Ionic conductivity study on electron beam irradiated polyacrylonitrileben polyethylene oxide gel

Different mass percent polyacrylonitrile (PAN)—polyethylene oxide (PEO) gels were prepared and irradiated by an electron beam (EB) with energy of 1.0 MeV to the dose ranging from 13 kGy to 260 kGy. The gels were analysed by using Fourier transform infrared spectrum, gel fraction and ionic conductivity (IC) measurement. The results show that the gel is crosslinked by EB irradiation, the crosslinking degree rises with the increasing EB irradiation dose (ID) and the mass percents of both PAN and PEO contribute a lot to the crosslinking; in addition, EB irradiation can promote the IC of PAN—PEO gels. There exists an optimum irradiation dose, at which the IC can increase dramatically. The IC changes of the PAN—PEO gels along with ID are divided into three regions: IC rapidly increasing region, IC decreasing region and IC balanced region. The cause of the change can be ascribed to two aspects, gel capturing electron degree and crosslinking degree. By comparing the IC—ID curves of different mass percents of PAN and PEO in gel, we found that PAN plays a more important role for gel IC promotion than PEO, since addition of PAN in gel causes the IC—ID curve sharper, while addition of PEO in gel causes the curve milder.     

Ionic conductivity study on electron beam irradiated polyacrylonitrile-polyethylene oxide gel

Different mass percent polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-polyethylene oxide (PEO) gels were prepared and irradiated by an electron beam (EB) with energy of 1.0 MeV to the dose ranging from 13 kGy to 260 kGy.The gels were analysed by using Fourier transform infrared spectrum,gel fraction and ionic conductivity (IC) measurement.The results show that the gel is crosslinked by EB irradiation,the crosslinking degree rises with the increasing EB irradiation dose (ID) and the mass percents of both PAN and PEO contribute a lot to the crosslinking;in addition,EB irradiation can promote the IC of PAN-PEO gels.There exists an optimum irradiation dose,at which the IC can increase dramatically.The IC changes of the PAN-PEO gels along with ID are divided into three regions:IC rapidly increasing region,IC decreasing region and IC balanced region.The cause of the change can be ascribed to two aspects,gel capturing electron degree and crosslinking degree.By comparing the IC-ID curves of different mass percents of PAN and PEO in gel,we found that PAN plays a more important role for gel IC promotion than PEO,since addition of PAN in gel causes the IC-ID curve sharper,while addition of PEO in gel causes the curve milder.     

电子束辐照剂量对PAN/PEO交联度的影响

对PAN/PEO凝胶(5%PAN,5%PEO)在1.0 MeV电子束下进行了不同剂量的辐照。红外光谱测量表明,PAN/PEO凝胶辐照后发生了化学交联。分析结果指出,PAN/PEO的凝胶分数随着辐照剂量的增加而不断增加;其凝胶分数增长率的变化可以分为3个阶段,即快速增加阶段(0~39kGy)、下降阶段(39~130 kGy)和稳定阶段(130 kGy)。拟合发现,引入材料刚性参数β的半经验修正方程与未考虑材料刚性的Char1esby-Pinner方程相比,更符合实际测量值(对于该配比PAN/PEO,β为0.166)。交联度-辐照剂量曲线显示,交联度随辐照剂量的增加而增加,为设计新型能功能材料中所需的固定交联度的PAN/PEO凝胶提供了辐照剂量参考值。     

大功率电子加速器的辐射灭菌效果研究

在中国科学院近代物理研究所自行研制的大功率电子加速器上, 研究了不同辐照剂量的电子束对大肠杆菌、 金黄色葡萄球菌和变形杆菌3种微生物的杀灭效果, 同时检测了辐照后菌体超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的变化。 结果显示: 辐照剂量达到2.0 kGy时, 可完全杀灭金黄色葡萄球菌, 2.2 kGy时可完全杀灭大肠杆菌和变形杆菌; 辐照对3种微生物的SOD活性有较显著的影响。 To study the effects of radiation sterilization of the electron beam, the three species of microorganisms, Escherichia. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus vulgaris were irradiated with the electron beam, delivered by the electron accelerator independently developed by the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the changes of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of these irradiated microorganisms were also tested. The results indicated that the Staphylococcus aureus were fully radio sterilized with the radiation dosage of 2.0 kGy, but 2.2 kGy to the Escherichia.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Moreover, the data also demonstrated that the irradiation had noticeable effects on the SOD activity of the three microorganisms.     

Effect of tellurium(Te~(4+)) irradiation on microstructure and associated irradiation-induced hardening

The GH3535 alloy samples were irradiated using 15-Me V Te~(4+) ions at 650℃ to a dose of 0.5, 3.0, 10, and 20 dpa, respectively. The Te atoms distribution and microstructure evolution were examined by electron probe microanalysis(EPMA)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The nano-indenter was then used to measure the nano-hardness changes of samples before and after irradiation. TEM results showed the formation of dislocation loops in the irradiated samples.Their mean diameters increase with the increase of irradiation dose and tends to be saturated when irradiation dose exceeds10 dpa. The ratio of yield strength increments calculated by dispersed barrier hardening(DBH) model is basically consistent with that of nano-hardness increments measured by nano-indenter. In addition, the relationship between the nano-hardness increments and dpa for the GH3535 alloy irradiated by Te ions has been revealed in the study.     

γ辐照后硼硅酸盐玻璃的吸收光谱研究

玻璃固化体是用来固化放射性废物的硅酸盐。作为放射性废物处理的第一道工程屏障,它的耐辐照性能尤其引人注目。本工作使用硼硅酸盐玻璃模拟玻璃固化体材料,用不同剂量的γ射线辐照硼硅酸盐玻璃模拟天然放射性对固化体的辐照损伤。通过测量和分析辐照后硼硅酸盐玻璃的吸收光谱,证实了辐照后在玻璃中产生了E'缺陷,非桥氧空位色心、过氧自由基以及过桥氧联接等缺陷。此外,还得出了不同微观结构随吸收剂量的演化关系。对于辐照后产生的缺陷,它们的浓度都随吸收剂量的增加而增大。同时,发现玻璃在辐照后其吸收光谱的带隙随着剂量的增加而逐渐变窄;而当吸收剂量大于等于105 Gy时,玻璃的带隙则达到饱和值。Vitrification is one kind of silicates which is used for immobilization of high-level waste (HLW). As the first engineered barrier of HLW disposition, its anti-irradiation characteristic is particularly noticeable. Vitrification is replaced by borosilicate glass to investigate radiation effect, and the irradiation damage generated by natural radioactivity in vitrification is simulated by different doses gamma rays on borosilicate glass. By measuring and analyzing the absorption spectrum of irradiated borosilicate glasses, it is confirmed that E'defect, non-bridging oxygen hole center, peroxy dangling bond and bridge oxygen link, etc. are induced in borosilicate glass after irradiation. Furthermore, the relations between the defects and absorbed doses are shown. For the concentrations of these defects induced by irradiation, all of them increase with absorbed dose. Meanwhile, absorption band gap in borosilicate glass after irradiation decreases with absorbed dose and the band gap becomes saturated when absorbed dose is equal to or greater than 105 Gy.     

Total dose radiation and annealing responses of the back transistor of Silicon-On-Insulator pMOSFETs

The total dose radiation and annealing responses of the back transistor of Silicon-On-Insulator(SOI)pMOSFETs have been studied by comparing them with those of the back transistor of SOI n MOSFETs fabricated on the same wafer. The transistors were irradiated by60 Co γ-rays with various doses and the front transistors were biased in a Float-State and Off-State, respectively, during irradiation. The total dose radiation responses of the back transistors were characterized by their threshold voltage shifts. The results show that the total dose radiation response of the back transistor of SOI pMOSFETs, similar to that of SOI n MOSFETs, depends greatly on their bias conditions during irradiation. However, with the Float-State bias rather than the Off-State bias, the back transistors of SOI pMOSFETs reveal a much higher sensitivity to total dose radiation, which is contrary to the behavior of SOI n MOSFETs. In addition, it is also found that the total dose radiation effect of the back transistor of SOI pMOSFETs irradiated with Off-State bias, as well as that of the SOI n MOSFETs, increases as the channel length decreases. The annealing response of the back transistors after irradiation at room temperature without bias, as characterized by their threshold voltage shifts, indicates that there is a relatively complex annealing mechanism associated with channel length, type, and bias condition during irradiation. In particular, for all of the transistors irradiated with Off-State bias, their back transistors show an abnormal annealing effect during early annealing. All of these results have been discussed and analyzed in detail by the aid of simulation.     

12C6+离子对阿维链霉菌累进辐照诱变效应研究

选用12C6+ 离子束对阿维链霉菌诱变选育高产菌株与原始菌株进行辐照诱变, 研究其累进辐照效应。实验结果表明,在辐照剂量为10 Gy时, 原始菌株比诱变高产菌株存活率高, 抗辐射能力强;辐照剂量高于30 Gy时,诱变高产菌株比原始菌株存活率高, 抗辐射能力强。原始菌株正突变率最高的辐照剂量为50 Gy, 致死率99.43%,正突变率最高, 达34.2%;对诱变高产菌株辐照剂量为30 Gy,致死率94.97%,正突变率最高, 达23.5% 。累进辐照效应降低了最佳辐照剂量。 Mutagenic effect on the mutant high producing strain ZJAV Y1 203 and the original strain ZJAV A1 irradiated by ion beam of 12C6+ have been investigated. The experimental results indicated that the original strain has higher survival rate and stronger resistance to radiation than mutant high producing Strain at dose of 10 Gy. The mutant high producing strain has higher survival rate and stronger resistance to radiation than the original strain at the dose higher than 30 Gy. The lethality was 97% and the highest rate of orthomutation was 34.2%, when ZJAV A1 was irradiated by 50 Gy 12C6+ beam. The lethality was 94.97% and the highest rate of orthomutation was 23.5% when ZJAV Y1 203 was irradiated by 30 Gy 12C6+ beam. The best radiation dose is decreased by progressivity irradiation.     

A study on the best irradiation dose of X-ray for Hep-2 cells by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed to study the human epidermis larynx car- cinoma cell lines (Hep-2) which were irradiated by different doses of X-ray.The results show that (1) the irradiation of X-ray damages the structure of the CH_3 groups of the thymine in DNA,which restrains the reproduction of Hep-2 cells effectively,(2) the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation changes the framework and the relative contents of some proteins,lipids and the nucleic acid molecules intercellular in the greatest degree,and (3) the 8 Gy dose of X-ray irradiation is the best irradiation dose for lowering the degree of the cancerization of Hep-2 cells according to the criteria for the degree of the cancerization reported recently.Meanwhile,the apoptosis of these cells were detected by using flow cytometry (FCM) primarily. It shows that the apoptotic ratio of the Hep-2 cells depends on the irradiation dose to some extent,but is not linearly.And the apoptotic ratio of the 12 Gy dose group is the maximum (20.36%),but the apoptotic ratios of the 2 to 8 Gy dose groups change little.     

重离子辐射提高腺病毒介导小鼠黑色素瘤细胞转染率的研究

探讨12C6+ 离子束辐射对用带有绿色荧光蛋白基因的缺陷性腺病毒（AdCMV GFP）转染小鼠黑色素瘤细胞(B16细胞系)的影响。 采用不同剂量的12C6+ 重离子束辐射经AdCMV GFP 转染的B16细胞， 利用流式细胞仪检测腺病毒的转染率。 结果表明， 12C6＋重离子束辐射能提高腺病毒对B16细胞的转染率， 且具有量效关系。 此外， 先转染后辐射法比起先辐射后转染法能更显著地提高转染率。The effect of 12C6+ beam irradiation on AdCMV GFP (a replication deficient recombinant adenoviral vector containing CMV promoter and green fluorescent protein) gene transfection efficiency for murine melanoma cell B16 has been investigated. B16 cells infected with AdCMV GFP were irradiated by different doses of 12C6+ beam. The transfection efficiency was assessed by flow cytometry (FCM). Results show that 12C6+ beam irradiation can improve tansfection efficiency of AdCMV GFP on murine melanoma cell B16 in a dose dependent manner. In addition， the tansfection efficiency in pre tranfection plus irradiation group is higher than that in pre irradiation plus tranfection group at the same dose irradiation dose.     

Development of dry polymer electrolyte based on polyethylene oxide with co-bridging agent crosslinked by electron beam

Polyethylene oxide (PEO)-based electrolytes were crosslinked using electron beam (EB) irradiation. The gel contents of a polymer film were increased after irradiation doses of 0, 140, 280, and 420 kGy, with ionic conductivities of 0.831, 1.55, 6.08, and 7.95 (× 10^? 5) S cm^? 1 at 40 °C, respectively. The slight decrease in conductivity at higher temperatures after irradiation is due to the retardation of polymer motion by crosslinking. The electrolyte with higher EB dose amount exhibits higher conductivity due to stabilization of the amorphous state. The EB crosslinking with a co-bridging agent shows enhanced conductivities of 4.71, 6.59, and 7.18 (× 10^? 5) S cm^? 1 at 40 °C, after irradiation with 140, 280, and 420 kGy. Addition of the co-bridging agent is effective for developing a crosslinked structure with a smaller EB dose. Tensile strength becomes two to three times higher with irradiation compared to the non-treated polymer. Combination of the EB technique with a co-bridging agent is a simple and effective method to prepare strong dry polymer electrolyte films with improved room temperature conductivity.     

新型多孔凝胶电解质的制备及其在准固态柔性基染料敏化太阳电池中的应用

制备了一种新型多孔聚丙烯酸/十六烷基三甲基溴化铵聚吡咯凝胶电解质,并将其应用于柔性基染料敏化太阳电池(DSSC)。通过扫描电镜表征、热重分析测试、电化学性能测试和柔性电池光电性能测试等手段,分析了凝胶电解质对柔性基DSSC的光电性能影响。研究结果表明:随着聚吡咯的引入,提高凝胶电解质导电性以及催化电解质中的I-/I3-离子电对等性能,最终在100mW/cm2[大气质量(AM)1.5]光照条件下,测得基于该准固态凝胶电解质的柔性基DSSC光电转换效率达1.28%。     

Metal adsorption of gamma-irradiated carboxymethyl cellulose/polyethylene oxide blend films

Blend films of different ratios of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyethylene oxide (PEO) were prepared by the solution casting method. To investigate the effect of irradiation on all properties of prepared blend, it was exposed to different gamma irradiation doses (10, 20, and 30?kGy). Physical properties such as gel fraction (GF) (%) and swelling (SW) (%) were investigated. It was found that the GF (%) increases with increasing irradiation dose up to 20?kGy, while SW (%) decreases with an increase in the irradiation doses for all blend compositions. Moreover, the structural and mechanical properties of the prepared films were studied. The results of the mechanical properties obtained showed that there is an improvement in these properties with an increase in both CMC and irradiation dose up to 20?kGy. The efficiency of metal ions uptake was measured using a UV spectrophotometer. The prepared films showed good tendency to absorb and release metal ions from aqueous media. Thus, the CMC/PEO film can be used in agricultural domain.     

Application of ionic liquid doped solid polymer electrolyte

The electrical, structural, and photoelectrochemical properties of the polymer electrolyte PEO:NaI/I₂ doped with an ionic liquid 1-ethyl 3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMImDCN) have been reported. Incorporation of the ionic liquid (IL) increases the membrane homogeneity, decreased surface roughness, and enhances the short current (J _sc). Additionally, the doping of IL provides more charge carriers which enhances overall ionic conductivity (σ). The optimized σ was found at 40 wt.% IL composition. The fabricated DSSC using this new solid electrolyte showed 1.43% efficiency at 100 mW cm⁻².     

Variation in viscosity and ion conductivity of a polymer-salt complex exposed to gamma irradiation

We study changes in microstructure and resulting changes in the properties of PEO(1 − x)-NH₄ClO₄(x) samples where x = 0.18, when irradiated with gamma doses varying up to 50 kGy. Viscosities of aqueous solutions of the irradiated samples give an idea of the change in molecular weight and show correlation with ion conductivity. On the whole, there is a chain scission on irradiation, though there is evidence of some cross-linking at higher doses. The ion conductivity shows a strong increase for an irradiation of 35 kGy. DSC studies indicate a decrease in crystallinity with gamma dose.     

Utilization of saffron (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Crocus sativus L.</Emphasis>) as sensitizer in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)

Photoelectrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been prepared using nanosized titanium dioxide that have soaked in a solution of different saffron (Crocus sativus L.) spice content in ethanol. The optimized polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based gel polymer electrolyte with 40.93 wt.% ethylene carbonate, 37.97 wt.% propylene carbonate, 4.37 wt.% tetrapropylammonium iodide, 9.86 wt.% PAN, 1.24 wt.% 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide, 4.35 wt.% lithium iodide and 1.28 wt.% iodine has been used as the electrolyte for DSSC. The electrolyte has conductivity of 2.91 mS cm^?1 at room temperature (298 K). DSSCs were also sensitized with saffron solution that has been added with 30 wt.% chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) co-adsorbent and designated as DSSC P4. The solar cell converts light-to-electricity at an efficiency of 0.31%. This is 29% enhancement in efficiency for the DSSC without addition of CDCA in the saffron-ethanol solution. The DSSC exhibits current density at short-circuit (J _sc ) of 1.26 mA cm^?2, voltage at open circuit (V _oc ) of 0.48 V and 51% fill factor. DSSC P4 also exhibits the highest incident photon-to-current density of more than 40% at 340 nm wavelength.     

The Effects of Morphological Properties of Henequen Fiber Irradiated by EB on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Henequen Fiber/PP Composites

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of electron beam (EB) irradiation on the morphological properties, crystallinity and surface area of henequen fiber and on the mechanical and thermal properties of henequen fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. The structure of henequen fiber was characterized by X-ray diffraction, mercury porosimetry and BET surface area analysis. The EB irradiation of 10 kGy led to the increasing of crystalline and surface pore area of henequen fiber, which contributed to the number of interlocking places with PP. From the results of tensile and impact strength tests, the highest value was observed for the composite reinforced with the henequen fiber treated with EB dose of 10 kGy, decreasing overall as EB dose increased. This tendency was also shown by coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) measurements, but the value of CTE decreased until 50 kGy, meaning that a large total surface area can provide many interlocking places and so improve adhesion between fiber and matrix. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optimum pore surface area by 10 kGy irradiation contributes to successful mechanical interlocking between fiber and matrix and consequently enhances the mechanical and thermal properties of the composites.     

A novel TiO2 nanoparticles/nanowires composite core with ZrO2 nanoparticles shell coating photoanode for high-performance dye-sensitized solar cell based on different electrolytes

The novel TiO₂ nanopartilces/nanowires (TNPWs) composite with ZrO₂ nanoparticles (ZNPs) shell-coated photoanodes were prepared to fabricate high-performance dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) based on different types of electrolytes. Hafnium oxide (HfO₂) is a new and efficient blocking layer material applied over the TNPWs-ZNPs core-shell photoanode film. TiO₂ nanoparticles (TNPs) and TiO₂ nanowires (TNWs) were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). DSSCs were fabricated using the novel photoanodes with an organic sensitizer D149 dye and different types of electrolytes namely liquid electrolyte, ionic liquid electrolyte, solid-state electrolyte, and quasi-solid-state electrolyte. The DSSC-4 made through the novel core-shell photoanode using quasi-solid-state electrolyte showed better photocurrent efficiency (PCE) as compared to the other DSSCs. It has such photocurrent-voltage characteristics: short circuit photocurrent (Jsc)?=?19 mA/cm², the open circuit voltage (Voc)?=?650 mV, fill factor (FF)?=?65 %, and PCE (η)?=?8.03 %. The improved performance of DSSC-4 is ascribed to the core-shell with blocking layer photoanode could increased electron transport and suppressed recombination of charge carriers at the TNPWs-ZNPs/dye/electrolyte interface.