四分束全Stokes同时偏振成像系统波片快轴装调误差的分析及优化

建立了包含1/2波片(HWP)和1/4波片(QWP)快轴装调误差的Stokes矢量测量误差方程。分析了波片快轴的装调误差对7种典型基态入射光的Stokes矢量测量精度的影响,推导了任意入射光Stokes矢量测量误差的表征方法。仿真结果表明,偏振度越大,偏振测量误差越大,选取入射光偏振度为1时的偏振测量精度评估系统性能。提出了一种波片快轴装调误差的优化方法,当测量矩阵的条件数小于1.84时,选取0.772/0.228的分束比可使波片快轴装调误差对系统偏振测量精度的影响最小。为满足2%的偏振测量精度,HWP的快轴装调误差应在±0.15°内,QWP的快轴装调误差应在±0.52°内。     

分振幅型全Stokes同时偏振成像系统波片相位延迟误差分析

分振幅型全Stokes同时偏振成像仪具有实时性好、空间分辨率高、精度高等优点,有很高的应用价值.分振幅型全Stokes同时偏振成像系统利用偏振分束器、1/2波片和1/4波片将入射光Stokes矢量调制在4幅图像中,可解析入射光Stokes矢量. 1/2波片和1/4波片的相位延迟误差对Stokes矢量测量精度有着不可忽略的影响.建立了包含上述两种误差的Stokes矢量测量误差方程,分析了1/2波片和1/4波片相位延迟耦合误差对自然光、0°/45°线偏光、左旋圆偏光等典型基态入射光的Stokes矢量测量误差的影响,推导了任意偏振态的Stokes矢量测量误差的表征方法.在邦加球球面和球内选取不同偏振度的Stokes矢量作为入射光进行仿真.结果表明, Stokes矢量测量误差和偏振度测量误差均随着入射光偏振度的增大而增大.选取入射光偏振度为1时的偏振测量精度评估系统.为满足2%的偏振测量精度, 1/2波片相位延迟误差应在±1.6°内, 1/4波片相位延迟误差应在±0.5°内.这对提高系统的偏振测量精度具有重要意义,为系统设计和研制提供了重要的理论指导.     

激光回馈波片位相延迟测量的误差源及消除方法

激光回馈法是一种新型的波片位相延迟测量方法。将波片放置在激光器与回馈镜之间,可使激光回馈波形产生偏振90°旋转（即跳变）现象,而两偏振态所占的周期比（占空比）与波片的位相延迟相关。通过测量占空比即可由计算机自动给出波片位相延迟。采用双向扫描回馈镜,2次获得并测出占空比,这样可以很好地消除两偏振态损耗的波动造成的测量误差,提高了该方法长期测量的稳定性。测量的重复性达到0.5°。该方法结构简单,在线测量精度高,满足工业化生产的需要。     

基于旋转波片的斯托克斯参量检测与精度分析

用于偏振光学遥感器定标的参考光源,其偏振态的检测精度会直接影响偏振光学遥感器的定标精度,进而影响目标特性的反演水平。选用870 nm波段的水平线偏振光作为被测试的定标参考光源,通过旋转1/4波片(quarter-wave plate, QWP)对其光强进行调制。调制光强可表达为波片快轴旋转角度的傅里叶级数,采用傅里叶变换法反演出级数的系数,根据该系数即可计算出被测试光源的Stokes参量。给出10次测量各参量及偏振度的平均值、标准偏差、合成不确定度以及测量平均值与理论值的相对偏差。为提高测试精度,通过对波片快轴初始定位角度偏差Δα、延迟量偏差Δδ与检偏器透光轴角度偏差Δβ进行分析,提出了偏差修正模型。该模型通过Stokes参量检测偏差随Δδ和Δβ的变化趋势及实际偏差值,确定Δδ和Δβ的大小。结合模拟出的波片快轴初始定位角度偏差Δα,对实验装置加以调整,再次对光源的偏振态进行检测。结果表明,基于该修正模型测得光源的各Stokes参量与理论值最大偏差从未经修正的3.77%降低至1.41%。证实了基于本实验的原理、装置、测量方法及所提出的偏差修正模型可有效提高定标参考光源偏振态检测的精度。     

消色差λ/4波片的系统级标定方法研究

消色差/4波片具有一定的二向色性和相位延迟量误差,导致仪器偏振测量产生误差。从考虑全偏振CCD相机自身偏振效应的辐射模型入手,借助积分球辐射源和高精度辅助旋转偏振器,研究系统级非理想消色差/4波片的标定方法。结果发现:消色差/4波片的二向色性和相位延迟量参数随仪器的工作波长与带宽发生变化,波段650 nm（相位延迟量88.90）和750 nm（相位延迟量88.65）消色差效果相对较好,而波片在波段850 nm（相位延迟量84.33）相位量偏差较大;通过相位延迟量的标准误差分析,得出消色差/4波片的系统级标定方法精度优于0.8。     

基于双频激光干涉相位检测的高精度波片测量

波片精度对偏振光学系统性能有着重要的影响,故需要对其相位延迟量和快轴方位角进行高精度测量。提出了一种新型基于双频激光干涉相位检测的高精度波片测量方法,采用双频激光外差干涉光路,利用一个可旋转半波片和一个角锥反射棱镜测量待测波片,可实现任意波片的相位延迟量和快轴方位角的高精度同时测量。所提方法不受波片、偏振片等双折射器件的方位角精度的影响,从原理上避免了该类系统误差。所设计的系统具有共光路结构,测量稳定性高,信号处理采用相位检测方式相对于一般的光强检测方式测量精度更高。此外,所设计的测量系统中元件很少,结构简单,测量过程快捷。误差分析表明,在现有实验条件下,测量系统的波片相位延迟量的测量不确定度约为3.9′,快轴方位角的测量不确定度约为5′′。实验比对结果表明,所提方法的测量结果与其他方法测量结果的一致性很好。重复性测量实验表明,测量结果的标准偏差约为2′。     

波片相位延迟量精密测量新方法

利用旋转波片的偏振干涉技术，结合机械－光学旋光调制器对光相位的调制，通过判断方波信号的有无，可精密地确定被测定片相位延迟的数值，机械－光学旋光调制器的使用，大大简化被测样品和测试装置中四分之一波片光轴方位的调整，也显著地提高了装置测量的灵敏度和波长测量范围，对环境不作特殊控制，依据本方法建立的测试装置的相对测量误差可小于千分之五。     

基于双弹光级联差频调制的波片参数测量研究

为了实现对波片快轴方位角和延迟量参数快速、高精度测试,提出了一种基于双弹光级联差频调制的波片参数测量方案。选用两个工作频率不相同的弹光调制器级联,构成偏振分析测量装置。波片的两个参数被加载到偏振分析装置的调制信号中,采用数字锁相技术同时提取调制信号的基频项和差频项,然后完成波片全部参数求解。按照原理分析,搭建了实验系统,并完成了系统初始偏移值定标,完成了632.8 nm的1/4波片,532 nm的1/4波片和1/2波片实验测量。实验结果表明,本文方案的快轴方位角测量最大偏差为0.2°,角度测量标准偏差为0.02°;波片的相位延迟量标准偏差优于5.64×10^-4 rad,单点数据测量时间仅为200 ms。考虑到波片材料的双折射色散,根据检测激光波长下测量的相位延迟量,进一步计算出应用波长的波片延迟量。测量值与理论值最大偏差不超过1.17 nm,延迟精度优于λ/300。本文方案实现了高速、高精度和高灵敏的波片参数测量,可为波片加工测试和实验定标提供有效手段。     

基于双光束检偏的波片测量系统

大口径太阳望远镜中常用波片来进行偏振定标和偏振测量,为了对这类波片的延迟量和方位角进行准确测量,提出一种基于双光束检偏的波片测量系统,建立了该系统对应的数学模型。测量系统中检偏器的方位角可作为参数进行拟合,克服了单光束测量系统中检偏器方位角误差的影响;同时,根据测量系统的结构,对待测波片的延迟量范围进行分析,实现了对偏振定标和偏振测量中所使用波片的精确测量。分析了测量系统误差的主要来源,包括光源光强噪声、电机定位误差和探测器非线性响应,并对探测器非线性响应进行了校正。该方法测量1/4波片和127°波片的延迟量和方位角误差小于0.02°,测量27°～145°和215°～333°范围波片样品的延迟量和方位角误差小于0.05°。     

非理想1/4波片对泵浦光偏振态的影响

为了研究调整架角度误差以及波片与光源波长不匹配对线偏振光经过1/4波片之后偏振态的影响,本文利用坐标变换法得到1/4波片的琼斯矩阵,并用琼斯矩阵表示各偏振态。推导出波片与光源不匹配时对偏振态的影响理论模型。当考虑到调整架的角度误差时,对入射光偏振态以及波片的琼斯矩阵表达式做引入角度误差的泰勒展开,最后得到和实验结果匹配的仿真曲线。仿真结果表明,当采用808 nm 1/4波片对795 nm波长的线偏振光作用时,在不考虑调整误差的理想情况下出射光椭圆度最高为0.9746,考虑调整误差时,对应理想情况下椭圆度最高为0.96,椭圆度最高点偏移1.72°。仿真和实验结果为进一步分析泵浦光椭圆度对原子参数的影响提供了依据。     

Error in determining Mueller matrix elements and its effect on solution of the inverse problem of polarimetry

We present an analysis of the errors in measurement of the Mueller matrix elements in polarimeters that are a combination of different types of Stokes polarimeters in the detection channel and controllable polarization converters in the probing channel. As polarization converters for the probing radiation, we consider a phase plate having four different angular positions in measuring the complete Mueller matrix and a linear polarizer having different angular positions in measuring the structural parts of an incomplete 4 × 3 Mueller matrix. We have shown that the error in determining the Mueller matrix elements is distributed nonuniformly over the matrix. The nature of the error distribution over the elements and its values are different for different combinations of detection and probing channels of the polarimeter, and depend on the anisotropy of the test object. The latter dictates the choice of the optimal layout for a Mueller polarimeter for studying media with the same or different types of anisotropy and the choice of Mueller matrix elements used to solve the inverse problem of determining the anisotropy parameters.     

双菱体λ/4消色差相位延迟器的设计

根据菲涅尔全内反射相变理论,给出了双菱体λ/4消色差器的结构设计、性能分析和测量方法.由有效通光孔径和光线追迹设计出BK7玻璃在波长532 nm时相位延迟λ/4的双菱体的结构,用作532 nm至1 064 nm波长范围的标准λ/4相位延迟器.理论分析了入射角变化和波长变化对双菱体相位延迟的影响,当入射角变化限制在±4.3°以内时,其影响得到补偿;波长从532 nm到1 064 nm产生的误差为－0.65°.采用椭偏法中的消光技术,分别实测了双菱体在532 nm和1 064 nm波长下的相位延迟为：90.08±0.14°和88.99±0.1°,可知两不同波长产生的相位延迟误差为－1.09°.     

激光遥感偏振成像系统光学元件调整及误差分析

改进了利用双旋转波片方法进行偏振成像的实验装置,提出了通过一次测量获得目标偏振度和强度编码图像的方法.运用光强法对激光遥感偏振成像装置的光学元件进行调整,通过斯托克斯和穆勒矩阵在偏振光学元件中的应用,给出了相应光学元件的调整原理、方法及过程.分析了激光器中心波长变动、偏振片的角度误差和波片的相位延迟及角度误差对整个系统的影响.结果表明,由偏振片角度和波片角度误差造成的出射光斯托克斯误差较小,不超过0.001,可以忽略;由波片相位延迟不精确造成的误差在0.02左右,所以应采用延迟精度较高的波片;激光器中心波长变化的影响最大,不能忽略,必须加滤光片使接收光的中心波长控制在808nm;镀有铝膜望远镜对接收到的散射光偏振度影响较小,适于激光遥感偏振成像系统的应用.     

Error analysis and Stokes parameter measurement of rotating quarter-wave plate polarimeter

In this paper, we present a simple Stokes parameter measurement method for a rotating quarter-wave plate polarimeter.This method is used to construct a model to describe the principle of how the magnitudes of errors influence the deviation of the output light Stokes parameter, on the basis of accuracy analysis of the retardance error of the quarter-wave plate,the misalignment of the analyzing polarizer, and the phase shift of the measured signals, which will help us to determine the magnitudes of these errors and then to acquire the correct results of Stokes parameters. The method is validated by the experiments on left-handed circularly polarized and linear horizontal polarization beams. With the improved method, the maximum measurement deviations of Stokes parameters for these two different polarized states are reduced from 2.72%to 2.68%, and from 3.83% to 1.06% respectively. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method can be used as a promising approach to Stokes parameter measurement for a rotating quarter-wave plate polarimeter.     

弹光调制型成像光谱偏振仪中的高精度偏振信息探测研究

提出了一种基于三弹光调制器的差频偏振调制方法, 并结合声光可调谐滤波技术构成了新型弹光调制型成像光谱偏振探测仪(photo-elastic modulator-based imaging spectro-polarimeter, PEM-ISP). 介绍了PEM-ISP及三弹光差频偏振调制方法的基本工作原理, 并从PEM-ISP的探测原理出发, 通过分析和计算PEM-ISP的Mueller矩阵, 推导出了相应的偏振测量公式; 通过仿真及实验验证了三弹光差频偏振调制方法的可行性和准确性; 最后分析了探测积分步长、采样间隔的选取对偏振测量的影响, 对入射视场角、相位延迟幅值等因素所带来的测量误差进行了初步分析. 结果表明, 1%的相位延迟量误差带来的线偏振度DoLP误差 <0.6%. 本研究为新型PEM-ISP的遥感探测以及Stokes参量的反演的进一步工程化实现提供了必要的理论依据. 关键词： 偏振调制 三弹光调制器 差频 成像光谱偏振仪     

Optimization of retardance for a complete Stokes polarimeter

We present two figures of merit based on singular value decomposition, which can be used to assess the noise immunity of a complete Stokes polarimeter. These are used to optimize a polarimeter featuring a rotatable retarder and a fixed polarizer. A retardance of 132 degrees (approximately three-eighths wave) and retarder orientation angles of +/-51.7 degrees and +/-15.1 degrees are found to be optimal when four measurements are used. Use of this retardance affords a factor-of-1.5 improvement in signal-to-noise ratio over systems employing a quarter-wave plate. A geometric means of visualizing the optimization process is discussed, and the advantages of the use of additional measurements are investigated. No advantage of using retarder orientation angles spaced uniformly through 360 degrees is found over repeated measurements made at the four retarder orientation angles.     

Modeling and simulation of polarization errors in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor

Sagnac fiber optic current sensor (S-FOCS) is a kind of optical interferometer based on Sagnac structure, optical polarization states of sensing light wave in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor are limited. However, several factors induce optical polarization error, and non-ideal polarized light waves cause the interference signal crosstalk in sensor, including polarizer, quarter-wave retarder, splice angular, birefringence and so on. With these errors, linearly polarized light wave in PM fiber and circularly polarized light wave in sensing fiber become elliptically polarized light wave, then, nonreciprocal phase shift induced by magnetic field of the current is interrupted by wrong polarization state. To clarify characteristics of optical polarization error in fiber optic current sensor, we analyze the evolution process of random optical polarization state, linear optical polarization state and circular optical polarization state in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor by using Poincare sphere, then, build optical polarization error models by using Jones matrix. Based on models of polarization state in Sagnac fiber optic current sensor, we investigate the influence of several main error factors on optical polarization error characteristics theoretically, including extinction ratio in polarizer, phase delay in quarter-wave retarder, splice angular between quarter-wave retarder and polarization maintaining fiber. Finally, we simulate and quantify nonreciprocal phase shift to be detected in fiber optic current sensor related with optical polarization errors. In the end, we demonstrate S-FOCS in test. The results show that transfer matrix errors are induced by inaccurate polarization properties during polarization state conversion, then, the stability and accuracy of the S-FOCS are affected, and it is important to control the polarization properties at each step of the polarization state conversion precisely.     

The impact of the orientation angles uncertainty of instrument polarizers on polarization measurement accuracy

Improving the polarimetric measurement accuracy of the polarization CCD camera is a fundamental task in the remote sensing of the earth. This paper presents a simple approach for estimating the degree of polarization errors caused by the orientation angles uncertainty of the instrument polarizers. We show that the measured degree of polarization error for a certain orientation angle of the instrument polarizers in the same spectral band depends on the polarization state (polarization angle or degree of polarization) of the incident light. In order to evaluate the polarimetric measurement performance of the instrument, the average degree of polarization error is defined based on the assumption that the incident light beams have equal polarization angle probability. The simulated test showed that the average degree of polarization errors of the 3 polarized spectral bands in the airborne polarization CCD camera is nearly equal because of the same orientation angles uncertainty of the instrument polarizers, though the instrument polarizers in the 3 polarized spectral bands are equipped a little differently; the instrument often encounters a large average degree of polarization errors for the large degree of polarization of the incident beams.     

液晶相位调制型声光成像光谱偏振测量研究

新型的声光可调滤波器和双液晶相位可调延迟器相结合的一次成像光谱偏振系统与传统的二次成像光谱系统相比,不仅具有通光孔径大、光利用率高和全系统电调谐等优点,而且还能同时满足AOTF和LCVR的小角度入射,大大提高了光谱测量精度和偏振测量精度。通过实验计算,用拟合修正后的波长0和驱动频率fa关系式进行光谱测量,其相对误差值比用理论公式进行测量时减小约一个数量级。并且只需4组相位延迟量和4幅强度图即可求出全部的斯托克斯Stokes参量。理论分析了当系统考虑入射角度时,其偏振度、线偏振度、圆偏振度和角偏振度的最大相对误差值比只考虑光垂直入射时分别减少约0.306%、0.130%、10.96%和3.783%,为进一步提高系统的测量精度提供了理论基础。