis, the considered model cannot describe many features of the polar emission phenomenon.