Determination of the Polarization Characteristics of Objects by the Method of Three Probing Polarizations

A method of three probing polarizations for determining the polarization characteristics of objects by measuring their Mueller complete and incomplete matrices has been developed. The conditions of optimal implementation of the method from the viewpoint of minimizing the error in measurement of the Mueller matrix elements have been investigated.     

Structure of Deterministic Mueller Matrices and Their Reconstruction in the Method of Three Input Polarizations

The method of reconstruction of complete deterministic Mueller matrices for the structures of incomplete matrices, which are measured in the method of three input polarizations, has been developed. The method is based on reconstruction of the corresponding Jones matrices for the given structures of incomplete Mueller matrices.     

Three linear probe polarization method in Mueller polarimetry with a source of arbitrary ellipticity

This is a study of the effect of the ellipticity of the polarization of radiation at the inlet of the shaping polarizer in the probe channel of a Mueller polarimeter operating with three linear probe polarizations on the accuracy with which the incomplete Mueller matrix is determined (without a fourth beam). It is shown that the appearance of and variations in the ellipticity cause a change in the conditions for optimization of the set of polarizations of the probe radiation from the standpoint of minimizing the measurement error. In the case of linear polarization (zero ellipticity), the measurement error is the same as the error when four probe polarizations are used. This allows measurement of the complete Mueller matrix and makes this version of the polarimeter especially promising, because in the input channel of the polarimeter, a single polarizing element, i.e., a linear polarizer with a controllable azimuthal orientation, can be used as the polarization transducer. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 75, No. 6, pp. 875–880, November–December, 2008.     

Incomplete active polarimetry: Measurement of the block-diagonal scattering matrix

The problem of measurement of block-diagonal scattering matrix as being part of the so-called incomplete or partial Mueller polarimetry is addressed. It has been shown that non-zero elements of the scattering matrix with block-diagonal structure can be measured using only two elliptical polarizations of input light. Optimal pairs of these polarizations are derived. Utilization of the optimal input polarizations results in halving measurement time and decreasing measurement errors by 30%.     

Spectroscopic Mueller matrix polarimeter using four-channeled spectra

A Mueller matrix polarimeter acquired for four-channeled spectra is proposed. Both the polarizing and analyzing optics of this system consist of a linear polarizer and a high-order retarder. The polarizing elements can modulate the polarization states in the wavenumber space. By applying a Fourier transform method to a single-channeled spectrum, nine elements of the Mueller matrix can be deconvoluted without modifying the configuration of either the polarizing or analyzing optics. It is thus possible to determine the wavelength dependence of all the Mueller matrix elements from four-channeled spectra obtained using four different configurations for the polarizing and analyzing optics. The performance of this method is evaluated by measuring polarization properties, such as retardance, azimuthal angle, and linear diattenuation, from the obtained Mueller matrix in wavenumber space.     

基于压缩感知的振动数据修复方法

为解决旋转机械振动信号丢失数据修复的问题,提出一种基于压缩感知原理的振动数据修复方法.首先对采集到的不完整信号进行处理,将无信息输入时刻对应的数据用零元素填充得到有损信号,以单位矩阵为基础,根据有损信号中零元素的位置信息,构造对应于压缩感知框架下的观测矩阵;再根据待修复信号的特点并结合先验知识,构造或选择能够对振动信号进行稀疏表示的字典矩阵;然后使用高效且稳定的追踪算法,根据有损信号、观测矩阵以及字典矩阵重构原始信号,实现丢失振动数据的修复.使用仿真数据检验方法的有效性;使用实测的轴承振动状态数据验证方法对于振动数据的适用性,并通过比较完整信号、有损信号和修复信号对应的时域和频域特征值来检验数据修复效果.实验结果表明:本文方法能够有效地实现丢失数据的修复,且从统计特征的角度来看,相比于有损信号,修复信号能够更为准确地描述真实完整的振动信号.     

Measurements of nonlinear optical refraction and absorption in an amino-triazole push–pull derivative by a vectorial self-diffraction method

We present a method for measuring the magnitude and sign of the nonlinear refractive and absorptive coefficients in isotropic media based on vectorial two-wave mixing. The technique consists of the measurement of the self-diffracted signals as a function of the angle between the linear polarizations of two input pulses. The technique was used to investigate the nonlinear optical response of three amino-triazole derivatives in solution, using nanosecond pulses at 532 nm. For these samples the results show that nonlinear refraction is isotropic, and that nonlinear absorption is present. Input–output experiments show nonlinear absorption consisting of a combination of saturation and induced absorption. A three-level model for the nonlinear absorption was used to explain the experimental results.     

Least-squares analysis of the Mueller matrix

In a single-mode fiber excited by light with a fixed polarization state, the output polarizations obtained at two different optical frequencies are related by a Mueller matrix. We examine least-squares procedures for estimating this matrix from repeated measurements of the output Stokes vector for a random set of input polarization states. We then apply these methods to the determination of polarization mode dispersion and polarization-dependent loss in an optical fiber. We find that a relatively simple formalism leads to results that are comparable with those of far more involved techniques.     

Polarization insensitive wavelength multicasting of DPSK signal using four-wave mixing in a birefringent photonic crystal fiber

We demonstrate polarization-insensitive wavelength multicasting of differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) signal based on four-wave mixing (FWM) in a highly nonlinear, birefringent photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The 10-Gbit/s RZ-DPSK input signal is copied to 8 wavelength channels through FWM with three optical pumps. The pump wavelengths are unequally spaced to avoid undesirable crosstalk from pump-to-pump beatings. The dependence of conversion efficiency on input signal polarization is suppressed by exploiting the PCF birefringence together with control of the pump polarizations. All pump polarizations are aligned at 45 degrees to the principal axes of the PCF. Open eyes and error-free results are obtained in all the 8 multicast channels for polarization-scrambled RZ-DPSK input signal.     

Numerical study of the characterization of forward scattering Mueller matrix patterns of turbid media with triple forward scattering assumption

We propose a triple forward scattering model to numerically investigate the forward scattering Mueller matrix of a turbid medium. The calculated results show that the Mueller matrix based on the triple scattering model can completely describe the basic symmetries and azimuthal structures of the forward scattering Mueller matrix of a turbid medium. The results show that the forward scattering Mueller matrix is characterized with special symmetric structure compared with backscattering Mueller matrix patterns. The method will extend the investigation to light scattering mechanism from cells and to diagnosis of diabetes and other blood related diseases.     

激光偏振主动探测及成像系统的误差研究以及系统的改进

利用Mueller矩阵,以三种典型目标为模型,全面分析了主动偏振成像系统的误差来源。在实验系统典型参数下,对偏振度误差进行了模拟。提出了利用标准偏振度目标校准系统参数的方法,提高了实验系统的精度。以仿真结果为基础,对实验系统进行了进一步的改进。通过对实验元件参数和位置的合理配置,该实验系统能够提供高精度的目标偏振度探测。误差分析结果为偏振成像实验系统元件参数的选择提供了重要的参考依据,同时也为实验系统的改进提供了理论支持。     

Measurements of diffuse backscattering Mueller matrices of turbid media

We report on the development of a method that records spatially dependent intensity patterns of polarized light that arise from illuminating a turbid media with a polarized laser beam and being diffusely backscattered. Our technique employs polarized light from a He-Ne laser () which is focused onto the surface of the scattering medium. A surface area of approximately 2×2 cm centered on the light input point is imaged through polarization analysis optics onto a CCD camera. The Mueller matrix is reconstructed by 49 intensity measurements with various orientations of polarizer and analyzer. The measured Mueller matrix of polystyrene spheres was compared with the theory result of incoherent scattering of light by spheres. The experimental and theory results are in excellent agreement. It appears that the azimuthal patterns of the Mueller matrix are determined by the symmetry of the turbid media.     

Use of Dirac matrices in polarization optics

Several matrix methods have been developed for studying polarization properties of light. Jones was the first to apply the matrix method to the study of polarization optics. In Jones matrix formalism the polarized wave field is represented by 2-element column matrix known as Jones Vector and the polarization device encountered by light is represented by a 2×2 matrix, known as the characteristic Jones matrix of the device. Mueller introduced a new matrix method where the wave field is represented by a 4-dimensional vector. The elements of the vector are the Stokes parameters of the beam. In Mueller matrix formalism the optical device is represented by a 4×4 real matrix known as ‘Mueller Matrix’ of the device. The use of coherency matrix also proves to the useful in the study of partially polarized light. Pauli spin matrices have been used to unify the different matrix treatments of polarization optical phenomena. The present article is an attempt to unify the analysis of polarization phenomena using Dirac matrices used by Dirac in quantum mechanics. We have however redefined the set of Dirac matrices in terms of the Kronecher product of Pauli spin matrices.     

基于Mueller矩阵成像椭偏仪的纳米结构几何参数大面积测量

为了实现有效的工艺监控, 在批量化纳米制造中对纳米结构的关键尺寸等几何参数进行快速、低成本、非破坏性的精确测量具有十分重要的意义. 光学散射仪目前已经发展成为批量化纳米制造中纳米结构几何参数在线测量的一种重要手段. 传统光学散射测量技术只能获得光斑照射区内待测参数的平均值, 而对小于光斑照射区内样品的微小变化难以准确分析. 此外, 由于其只能进行单点测试, 必须要移动样品台进行扫描才能获得大面积区域内待测参数的分布信息, 从而严重影响测试效率. 为此, 本文将传统光学散射测量技术与显微成像技术相结合, 提出利用Mueller矩阵成像椭偏仪实现纳米结构几何参数的大面积快速准确测量. Mueller矩阵成像椭偏仪具有传统Mueller矩阵椭偏仪测量信息全、光谱灵敏度高的优势, 同时又有显微成像技术高空间分辨率的优点, 有望为批量化纳米制造中纳米结构几何参数提供一种大面积、快速、低成本、非破坏性的精确测量新途径.     

Quantum tomography for measuring experimentally the matrix elements of an arbitrary quantum operation

Quantum operations describe any state change allowed in quantum mechanics, including the evolution of an open system or the state change due to a measurement. We present a general method based on quantum tomography for measuring experimentally the matrix elements of an arbitrary quantum operation. As input the method needs only a single entangled state. The feasibility of the technique for the electromagnetic field is shown, and the experimental setup is illustrated based on homodyne tomography of a twin beam.     

One-shot birefringence dispersion measurement based on channeled spectrum technique

A one-shot method for measuring birefringence dispersion has been proposed that utilizes two retarders having different high-order birefringences. The intensity distribution of a channeled spectrum changes with different frequencies as a function of wavenumber. An intensity distribution is sufficient to determine the birefringence dispersion using the amplitude and phase components obtained by applying the fast Fourier transform. Experimental results demonstrate that this technique can measure the wavelength dependences of both the azimuthal angle and the retardation.     

反射型LCOS器件纯相位调制特性的研究

研究了反射型的LCOS显示器件的相位调制特性.采用2×2的Jones矩阵计算仿真，从理论上分析了它的相位调制特性，建立了一套测量振幅和相位特性的测试系统.它采用He-Ne激光为光源，用干涉仪观察波前相位，将LCOS显示器件作为液晶空间光调制器，用计算机和相关的电路系统驱动控制，并用CCD采样数据，测试了1024×768 LCOS显示器件的相位调制特性.理论和实验的一致性说明了在特定的入射、出射偏振光配制下，LCOS显示器件可以做纯相位调制器. 关键词： 空间光调制器 液晶显示器 反射型LCOS     

Transmission matrix analysis of the chinchilla middle ear

Despite the common use of the chinchilla as an animal model in auditory research, a complete characterization of the chinchilla middle ear using transmission matrix analysis has not been performed. In this paper we describe measurements of middle-ear input admittance and stapes velocity in ears with the middle-ear cavity opened under three conditions: intact tympano-ossicular system and cochlea, after the cochlea has been drained, and after the stapes has been fixed. These measurements, made with stimulus frequencies of 100-8000 Hz, are used to define the transmission matrix parameters of the middle ear and to calculate the cochlear input impedance as well as the middle-ear output impedance. This transmission characterization of the chinchilla middle ear will be useful for modeling auditory sensitivity in the normal and pathological chinchilla ear.     

高能强子化过程的自旋转移和轻子诱发反应中超子的极化

指出在轻子诱发反应中测量产生超子的极化是研究高能强子化过程自旋转移的理想途径.在总结这些反应产生的初始夸克或反夸克极化的基础上,给出了超子极化的计算方法.作为应用举例,给出了e⁺e^－湮没过程中LEP能量下各种超子的极化及与已有实验的比较.这些结果表明,测量各类超子的极化可作为检验不同的重子自旋结构图像,何者适用于高能碎裂过程的重要手段.