一种中高温热泵混合工质的实验研究

提出了一种适用于90-110℃冷凝温度范围的HFC类中高温热泵非共沸混合工质,其理论循环性能优于CFC114,实测COP为纯工质HFC245fa的97.2%-130.6%、制热量高于HFC245fa。     

新型冰箱制冷剂三氟甲醚与异丁烷的性能对比

本文对氟化醚类工质三氟甲醚(简称HFE143a)用作冰箱制冷剂的性能与现有冰箱制冷剂HC600a进行了对比。首先比较了新制冷剂HFE143a和现有冰箱制冷剂CFC12、HFC134a、HC600a和HFC152a/HCFC22等的基础热力性质。然后对HFE143a、HC600a和CFC12的冰箱标准工况制冷循环性能和变工况制冷循环性能进行了详细的理论计算及分析。分析表明:HFE143a完全适合做新一代冰箱制冷剂。     

三种中高温热泵工质循环性能实验研究

采用改进型的循环性能对比实验评价研究方法,在水-水蒸汽压缩式热泵实验台上,对理论循环性能优良、样品可得的混合工质M3、M4和纯质HFC245fa,在冷凝温度90～95℃、蒸发温度40～65℃的工况范围内进行了循环性能对比实验研究.研究结果表明,与在冷凝温度90～100℃工况范围内实验性能较优的纯质HFC245fa相比,M3和M4的制热量和COP均明显高于HFC245fa,排温比HFC245fa高10℃左右,综合性能优于HFC245fa;两种混合工质中,M3的环境特性和循环性能最优.     

两级压缩高温热泵系统工质的理论研究

本文在100～130℃的冷凝温度范围内,以HFCs、HCFCs和HFEs类纯质为研究对象,开展了五种两级压缩循环方式下,高温热泵工质的理论筛选研究,并以R245fa为工质,比较了在不同循环方式下工质的理论循环性能。研究结果表明,R245fa、E143和R123在两级压缩完全冷却系统中的综合性能优良,E245cb、R245ca、E245fa和R245fa在两级压缩不完全冷却系统中的综合理论循环性能良好;两级压缩循环方式下工质的COP_h较单级压缩系统有较大提高,排气温度明显降低,压缩机的工作条件得到改善,因此有利于提高热泵的工作温度水平和系统的性能。     

几种中高温热泵工质的循环性能实验研究

出于对工质自身环境特性和系统运行性能对环境的综合影响的考虑,对理论循环性能优良的HCFCs工质HCFIC124、HCFC142b,含有HCFCs的二元混合工质MB3B、 MB3C、 MB1B和三元混合工质MT1C,在冷凝温度为60～90℃的中高温热泵工况范围内,进行了循环性能对比实验研究.实验在水-水蒸汽压缩式热泵实验台上、以指定工质侧参数的实验方式进行.结果表明, 6种工质的实验循环性能优良.与ODP为0、具有在冷凝温度为80℃以上的工况范围应用潜力的代表性工质HFC245fa相比,在HFC245fa适用的实验工况范围内,6种工质的压缩机排气温度均高丁HFC245fa; MB1B.MT1C系统的COP明显高丁HFC245fa,其余4种工质系统的COP略高于HFC245fa;6种工质系统的制热量均明显高丁HFC245fa.     

HFC245fa作为有机朗肯循环工质的热稳定性和材料相容性研究

对于中高温热源,有机朗肯循环是一种高效灵活的能量回收利用方式。但在中高温热源的温度范围内,有机物可能会发生热分解,因此有机工质的热稳定性成为制约工质筛选的首要因素。HFC245fa因为其良好的热力性能和环保性,被认为是有良好应用前景的有机朗肯循环工质。本文主要对HFC245fa的热稳定性和材料相容性进行实验研究。结果表明,HFC245fa的热分解温度在300~320℃之间,且铜和铝对HFC245fa的热分解都有明显的催化作用。同时HFC245fa也会改变部分材料的物理性质,同时在材料表面产生积碳。     

HFC/HC混合工质共沸点的推算

HFC/HC混合工质的气液性平衡实验研究结果表明,该类型混合工质大多存在共沸现象。根据形成共沸点的热力学条件,以PR状态方程结合vdW混合法则,利用建立的二元相互作用系数k_ij差值关联模型,对10种HFCs工质（HFC23、HFC32、HFC125、HFC143a、HFC134a、HFC152a、HFC227ea、HFC236fa、HFC236ea、HFC245fa）与3种HCs工质（HC290、HC600a、HC600）相互组合而成的30种HFC/HC混合工质进行了共沸点判断和共沸点性质推算,并与已有气液相平衡实验数据的体系进行对比。结果表明该方法可用于推算HFC/HC混合工质共沸点性质。     

以HFC245fa+DMF为工质对的吸收式动力循环研究

本文构建了吸收式动力循环的Aspen Plus模拟。经过评选,选用HFC245fa+DMF体系作为吸收式动力循环的工质对,模拟获得了循环物流的状态参数与热力学性质数据。以系统的热效率和效率作为循环性能的评价指标,考察了循环在热源温度为280~400℃范围内的以HFC245fa+DMF为工质对的吸收式动力循环应用潜力与循环特性,并分析了构型对循环性能特性的影响。研究结果表明,随着热源温度的升高,循环的热效率提高;此外,相对于化学热机子循环,热机子循环对循环性能特性的影响较大。     

低温热能有机朗肯循环工质选择及性能分析

工质的性能是影响有机朗肯循环性能的重要因素之一。基于工质热力性质、环保性等要求,选择R123、R600a、R601a、R245fa、R236ea、R245ca、R142b及R601作为循环工质,在不同的蒸发温度下,对其热力循环性能进行计算分析,从热效率、系统净输出功、效率等方面进行比较。结果表明:R123是适合低温热能有机朗肯循环系统的循环工质。同时研究分析了膨胀机进口温度和进口压力对系统性能的影响,发现工质以饱和蒸汽状态进入膨胀机膨胀做功,可以使系统性能达到最佳。     

离心式冷水空调机组中CFC11替代工质的研究

对几种 HFCs、HFEs 类新工质和混合工质M1、M2进行了以在离心式冷水空调机组中替代 CFC11为目标的理论循环性能分析。结果表明,M1具有作为 CFC11 灌注式替代物的潜力;HFC143 循环性能优良,更适合应用于新设计的系统中。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Research on beamforming method for dual-line array with space mismatch between the two line arrays

The performance of port/starboard discrimination of dual-line array will be seriously degraded when the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. The directivity function of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is deduced and the port/starboard discrimination of the delay-sum and delay-subtract beamforming is also studied both under the ideal status and the status under which the space between the two line arrays of the dual-line array is mismatched. Analysis results show the delay-subtract beamforming has better performance of port/starboard discrimination. At last, the sea trial results demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Retrieval of ultraviolet skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities from balloon-borne limb spectrometer

With a novel light-weight and absolutely calibrated ultraviolet （UV） spectrometer, UV skylight radiances and O3 slant column densities are measured by balloon-borne limb measurements in Xinjiang area, China. UV skylight radiances measured at the height of 31 km are compared with the results from Modtran in the wavelength range from 290 to 420 nm. O3 slant column densities are derived from radiance spectra in the Huggins bands （320 - 335 nm） using differential optical absorption spectroscopy method. And the parameter exhibits a good correlation with the same value simulated by radiative transfer model （Tracy）. The O3 profile simultaneously measured by an O3 sonde is used as input in Tracy calculations. The O3 sonde is launched on the same balloon.     

Design optimization of highly sensitive LSPR enhanced surface plasmon resonance biosensors with nanoholes

For breaking through the sensitivity limitation of conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors, novel highly sensitive SPR biosensors with Au nanoparticles and nanogratings enhancement have been proposed recently.But in practice, these structures have obvious disadvantages.In this study, a nanohole based sensitivity enhancement SPR biosensor is proposed and the influence of different structural parameters on the performance is investigated by using rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA).Electromagnetic field distributions around the nanohole are also given out to directly explain the performance difference for various structural parameters.The results indicate that significant sensitivity increase is associated with localized surface plasmons (LSPs) excitation mediated by nanoholes.Except to outcome the weakness of other LSP based biosensors, larger resonance angle shift, reflectance amplitude, and sharper SPR curves' width are obtained simultaneously under optimized structural parameters.     

Polymer gratings based on photopolymerization for low-order distributed feedback polymer lasers

Novel polymer distributed feedback(DFB)gratings are fabricated based on photopolymerization to reduce lasing threshold of polymer lasers.A photopolymer formulation sensitive to 355-nm ultraviolet(UV)light is proposed for the fabrication of polymer gratings and it can be used to form polymer films by spin-coating process.A very low surface-relief depth ranging from 12.5 to about 1.0 nm has been demonstrated with a refractive-index modulation of about 0.012.The experimental results indicate that such polymer gratings have promising potentials for the fabrication of low-order DFB organic semiconductor lasers.     

A novel methodology for photometric compensation of projection display on patterned screen

We propose a novel methodology based on the projector-camera (ProCam) system to address the photometric compensation issue for the projection display on the patterned screen.The patterned screen is treated as the combination of a perfect white screen and a color modulator.The perfect white screen is used to automatically and accurately characterize the ProCam system offline using the polynomial model,and the parameters of the color modulator can be efficiently recovered by employing only two gray images based on the linear reflectance model.The experimental results show that the color artifacts of the display image can be greatly improved with this methodology,which demonstrates its feasibility and validity in the photometric compensation.     

Direction-of-arrival estimation using matrix spatial prefiltering approach

An approach to direction-of-arrival （DOA） estimation for multiple narrowband farfield signals is proposed. The technique uses a novel matrix spatial prefiltering approach. Specifically, a matrix filter is designed to spatially filter the incoming data snapshots. The un-wanted components arriving from the stopband angular sectors are attenuated and the desired components from the angular sector of interest pass with minimal distortion. The matrix filter spatially filters the element-space data and the output reserves the element-space data property, which makes it very useful by passing sensor data through a spatial prefilter prior to applying many other array processors to attenuate interferences and improve system performance. Several examples of DOA estimation problem are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed spatial prefiltering approach. Results of simulation and real data show that the pre-filter can efficiently attenuate the spatial interferences and significantly improve the estimation and resolution capability of DOA estimators at low signal-to-noise ratios for the sources located inside the passband sector. In addition, the use of spatial prefilter makes it possible to estimate DOAs for multiple sources more than the number of the elements of an array.     

Quantum efficiency calibration of opto-electronic detector by means of correlated photons method

A new calibration method of detectors can be realized by using correlated photons generated in spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC) effect of nonlinear crystal.An absolute calibration system of detector quantum efficiency is performed.And its principle and experimental setup are introduced.A continuouswave (CW) ultraviolet (351 nm),diode-pumped,frequency-doubled,and solid-state laser is used to pump BBO crystal.The quantum efficiencies of the photomultiplier at 633,702,and 789 nm are measured respectively.The coincidence peaks are observed using coincidence circuit.Some measurement factors including the filter bandwidth of trigger channel,the detector position alignment and polarization of the pump light are analyzed.The uncertainties of this calibration method are also analyzed,and the relative uncertainties of total calibration are less than 5.8%.The accuracy of this method could be improved in the future.