生物组织的可见光与近红外光散射模型

对生物组织光学模型尤其是光散射特性进行了研究, 发现可以利用等效粒子数密度的粒度分布更精确地了解生物组织的光散射性质。在夫琅和费衍射近似下, 散射系数和散射相函数可以由等效粒子数密度的粒度分布得到。基于粒子粒度光散射测量技术, 所得结果可给出一种新的可行的测量生物组织光学性质参数的方法。     

一种血流变参数在体实时探测方法

介绍了一种新的在体实时监测血流变参数的光学方法——光散射法。设计了一种实用的同轴多光纤探针装置。在装置中间,其中一根光纤用于传输入射激光,周围多根光纤与中心光纤等间隔,用于接收血液中的散射光。用扫描法布里-珀罗干涉仪产生散射光谱。结果表明,用该装置测得了含成分的液体、实血和不同血液成分的光散射光谱。     

生物组织单光程光谱技术的理论研究

高灵敏度光谱检测技术在临床诊疗和组织光学参数测量中具有极其重要的意义。文章提出了一种差分调制激光光谱技术,将经过生物组织后的散射光与参考光的光程差转换为光谱信号的频率特征,通过相敏检测技术将不同频率的信号进行分离,从而实现生物组织散射光的光程分离。文章分析了差分调制激光光谱的机理及信号的谱特征,并基于文献中的生物组织散射光的光程分布,从理论上讨论了差拍信号的谱特征,即光源调制速率一定时,光谱信号中的主频成分位置只与散射光和参考光的光程差有关;生物组织对光信号的衰减系数会影响光谱信号中频率成分的能量强度分布。分析结果表明,差分调制激光光谱能对生物组织的光谱信号进行光程分离,从而实现生物组织的单光程光谱检测。     

超声调制介质中漫散射光自相关性质研究

研究了超声调制随机介质中漫散射光自相关性质,推导出均匀无限介质中有超声场调制时漫散射光时间自相关函数的表达式,讨论了调制参数、调制幅度及其衰减与超声参数、光散射参数等的关系.用Monte Carlo方法研究了随机介质中隐含异物成像的可行性.结果表明,正常生物组织和病变生物组织的超声调制自相关函数有明显的差别,该方法为光学医学诊断提供了一种新参考 关键词： 自相关 漫散射光 超声调制 光学成像     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的超声辅助OCT成像研究

通过蒙特卡罗模拟方法研究了超声波提高OCT成像质量的机理,以宏观经典理论和微观量子理论分别阐述了光和超声的相互作用,建立了存在超声辅助时光在生物组织中传播的模型,模拟了有超声辅助和无超声辅助两种情况下生物组织多次散射光的分布.模拟结果表明,与光平行射入生物组织的超声波能够使OCT成像系统中的多次散射光降低80%,携带组织信息的单次散射光在组织返回光中所占比重增大为无超声辅助时的2倍,从而增大了OCT成像的探测深度及图像对比度.     

基于漫反射光谱的组织光学参数测量系统与方法研究

在体组织光学参数测量是生物医学光子学研究重点,不仅为人体成分无创检测、光学成像、光动力疗法等研究提供基础,并且可以快速获取人体光学参数变化,为临床诊断提供依据。研究了利用单一源探距离漫反射光谱在体测量光学参数的测量系统与反构方法。漫反射光谱测量系统由宽谱光源、高分辨光纤光谱仪及光纤探头组成,结构简单,测量方便,可准确快速测量样品漫反射光谱。在光纤探头几何形状基础上,研究了光纤收集及系统传递函数,在此基础上对反构算法进行了校正。光学参数反构算法中正向模型基于Monte Carlo以及神经网络方法,适用光学参数范围大,计算速度快;逆向算法采用主成分分析与非线性建模拟合相结合的方法,可抑制测量噪声影响。在测量系统及反构算法基础上,进行了组织仿体光学参数测量实验,结果表明,利用单一源探距离下漫反射谱,可以较为准确获取吸收系数以及约化散射系数,均方根误差分别达到4.58%以及7.92%。为保证系统测量准确性,测量波长范围应覆盖样品中所含吸收物质吸收峰范围。所研究的在体组织光学参数测量方法为人体成分无创检测及测量条件变化获取提供了基础。     

紫激光辐射人肺组织的光学特性

应用光纤探测系统和自行研制的光纤探针深度针,成功实现了Ｋｒ＾＋紫激光辐射新鲜离体人肺组织体表面漫反射率和内部光能流率分布的精确测定,并利用漫射理论和加倍（ＡｄｄｉｎｇＤｏｕｂｌｉｎｇ）方法的部分结论,获得了紫光从肺癌组织和正常组织的主要光学特性参数,与蒙特卡罗法拟合实验的光分布曲线得出的结果一致秋临床实际应用提供了重要的原始参数。     

会聚光在柱状模拟生物组织中的实验研究

在中空的柱状有机玻璃中充入Intralipid-10%溶液构成单层圆柱模拟样品.在会聚单色光入射Intralipid-10%溶液的情况下，利用特制的光纤探头、锁相放大器、斩波器和微动平台等组成测试装置，测量了柱状Intralipid-10%溶液内后向散射光、能流率的空间分布情况，并对测量结果进行分析.对参量不同的溶液中的光分布进行了比较，得出了柱状溶液中光分布的初步规律.     

基于双积分球的宽光谱组织光学参数测量系统与方法研究

组织光学参数测量是生物医学光子学的主要研究内容之一,人体组织光学性质与其生理病理状态密切相关。近年来,利用组织光学特性,特别是吸收与散射特性进行组织成像诊断及无创成分检测成为生物医学光子学领域研究热点,为肿瘤早期诊断、代谢动态监护及光动力治疗等临床应用提供了基础。双积分球方法能够同时测量离体组织吸收系数、散射系数等,具有测量准确、快速,适用范围大等优点,作为光学参数测量的标准方法得到广泛研究与应用。利用双积分球及超连续激光器搭建了宽光谱的组织光学参数测量系统,分析了积分球测量传递函数与误差来源及系统最佳测量条件,建立了基于BP-MCML的系统校正正向模型与L-M算法的光学参数反构算法。在此基础上,测量了1 100～1 400 nm连续宽谱范围内Intralipid溶液光学参数,实验结果表明改进后反构算法测量结果比较准确,多次测量标准偏差在3%以内,不同波长下约化散射系数及吸收系数测量结果与其他研究小组得到的测量结果对比,偏差小于3.4%。     

基于蒙特卡罗模拟的散射介质中后向光散射模型及分析应用

构建了内光源模型探讨散射介质中的光散射现象,利用蒙特卡罗方法研究了逃逸出组织的后向散射光子数随光子在组织内部发生的散射次数的分布关系,探讨了光源照明方式、辐射强度、接收方式、调制等参数的变化对后向散射的影响,结果表明后向散射光子的数量随散射次数的分布并非简单的单调递增或递减,而是一条先增大后减小出现峰值的曲线. 峰值位置、峰值大小及曲线形状与光源、探测方式、组织光学特性参数等有关. 关键词： 医用光学与生物技术 散射介质 后向散射 蒙特卡罗模拟     

Inversion of visible optical extinction data for spheroid particle size distribution based on PCA

The problem of light scattering properties of spheroid particles is studied, and a general approach is presented for calculating the single particle light scattering of spheroids. In this approach, the extinction efficiency of spheroid particles can be calculated by combining the spline interpolation of T matrix method and ADA (anomalous diffraction approximation) theory. Furthermore, the retrieval of spheroid particle size distribution is performed in the dependent mode and a selection method about the optical extinction data is proposed based on PCA (principle component analysis) of first derivative corresponding to the raw optical extinction. By calculating the contribution rate of first derivative corresponding to the raw optical extinction, the optical extinction with more significant features can be selected as the inversion optical extinction data. In this way, the selected optical extinction has less information redundancy and higher capacity of resisting noise disturbance. Simulation experiments indicate that the spheroid particle size distributions obtained with the proposed method coincide fairly well with the given distributions, which provides a simple, reliable and efficient method to retrieve the spheroid particle size distribution using the optical extinction data.     

Discrete ordinates method for propagation of light in highly scattering vascular tissues

This work considers the propagation of light in a semitransparent layer of vascular tissue, submitted to radiative boundary conditions. The solution procedure must provide accurate light distribution in the layer, so a discrete ordinates method based on the exact transport theory is carried out. An advantage of this method is its ability to account easily for various boundary conditions as well as optical heterogeneity. The influences of anisotropic scattering, optical discontinuity, optical parameters of tissue and refractive index on radiant fluence rate are investigated carefully. It is shown that reflections tend to produce more uniform profiles within the tissue.     

Variation of photon density distribution with system component within Intralipid emulsion

In order to recover distributions of optical parameters of underlining tissues utilizing backreflection optic tomography or diffuse reflectance spectroscopy for diagnostic proposes, trajectories of photons should be correctly estimated within tissue. Therefore, we have simulated the soft tissues with 1% Intralipid emulsion and have determined photon density distribution as a function of depth inside the Intralipid emulsions using laser light of wavelength 808 nm and two different detectors for different source-to-detector (S-D) separations. In this study we have shown difference in path distribution of the detected photons with two different detectors with different sensitivity for the same S-D separations in the Intralipid emulsions. This study has also shown that, the maximum penetration depth (MPD) of the detected photons is not an increasing function of the S-D separations. After reaching a maximum depth, the penetration depth decreases as S-D separation increases.     

Theoretical and experimental study of the intensity distribution in biological tissues

Based on the diffusion approximate theory （DA）, a theoretical model about the distribution of the intensity of a narrow collimation beam illuminating on a semi-lnfinite biological tissue is developed. In order to verify the correctness of the model, a novel method of measuring the distributions of the intensity of light in Intralipid-10% suspension at 650 nm is presented and ts of the distributions of the distance-dependent intensity of scattering light in different directions are made. The investigations show that the results from our diffusion model are in good agreement with the experimental results beyond and in the areas around the light source, and the distance-dependent intensity in the incident direction attenuates approximately in the exponential form. Furthermore, our theoretic results indicate the anisotropic characteristics of the intensity in different directions of scattering light inside the biological tissue.     

浑浊散射介质中被测成分线性吸光度提取与模型转换研究

近红外漫反射光谱法可用于物质成分定性、定量分析,具有快速、无损检测等优点,在食品、制药、环境监测、生命科学等领域有广泛应用。采用近红外漫反射光谱对浑浊散射介质进行成分定量分析时,由于光散射作用,介质吸光度随测量距离不再呈线性变化,不同测量距离下测量模型也很难转换。从扩散方程出发,提出了从漫射光谱中提取线性吸光度的方法,获得了与测量距离无关的介质光学参数--有效衰减系数的光谱,该光谱可反映介质吸收变化,并用于物质成分测量。具体采用了双位置差分法,可在线性吸光度的范围内任意选取两个光源-探测器距离测量,通过差分获得与测量位置无关的有效衰减系数光谱,其中测量距离可依据波段灵活地进行选择。另外,经理论推导可知,差分运算的同时还大大削减了光子扩散对测量的影响,有利于不同散射特性的介质间光谱模型的相互借鉴。经理论计算、蒙特卡洛模拟和实验验证,在1 000~1 360 nm波段,该方法适用于强散射的浑浊水溶液。对散射系数处于较大范围（28.53～87.47 cm-1）的intralipid水溶液进行了测试,获得了线性吸光度的光源-探测器距离范围。进一步以葡萄糖为被测成分为例,获得了葡萄糖在intralipid水溶液中的有效衰减系数光谱。采用测量距离连续可调的漫反射光谱测量系统进行了实验,测量范围位于0～0.3 cm,测试了3种典型的介质（3%,5%,10%Intralipid水溶液）。结果可知,3种介质中葡萄糖光谱呈现一致性,它们之间的测量模型可以方便地进行线性转换。研究对象intralipid水溶液常作为生物组织的仿体,其光学参数也覆盖了常见的牛奶、果汁等被测浑浊溶液,因此测量结果具有广泛的适应性。综上,该研究实现了对浑浊水溶液中物质成分线性吸光度的提取,该方法不仅使得测量位置的选择更加灵活方便,还有利于实现不同散射介质间模型的线性转换,特别适用于介质成分复杂多变的场合下的测量应用,如对人体组织、牛奶或食品中的成分测量等。     

一种基于光纤光栅的毫米波副载波光纤通信方案

提出了一种采用光纤光栅滤波器获得具有一定间隔双波长成分的光脉冲光谱实现毫米波副载波光信号产生的方法。利用逆工程算法,设计了一种变迹叠栅(Moiré)光纤光栅滤波器,给出了相应的模拟结果;并在实验上初步制作了相应的光纤光栅滤波器,验证其可行性。同时基于所设计的光纤光栅和波分复用技术,提出了一种频移键控光纤无线通信系统Radio Over Fiber系统,为下一代的高速大容量的光纤无线通信系统系统提供一种可行的备选解决方案。     

光散射在聚合物共混过程中形态发展研究的应用

本文应用光散射法和电子显微镜对聚丙烯/尼龙1010(PP/PA1010=90/10,体积比)共混体系的微观形态发展进行了研究。利用激光背散射在线系统采集了散射图象,由散射光斑的积分强度和Debye Bueche理论计算的相关距离讨论了共混物形态演化过程。结果表明,这一体系在共混初期(即1分钟以前)形态有较大变化,这一阶段是聚合物在密炼机中软化、变形和熔融混合的过程。由不同时刻采样并进行电镜观察发现,在共混1分钟以后,共混物的形态确实变化不大,这说明光散射法用于研究聚合物共混过程中的形态发展是可行的。     

Monte carlo simulation of signals from model biological tissues measured by an optical coherence tomograph and an optical coherence Doppler tomograph

The results of Monte Carlo simulation of optical coherence tomograph (OCT) signals from layers of a suspension of erythrocytes and an aqueous solution of Intralipid are presented. It is shown that the rear boundary of a layer of an erythrocyte suspension 0.5 mm thick is distinguished in the OCT signal for all the hematocrits considered (5, 10, and 35%). This is explained by fact that the greatest contribution to the signal is made by low-order scattered photons, which ensures good differentiation of internal inclusions and the rear boundary. In the case of the Intralipid solution, the main contribution is made by multiply scattered photons and the signal from the rear boundary is indistinguishable. Signals of an optical coherence Doppler tomograph (OCDT) from a plane-parallel flow of Intralipid between glass plates are also simulated. The effect of the Intralipid concentration on the velocity profile reconstructed from the OCDT signal is studied. It is shown that an increase in the Intralipid concentration leads to a shift in the maximum of the reconstructed velocity profile and to an stretching of the profile. The reason for these distortions is the contribution to the signal from multiple scattering. OCDT signals from a blood layer immersed in an optical phantom of skin are also simulated, and the distortions of the reconstructed profile are analyzed in relation to the depth of the layer.     

应用低相干动态光散射法测量悬浮液中的颗粒粒径分布

利用低相干动态光散射法测量不同浓度悬浮液中的颗粒粒径分布。由低相干光源和迈克尔逊干涉仪,结合传统的动态光散射技术组成低相干动态光散射装置,通过检测单次背散射光的能谱分布,利用CONTIN算法得到不同浓度悬浮液中颗粒的粒径分布。结果表明,对于1%～10%体积浓度范围内的单分散悬浮液羊品测量得到的颗粒粒径精确度在4%以内。     

Determination of the Disperse Composition of a PbO Suspension Containing Aggregates of Particles of Lamellar Shape by the Laser-Polarimetry Method

The results of measurements of the scattering matrix at a wavelength of 0.63 μm in the range of scattering angles of 10°–155° are presented for an aqueous suspension of lead oxide containing particles of plate form and their aggregates of monomers with dimensions of ~5 nm. The results of the measurements are compared with the results of calculations for axially symmetric scatterers (ellipsoids of rotation, cylinders). It is shown that the presence of aggregates affects the scattering properties of such a medium. The results of reconstructing the distribution of particles of a disperse medium in sizes from the measurements data of the scattering matrix are presented. The reconstruction of the distributions was carried out by solving the problem of optimizing the sum of the squared deviations of the experimental and calculated values of matrix elements in the framework of the model of axially symmetric scatterers. It is shown that the distribution of particles by sizes is more accurately reconstructed by minimizing the sum of the squares of the deviations for the sum of the diagonal elements. The obtained distribution is compared with the distribution measured by the method of dynamic light scattering.