几种中高温热泵工质的循环性能实验研究

出于对工质自身环境特性和系统运行性能对环境的综合影响的考虑,对理论循环性能优良的HCFCs工质HCFIC124、HCFC142b,含有HCFCs的二元混合工质MB3B、 MB3C、 MB1B和三元混合工质MT1C,在冷凝温度为60～90℃的中高温热泵工况范围内,进行了循环性能对比实验研究.实验在水-水蒸汽压缩式热泵实验台上、以指定工质侧参数的实验方式进行.结果表明, 6种工质的实验循环性能优良.与ODP为0、具有在冷凝温度为80℃以上的工况范围应用潜力的代表性工质HFC245fa相比,在HFC245fa适用的实验工况范围内,6种工质的压缩机排气温度均高丁HFC245fa; MB1B.MT1C系统的COP明显高丁HFC245fa,其余4种工质系统的COP略高于HFC245fa;6种工质系统的制热量均明显高丁HFC245fa.     

三种中高温热泵工质循环性能实验研究

采用改进型的循环性能对比实验评价研究方法,在水-水蒸汽压缩式热泵实验台上,对理论循环性能优良、样品可得的混合工质M3、M4和纯质HFC245fa,在冷凝温度90～95℃、蒸发温度40～65℃的工况范围内进行了循环性能对比实验研究.研究结果表明,与在冷凝温度90～100℃工况范围内实验性能较优的纯质HFC245fa相比,M3和M4的制热量和COP均明显高于HFC245fa,排温比HFC245fa高10℃左右,综合性能优于HFC245fa;两种混合工质中,M3的环境特性和循环性能最优.     

HFC245fa作为有机朗肯循环工质的热稳定性和材料相容性研究

对于中高温热源,有机朗肯循环是一种高效灵活的能量回收利用方式。但在中高温热源的温度范围内,有机物可能会发生热分解,因此有机工质的热稳定性成为制约工质筛选的首要因素。HFC245fa因为其良好的热力性能和环保性,被认为是有良好应用前景的有机朗肯循环工质。本文主要对HFC245fa的热稳定性和材料相容性进行实验研究。结果表明,HFC245fa的热分解温度在300~320℃之间,且铜和铝对HFC245fa的热分解都有明显的催化作用。同时HFC245fa也会改变部分材料的物理性质,同时在材料表面产生积碳。     

中高温热泵工质的理论研究

在60～140℃的冷凝温度范围,对21种环境友好、温度压力水平适宜的流体及CFC11、CFC114进行了中高温热泵理论循环对比分析。结果表明,HFC254cb、HC600、HFC143、HFE134、HFC236ea、HFC236ca、HFC245ca、HFE143、HFE245fa、HFC245fa等工质的理论循环性能较优。     

HFC/HC混合工质共沸点的推算

HFC/HC混合工质的气液性平衡实验研究结果表明,该类型混合工质大多存在共沸现象。根据形成共沸点的热力学条件,以PR状态方程结合vdW混合法则,利用建立的二元相互作用系数k_ij差值关联模型,对10种HFCs工质（HFC23、HFC32、HFC125、HFC143a、HFC134a、HFC152a、HFC227ea、HFC236fa、HFC236ea、HFC245fa）与3种HCs工质（HC290、HC600a、HC600）相互组合而成的30种HFC/HC混合工质进行了共沸点判断和共沸点性质推算,并与已有气液相平衡实验数据的体系进行对比。结果表明该方法可用于推算HFC/HC混合工质共沸点性质。     

三种高温热泵混合工质的理论研究

针对双热源热泵系统,理论分析了三种混合工质R245fa/R134a、R245fa/R152a和R245fa/RC270随R245fa质量分数变化时的系统热力学性能。结果表明:混合工质在特定配比时,系统热力学性能明显优于上述任一种纯工质。出口水温为80℃时,R245fa/R134a、R245fa/R152a和R245fa/RC270分别在R245fa质量分数为0.64、0.7和0.88时系统COP取得最大值,其值相应为4.74、4.68和5.15。三种混合工质中R245fa/RC270(0.88/0.12)的性能最高,与纯工质R152a相比,COF提高了约20%,产生单位质量热水的耗功降低了16.6%,并且压缩机排气温度和排气压力大幅降低。利用T-Q图分析了蒸发器和冷凝器中冷热流体间的温度匹配特性,发现采用混合工质后换热器中冷热流体的温度匹配性能明显变好,其中R245fa/RC270(0.88/0.12)温度匹配最佳。     

以HFC245fa+DMF为工质对的吸收式动力循环研究

本文构建了吸收式动力循环的Aspen Plus模拟。经过评选,选用HFC245fa+DMF体系作为吸收式动力循环的工质对,模拟获得了循环物流的状态参数与热力学性质数据。以系统的热效率和效率作为循环性能的评价指标,考察了循环在热源温度为280~400℃范围内的以HFC245fa+DMF为工质对的吸收式动力循环应用潜力与循环特性,并分析了构型对循环性能特性的影响。研究结果表明,随着热源温度的升高,循环的热效率提高;此外,相对于化学热机子循环,热机子循环对循环性能特性的影响较大。     

余热回收利用的高温热泵系统混合工质选择研究

开展高温热泵混合工质的理论研究,分析采用不同非共沸混合工质时热泵系统的热力学性能、经济性和环境性。研究结果表明:与纯工质相比,采用R161/R245fa(0.3/0.7)、RC270/R245fa(0.2/0.8)和R245fa/R290(0.7/0.3)等优选的十三种混合工质时,热泵系统的压缩机排气温度与压力均有下降,系统COP明显提升,其中采用R161/R245fa(0.3/0.7)混合工质时热泵系统的COP最高。采用混合工质时热泵系统的投资回收期均相对于纯工质有所降低,其中采用propyne/R245fa(0.3/0.7)时热泵系统的投资回收期最短,其后依次为R161/R245fa(0.3/0.7)、RC270/R600(0.5/0.5)、R161/1butene(0.3/0.7)、RC270/R245fa(0.2/0.8)等。同时,相对于其他混合工质,采用R161/R245fa(0.3/0.7)、RC270/R245fa(0.2/0.8)和R245fa/R290(0.7/0.3)时热泵系统的TEWI值较低,环境性更好。综合而言,采用R161/R245fa(0.3/0.7)、RC270/R245fa(0.2/0.8)、R245fa/R290(0.7/0.3)、R600/R1270(0.6/0.4)和R161/R600(0.4/0.6)等五种混合工质时综合性能较好,其中采用R161/R245fa(0.3/0.7)时热泵系统综合性能最佳。     

混合工质(R227ea/R245fa)有机朗肯循环的动态特性研究

本文以R227ea/R245fa混合物为工质,建立了有机朗肯循环的动态模型,对不同组分混合工质的动态特性表现及稳态性能进行了分析比较。研究发现,系统响应速度与工质的质量流量、换热强度及工质物性都有着密切的联系。工质流量较大及潜热较小的工质系统热惯性更大,其响应时间更长。当混合工质R227ea/R245fa质量配比为0.5/0.5时,系统的净功最大,而最大热效率出现在R227ea/R245fa的质量比为0.4/0.6的工质系统。对于R245fa质量分数较大的工质系统,需要更加注意对蒸发器出口过热度的控制。     

活塞式与涡旋式压缩机用于中高温热泵的性能

对两台常温热泵压缩机—开启式活塞式压缩机和全封闭涡旋式压缩机进行了中高温热泵工况、中高温热泵工质下的性能实验研究。实验工况范围为冷凝温度75~95℃、循环温升35~45℃,实验工质为HFC245fa。结果表明,两台压缩机的排气温度均在允许范围内,两台压缩机的综合效率值与各自在常温热泵工况、原设计工质下的综合效率值相比无明显降低。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.