金刚石压腔高温高压原位谱学研究的评述

金刚石压腔 (DAC)已经可以达到 5 5 0 GPa的压力和 6 0 0 0 K的温度 ,其高温高压谱学原位测量已经成为现代科学的一种重要的手段和方法。目前利用 DAC可以进行光谱学 (拉曼光谱、红外光谱、荧光光谱 )、衍射 (X射线衍射和 XAFS)、布里渊散射、核磁共振 (NMR)以及穆斯堡尔谱的高温高压原位研究。设计用于各种不同需要的便宜的压腔、合适的谱学测量方法以及压力内标物质是进一步拓宽 DAC应用的发展方向。     

高温高压下草酸脱羧反应中的拉曼光谱研究

应用水热金刚石压腔结合拉曼光谱技术研究了高温高压下草酸溶液的热稳定,使用拉曼光谱对其脱羧反应及产物进行监测。结果表明低温升温过程中,草酸的拉曼谱图中各个特征振动峰没有发生变化,随着温度的继续升高,其特征振动峰逐渐变弱。达到一定温度后,羧基的拉曼特征峰消失,草酸发生脱羧反应:C2H2O4—2CO2+H2生成CO2和H2。高温高压下草酸发生热分解的温度压力之间呈线性关系,其线性回归方程为P(MPa)=12.839 T(K)-5 953.7,R2=0.99。草酸脱羧反应的摩尔体积变化与温度压力的关系为ΔV(cm-3.mol-1)=16.69-0.002P(MPa)+0.005 2T(K),R2=0.99。     

水热金刚石压腔结合拉曼光谱技术进行Na2SO4-水体系溶解结晶动力学研究

成矿作用过程中,温压条件改变导致矿物溶解重结晶,溶液中溶质浓度发生变化。从溶液中析出晶体的粒度同时存在着时间和空间的分布,是复杂的动力学过程。当前对矿物在流体中溶解重结晶动力学研究主要使用高压釜或活塞圆筒等封闭设备测定溶液溶质浓度的变化或固相矿物的形态变化,降温淬火反应会影响样品的真实组成。使用可进行原位观测的金刚石压腔结合拉曼光谱分析技术,研究无水芒硝-饱和Na₂SO₄溶液随体系温度压力变化所出现的晶体溶解重结晶过程。通过原位观测无水芒硝溶解、结晶变化来探究硫酸钠晶体在不同温压条件下的溶解结晶动力学反应机制。结果表明常温条件下无水芒硝拉曼位移分别位于449.9,620.5,632.9,647.4,993.3,1 101.8,1 132.2和1 153.1 cm-1。随着体系温度的缓慢升高,固相Na₂SO₄的晶形不断发生变化,温度至193 ℃时无水芒硝（Na₂SO₄）完全溶解,降温重结晶出现了新的1 196.5 cm-1拉曼特征峰,重结晶晶体为芒硝（Na₂SO₄·10H₂O）;金刚石原位观测结果显示迅速升温过程中无水芒硝发生部分溶解重结晶,重结晶区域拉曼特征峰显示依然为无水芒硝。拉曼光谱定量分析结果显示,溶液中SO2-₄,H₂O的拉曼谱峰面积比值参数更能反映SO2-₄浓度的变化, 体系达到溶解重结晶平衡状态时,SO2-₄/H₂O峰面积比值AR为(0.016 6±0.000 4),误差为2.4%。应用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov（JMAK）模型结合溶液中SO2-₄/H₂O峰面积比值变化对体系中固相无水Na₂SO₄的溶解重结晶过程进行动力学拟合,计算得出无水硫酸钠在109 ℃条件下的溶解结晶反应的反应级数为1.266 7,反应平衡常数为0.001 26。综上所述,水热金刚石压腔装置实验步骤少,过程简便,可避免由于淬火过程中退化交换作用等造成的误差,应用水热金刚石压腔原位观测的装置优势结合拉曼光谱定量分析技术可实现高温高压条件下矿物在水溶液中溶解结晶动力学过程的原位观察和测定,是一种高效的动力学研究手段。     

拉曼光谱研究苯-重水间氢同位素分馏效应

应用金刚石压腔结合拉曼光谱技术研究了封闭体系内氢同位素在苯和重水之间的分馏效应。物相间达到同位素交换平衡是测定稳定同位素分馏系数的前提。与高温高压条件下水抑制正烷烃、环烷烃等烷烃的氢同位素分馏不同,苯的特殊结构可促使其在实验条件下与重水发生氢同位素分馏。通过逐步升高体系温度、增大苯和重水的接触面积、300 ℃下恒温足够长时间等实验手段促使苯和液态重水间达到氢同位素交换平衡,测得300 ℃条件下苯和重水之间的氢同位素分馏系数为0.909 9。证明了原位拉曼技术测定不同液相间氢同位素分馏系数的可行性,同时扩展了金刚石压腔结合拉曼光谱技术测定不同物相间稳定同位素分馏系数的应用范围。     

金刚石压腔结合拉曼光谱技术进行氢同位素分馏的实验研究

应用水热金刚石压腔结合拉曼光谱技术来进行石膏和重水间稳定同位素分馏的实验研究.氢同位素 D 与 H 的质量差百分比是所有稳定同位素里最大的,由质量引起的分馏更容易发生,更容易在实验中观测;石膏是浅部地壳重要的含水矿物,它与重水之间的同位素分馏效应对矿物-水体系的同位素平衡分馏研究具有重要意义.常用分馏系数是指两矿物或两...     

碳硅石压腔在高温高压拉曼光谱研究中的应用

描述了碳硅石压腔的结构和特点。碳硅石压腔主要包括碳硅石压砧、支撑加压系统、加热系统和金属垫片等部分。合成碳硅石的硬度高、热导性好、膨胀系数小、热稳定性好,并且它的晶体颗粒大,透明度好,价格也很便宜,因此是一种很好的压砧材料。还介绍了应用碳硅石压腔对Na₂CO₃溶液、Na₂SO₄溶液、水的拉曼光谱进行高温高压原位测量的实例。     

高压下金红石的拉曼光谱分析

常温下利用金刚石压腔装置(DAC)对金红石加压至40GPa,进行拉曼光谱的原位分析.发现压力约为13GPa时,金红石结构转变为斜锆石结构(ZrO2).21.1GPa相变完全.直至实验最高压力,没有进一步相变出现.在卸压中,斜锆石结构转变为α-PbO2结构.实验压力通过红宝石用拉曼光谱测压的计算方法确定,快速方便.     

高温高压下干酪根在水中变化的拉曼光谱原位分析

金刚石作为顶砧 ,通过顶砧压腔装置对干酪根在水中的变化进行拉曼光谱的原位分析 ,压力采用常温常压下石英 4 6 4cm-1的拉曼峰确定。在 2 4 0℃之前 ,可得到水、干酪根以及石英清晰的拉曼峰 ,之后 ,由于金刚石的荧光效应 ,使拉曼信号消失。实验中发现 ,温度从最高温度 4 40℃降到 2 4 0℃ ,拉曼光谱图显示干酪根降解生成了有机小分子     

X射线光谱在文物无损分析中的研究进展

文物遗存是人们认识历史发展的重要依据,通过对它们的相关研究可以了解古人的生存方式、生产技能、人与自然的关系等。X射线光谱（X射线荧光光谱和X射线吸收精细结构谱）作为重要的无损分析方法,可以用来研究物质内部元素组成和特定元素近邻结构等信息,为文物的保护研究和价值认知等提供支撑,目前被广泛应用于各种古代物质遗存的研究工作中。对近些年X射线光谱在不同类型文物研究中的应用情况进行简要的总结和介绍。总的来看,X射线荧光光谱技术在古陶瓷、油画、青铜器的断源断代研究方面发挥了重要作用,而基于X射线荧光光谱的成分数据库建设和X射线吸收精细结构谱在文物研究相关问题的深度介入是应用实践中的难点,也应是未来研究工作中的重要课题。     

多壁碳纳米管束储氢机理的X射线吸收谱研究

采用X射线吸收精细结构光谱探索性地研究了多壁碳纳米管束.在多壁碳纳米管束不同入射角的X射线吸收精细结构光谱中，观察到C—H σ^*共振峰强度随入射角的变化而发生变化.在常温常压下出现C—H键可能与多壁碳纳米管束中存在缺陷有关，缺陷数量越大C—H σ^*共振峰的强度越大.光谱中C—C π^*和C—C σ^*共振峰强度的变化趋势都不同于C—H σ^*共振峰，这有力地证明了在常温常压条件下氢原子是吸附在多壁碳纳米 关键词： X射线吸收精细结构光谱 碳纳米管 储氢 化学吸附     

Suppression of Bragg reflection glitches of a single‐crystal diamond anvil cell by a polycapillary half‐lens in high‐pressure XAFS spectroscopy

In combination with a single‐crystal diamond anvil cell (DAC), a polycapillary half‐lens (PHL) re‐focusing optics has been used to perform high‐pressure extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure measurements. It is found that a large divergent X‐ray beam induced by the PHL leads the Bragg glitches from single‐crystal diamond to be broadened significantly and the intensity of the glitches to be reduced strongly so that most of the DAC glitches are efficiently suppressed. The remaining glitches can be easily removed by rotating the DAC by a few degrees with respect to the X‐ray beam. Accurate X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (XAFS) spectra of polycrystalline Ge powder with a glitch‐free energy range from ?200 to 800 eV relative to the Ge absorption edge are obtained using this method at high pressures up to 23.7 GPa, demonstrating the capability of PHL optics in eliminating the DAC glitches for high‐pressure XAFS experiments. This approach brings new possibilities to perform XAFS measurements using a DAC up to ultrahigh pressures.     

X‐ray Raman spectroscopy of lithium‐ion battery electrolyte solutions in a flow cell

The effects of varying LiPF₆ salt concentration and the presence of lithium bis(oxalate)borate additive on the electronic structure of commonly used lithium‐ion battery electrolyte solvents (ethylene carbonate–dimethyl carbonate and propylene carbonate) have been investigated. X‐ray Raman scattering spectroscopy (a non‐resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering method) was utilized together with a closed‐circle flow cell. Carbon and oxygen K‐edges provide characteristic information on the electronic structure of the electrolyte solutions, which are sensitive to local chemistry. Higher Li⁺ ion concentration in the solvent manifests itself as a blue‐shift of both the π* feature in the carbon edge and the carbonyl π* feature in the oxygen edge. While these oxygen K‐edge results agree with previous soft X‐ray absorption studies on LiBF₄ salt concentration in propylene carbonate, carbon K‐edge spectra reveal a shift in energy, which can be explained with differing ionic conductivities of the electrolyte solutions.     

A three‐crystal spectrometer for high‐energy resolution fluorescence‐detected X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray emission spectroscopy at SSRF

A Johann‐type spectrometer for the study of high‐energy resolution fluorescence‐detected X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray emission spectroscopy and resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering has been developed at BL14W1 X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy beamline of Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility. The spectrometer consists of three crystal analyzers mounted on a vertical motion stage. The instrument is scanned vertically and covers the Bragg angle range of 71.5–88°. The energy resolution of the spectrometer ranges from sub‐eV to a few eV. The spectrometer has a solid angle of about 1.87 × 0^?3 of 4π sr, and the overall photons acquired by the detector could be 10⁵ counts per second for the standard sample. The performances of the spectrometer are illustrated by the three experiments that are difficult to perform with the conventional absorption or emission spectroscopy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A large‐solid‐angle X‐ray Raman scattering spectrometer at ID20 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility

An end‐station for X‐ray Raman scattering spectroscopy at beamline ID20 of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is described. This end‐station is dedicated to the study of shallow core electronic excitations using non‐resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering. The spectrometer has 72 spherically bent analyzer crystals arranged in six modular groups of 12 analyzer crystals each for a combined maximum flexibility and large solid angle of detection. Each of the six analyzer modules houses one pixelated area detector allowing for X‐ray Raman scattering based imaging and efficient separation of the desired signal from the sample and spurious scattering from the often used complicated sample environments. This new end‐station provides an unprecedented instrument for X‐ray Raman scattering, which is a spectroscopic tool of great interest for the study of low‐energy X‐ray absorption spectra in materials under in situ conditions, such as in operando batteries and fuel cells, in situ catalytic reactions, and extreme pressure and temperature conditions.     

白硅钙石的高温高压拉曼光谱研究

利用活塞圆筒装置在1.2 GPa,1 473 K的条件下合成了白硅钙石。采用外加热装置和金刚石压腔结合拉曼光谱分析技术,采集了白硅钙石298,353,463,543,663,773以及873 K温度区间的常压及1 atm～14.36 GPa(常温)压力区间的拉曼谱图。扫描电镜下,该研究合成的样品为结构一致的单一相,颗粒大小为10～20 μm。电子探针分析结果表明,样品的组成为Ca_7.03(2)Mg_0.98(2)Si_3.94(2)O₁₆,该组分完全吻合白硅钙石理论组分。Raman分析结果表明,高温时白硅钙石的拉曼谱图中具有29个振动峰。随着温度的升高,部分振动峰出现了合并或者弱化消失的现象。该现象尤其以800～1 200 cm-1范围内的909,927和950 cm-1振动峰峰位最为明显,这些振动峰分别在873,773以及873 K时弱化消失。据此,白硅钙石的结构在实验温压范围内稳定,且随着温度和压力的升高,其拉曼振动峰峰位分别呈现往低频和高频方向线性飘移的趋势。除此之外,根据高温和高压拉曼实验的结果,分别计算了白硅钙石拉曼振动峰峰位的等压mode-Grüneisen参数和等温mode-Grüneisen参数,其算术平均值分别为1.47(2)和0.45(3)。最后结合高温和高压拉曼实验的结果,计算了白硅钙石的非谐系数,结果表明,Si-O振动模式对于非谐效应的贡献要小于其他振动模式。     

Pressure study of monoclinic ReO2 up to 1.2 GPa using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction

The crystal and local atomic structure of monoclinic ReO₂ (α‐ReO₂) under hydrostatic pressure up to 1.2 GPa was investigated for the first time using both X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and high‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray powder diffraction and a home‐built B₄C anvil pressure cell developed for this purpose. Extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (EXAFS) data analysis at pressures from ambient up to 1.2 GPa indicates that there are two distinct Re—Re distances and a distorted ReO₆ octahedron in the α‐ReO₂ structure. X‐ray diffraction analysis at ambient pressure revealed an unambiguous solution for the crystal structure of the α‐phase, demonstrating a modulation of the Re—Re distances. The relatively small portion of the diffraction pattern accessed in the pressure‐dependent measurements does not allow for a detailed study of the crystal structure of α‐ReO₂ under pressure. Nonetheless, a shift and reduction in the (011) Bragg peak intensity between 0.4 and 1.2 GPa is observed, with correlation to a decrease in Re—Re distance modulation, as confirmed by EXAFS analysis in the same pressure range. This behavior reveals that α‐ReO₂ is a possible inner pressure gauge for future experiments up to 1.2 GPa.     

X‐ray‐Raman‐scattering‐based EXAFS beyond the dipole limit

X‐ray Raman scattering (XRS) provides a bulk‐sensitive method of measuring the extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) of soft X‐ray absorption edges. Accurate measurements and data analysis procedures for the determination of XRS‐EXAFS of polycrystalline diamond are described. The contributions of various angular‐momentum components beyond the dipole limit to the atomic background and the EXAFS oscillations are incorporated using self‐consistent real‐space multiple‐scattering calculations. The properly extracted XRS‐EXAFS oscillations are in good agreement with calculations and earlier soft X‐ray EXAFS results. It is shown, however, that under certain conditions multiple‐scattering contributions to XRS‐EXAFS deviate from those in standard EXAFS, leading to noticeable changes in the real‐space signal at higher momentum transfers owing to non‐dipole contributions. These results pave the way for the accurate application of XRS‐EXAFS to previously inaccessible light‐element systems.     

一套高温高压原位拉曼散射、布里渊散射测量系统

本文描述了一套利用激光加热技术、金刚石对顶砧高压技术,集成共聚焦拉曼光谱测量、六通道布里渊散射光谱测量、以及黑体辐射光谱测温,成功搭建起来的高温高压原位拉曼散射、布里渊散射的光学测量系统。利用该系统,并结合薄膜沉积金属、光刻技术改进了金刚石对顶砧中样品的装填方法,解决了样品透明不易加热的问题。已利用该系统得到液态氩在0.85 GPa常温状态下和14.58 GPa熔融状态下的体声速分别为1.85 Km/s和5.19 Km/s。     

Temperature‐dependent EXAFS study of the local structure and lattice dynamics in cubic Y2O3

The local structure and lattice dynamics in cubic Y₂O₃ were studied at the Y K‐edge by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the temperature range from 300 to 1273 K. The temperature dependence of the extended X‐ray absorption fine structure was successfully interpreted using classical molecular dynamics and a novel reverse Monte Carlo method, coupled with the evolutionary algorithm. The obtained results allowed the temperature dependence of the yttria atomic structure to be followed up to ～6 Å and to validate two force‐field models.