利用PIXE和ICP-AES 对蛇纹石原料及中国古代蛇纹石玉器的微量元素分析

以蛇纹石这一中国传统的玉材为对象,旨在通过微量元素含量分析来探索古代蛇纹石玉器原料的可能来源。采用无损的外束质子激发X射线荧光技术(PIXE)对来自中国几个典型矿区的蛇纹石样品主量元素和微量元素进行了分析。同时也采用有损的电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱技术(ICP-AES)对这些蛇纹石样品的微量元素含量进行了比较分析。结果表明,两种分析方法所获取的蛇纹石微量元素含量趋势具有一致性,说明PIXE无损分析技术可以应用于蛇纹石的微量元素分析研究。讨论了蛇纹石的微量元素含量与地质成因之间的关系,这些蛇纹石的微量元素含量存在明显的差异,这种差异可以用来区分不同地质成因的蛇纹石。Ⅰ型地质成因的蛇纹石中微量元素中Ni含量较低,且几乎不含Cr和Co,而Ⅱ型地质成因的蛇纹石中则含有较高微量元素的Cr,Co和Ni。采用PIXE技术分析了来自浙江、江苏、河南、安徽和湖北等省出土的新石器时代至战国时期(4585 BC—221 BC)14个遗址或墓葬出土的18件蛇纹石玉器的化学成分,通过与两种地质成因类型蛇纹石的微量元素比较分析,初步推测了这些蛇纹石玉器原料的可能来源。以蛇纹石微量元素含量与地质成因类型之间的关系来探索古代蛇纹石玉器玉料可能的来源是一种有益的尝试。     

Quantitative major and trace elemental mapping by PIXE of concretionary pyrite from the Witwatersrand Basin,South Africa

Several concretionary pyrite grains displaying multiple, massive sulphide or silicate inclusion‐rich, annuli from two gold‐bearing reef horizons (Ventersdorp Contact Reef, Kimberley Reefs) in different parts of the Witwatersrand Basin were analysed by particle‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) for their major and trace element compositions. Both PIXE spot analysis and mapping of the distributions of major and trace elements were carried out, and EMPA was employed to obtain major element abundances for matrix corrections of PIXE analysis. Spatial analysis by PIXE is excellent in comparison with EMPA, as PIXE detection limits are lower by 1–2 orders of magnitude at comparable, short‐duration counting times (12 h for 4096 pixel analyses by PIXE). EMPA was successful in the identification of individual zones, for example on the basis of locally enriched minor elements Ni or As. This technique also provided essential standard‐based control on major element abundances for the standardless PIXE dynamic analysis. The compositional results obtained on concretionary pyrite grains by PIXE are distinctly different for each analysed grain, in terms of relative enrichment of certain minor and trace elements in specific zones. Gold was detected locally in the interiors of grains and/or along grain margins. The different results are discussed with regard to their possible meaning related to the origin of gold mineralization in the Witwatersrand ore deposit. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of a portable XRF spectrometer for classification of potash glass beads unearthed from tombs of Han Dynasty in Guangxi,China

Thirty‐seven glass beads excavated from the Han Dynasty tombs in Hepu county, Guangxi, China, were analyzed using a portable X‐ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometer. Reference sample Corning glass D is used to check precision and accuracy of the equipment for major and minor components. The results of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and PXRF are compared to evaluate the quality of equipment for trace elements. Combined with the contents of Al₂O₃ and CaO, a new criterion of subgroup division for potash glass based on the levels of trace elements (Rb and Sr) is proposed. The correlations of Rb and K, Rb and Al, and Sr and Ca are discussed. It is thought that saltpeter was the main flux used to produce potash glasses of different groups. The positive correlation between Rb and Al, and Rb and K indicates that potassium aluminosilicate minerals may be used as raw minerals for potash glasses of group II. The results indicate that the levels of Rb and Sr can be very helpful in subgroup definition and provide useful clues to the raw materials used for glassmaking and provenance study of the potash glass found in Guangxi, China. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of nuclear techniques to study of trace elements

Trace elements in various materials using nuclear techniques are studied. Results obtained by using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) are examined. The EDXRF method is used to quantitatively evaluate trace elements such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb and Sr in tea leaves. Correlation of trace elements in tea leaves and in the corresponding soil is studied.     

ICP-AES法测定茶叶、茶水中的矿物质和微量元素

本文用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP－AES）对不同品种，不同等级及不同产地的茶叶、茶水样品中的一些人体所必需的矿物质和微量元素进行了定量测定。结果表明，该方法简便，可靠，具有良好的精密度和准确度，本研究将对茶叶中一些矿物质和微量元素的鉴定以及在饮茶爱好者的合理购茶、饮茶等方面提供一些有用的信息。     

Application of PIXE for the determination of transition elements in the grouping study of archaeological clay potteries

Trace element concentrations play an important role in grouping and provenance studies of archaeological artifacts. Particle‐inducedX‐ray emission (PIXE) using low energy proton beams (1.5 and 3 MeV) from a tandem particle accelerator was used to analyze the ancient clay potteries collected from an ancient Buddhist site in India. Concentrations of 13 elements, including eight transition elements, were determined. The concentrations of transition elements were used for the grouping study by statistical cluster analysis according to the similar and dissimilar elemental distribution within the samples. Two International Atomic Energy Agency Reference Materials (RMs) were analyzed to validate the PIXE method. Two samples were analyzed by both PIXE and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) as a part of quality assurance. Grouping results were used for preliminary provenance study. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Combined PIXE and X‐ray diffraction analysis of accretionary lapilli from the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary El Guayal Section,Tabasco, Mexico

By employing the techniques, X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and particle‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE), it could be obtained in a simply way an overall vision of the structure and chemical composition of a spheroid (lapillus) collected in the K/Pg deposit located at the place called El Guayal in Tabasco, Mexico. The XRPD analysis indicates the presence of an amorphous and four crystalline phases (quartz, calcite, ankerite, and montmorillonite) in the spheroid. None sulfur crystalline phases were detected. PIXE results show the presence of different atoms in a weight percentage that follows the sequence: Si > Al > Ca > Fe > Sr > Cu > Ti > Mn > Y > Rb > Zn > Pb. None of platinum group elements were detected. PIXE analysis by of the lapillus shows the presence of the most abundant atoms in the Earth's crust, but in this case, the relative abundance Fe‐Ca is inverted, and the Sr/Rb proportion is considerably higher than that observed in the crust. Additionally, nor sulfur or any of the platinum group elements was detected in the lapillus. Except for the case of trace elements detected, in general, no characteristic pattern is observed in the distribution of the most abundant elements. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trace Metal Determination in ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit Peel by Automated Fast Sequential Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry

Major trace elements (K, Ca, Mg, P, Na), minor trace minerals (B, Sr, Mo, Fe, Cu, Ni, Ba, Zn, Mn, Al, Cr, Sn, Rb), and ultra trace metals (Ti, V, Co, Li) in fresh ‘Marsh’ grapefruit peel samples collected during two consecutive seasons (1981–82 and 1982–83) were determined by an automated fast sequential multielement spectrometer using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) as an excitation source for Atomic Emission Spectrometry (AES). Among the major elements K showed a range of 2000–3200 ppm with a significant difference of concentration fluctuations in both seasons. Within the ultra trace metal group, concentrations were found at constant levels for both periods. In the minor trace group, elements such as Sr, Mo, Fe, Cu, Ni, Ba, Al, and Cr showed slight concentration differences during the 1981–82 season when compared to the 1982–83 period.     

ICP-AES法测定蚂蚁粉中多种微量元素

研究了ICP－AES法测定蚂蚁粉中多种微量元素的方法，通过方法试验确认采用低温灰化法制备样品，不仅能满足ICP－AES法测定的要求，同时具有样品处理方法简单，快速，经济等优点，其方法的回收率在92．0－100．7％之间，精密度在0．20％－9．29％之间，实验数据证明该方法完全可以满足同类样品的微量元素检测要求。     

Quantitative determination of mineral phase effects observed in APXS analyses of geochemical reference materials

Calibration of the Curiosity Rover's alpha particle X‐ray spectrometer (APXS) was accomplished using geochemical reference materials and a fundamental parameters treatment of the X‐ray fluorescence and particle‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) excitation processes. For most major and minor elements the influence of different rock types was not significant. For the three light elements, Na, Mg, and Al, which are excited almost entirely by PIXE, systematic differences among felsic and mafic rocks were observed. A qualitative explanation is found in the very shallow interrogation depth (a few microns), which suggests that the X‐rays of these elements must emerge from a single mineral rather than an assumed average over the various minerals present. A quantitative explanation was sought by determining the mineralogy of several reference materials and computing their expected PIXE X‐ray yields with an adaptation of the yield prediction sub‐routine GUYLS in the Guelph PIXE software package GUPIX. The complexity of assigning the certified overall element mass fractions to specific minerals limited this exercise to cases with only a few minerals present. Good agreement was found between the X‐ray yields determined in the calibration exercise and those predicted in this new approach. It is expected that automation of the computational approach may enable examination of mineralogically more complex reference materials. This might also offer a means of coupling results from the X‐ray diffraction and APXS instruments on Mars. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

现代仪器在泌尿系结石元素分析中的运用

对泌尿系结石所含元素进行准确的分析可为治疗尿石症和预防其复发提供重要的参考,文章综述了现代仪器分析技术在泌尿系结石元素分析中的运用及其研究进展,这些技术包括：X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、质子激发X射线发射光谱(PIXE)、能量分散X射线分析(EDX)、电子束探针微区分析(EPMA)、原子发射光谱(AES)、原子吸收光谱(AAS)、电感耦合高频等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)及离子选择性电极等。     

Quantitative determination of essential and trace element content of medicinal plants and their infusions by XRF and ICP techniques

Macro‐ and microelement contents of five medicinal plants (Taraxacum officinale Weber, Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Plantago lanceolata L., Matricaria chamomilla L. and Mentha piperita L.) and their infusions were evaluated by the combined use of x‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF and EDXRF, bulk raw plants) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP‐MS and ICP‐AES, infusions) techniques. The analytical methods allow the determination of 17 elements (Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Rb, Sr, and Pb) both in plants and in the infusions. The use of XRF techniques offer a good multielemental approach for the rapid quality control of bulk raw plant materials whereas ICP techniques are well suited for the analytical control of infusions in order to ascertain the nutritional role of medicinal plants and the daily dietary intake. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

用标准加入电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定白酒中的锰、铅、铜

在ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ基础上用标准加入法对白酒中的锰、同、铜进行了定量测定。与常见的分析方法相比,这种方法具有方便、准确、快速的优点,与等离子光谱相比,ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ的检出限要低３个数量级。由于果酒,黄酒和饮料的成分与白酒相似,因此这种方法不仅可以用来测定白酒中的微量元素,而且还可以用来测定果酒、黄酒及饮料中的微量元素。     

ICP-AES法测定新疆鹰嘴豆粉中5种微量元素

本文采用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法测定了新疆鹰嘴豆粉中铁、铜、锌锰、锶等５种微量元素，并对所含微量元素及其效用进行了初探。结果证明，新疆鹰嘴豆粉的保健功效与其所含的微量元素有一定关联。     

工作曲线法和偏最小二乘回归分析在XRF定量分析软玉样品中的应用

由于块状固体标准玉石样品的缺乏,造成了便携式X射线荧光分析技术(pXRF)利用工作曲线法对玉石文物样品进行无损定量分析的困难。试图寻找一种pXRF可采用,但不需要块状固体玉石标准样品的定量分析方法。选取24件软玉样品,其中17件为校准样品,7件为测试样品。所有软玉样品利用质子激发X射线荧光分析技术(PIXE)获得定量分析结果。根据校准软玉样品的PIXE定量分析结果建立兴趣元素的工作曲线,利用工作曲线对测试软玉样品进行定量分析;然后,利用pXRF对所有软玉样品进行定性分析,获得其定性分析图谱,利用校准软玉样品的定性分析图谱和PIXE定量分析结果,采用最小偏二乘法对测试软玉样品兴趣元素含量进行分析。最后,将工作曲线法、PLS方法和PIXE的定量分析结果进行了相互对比。通过误差分析,评估了工作曲线法和PLS方法定量分析软玉样品的精确度。结果表明,PLS方法可以代替工作曲线法对玉石类样品进行定量分析。     

Investigation of some Chinese jade artifacts (5000 BC to 771 BC) by confocal laser micro‐Raman spectroscopy and other techniques

The study on material properties of ancient stone or jade artifacts is essential to trace the trade routes of raw materials, the tools used to making them, and moreover the social function of the artifacts. In present research, we focused on 23 intact samples that were made of versatile rocks. These samples dated from 5000 bc to 771 bc were unearthed from the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins in China. Based on the analytical results of confocal laser micro‐Raman spectroscopy, 14 minerals consisted of these rocks such as muscovite, antigorite, calcite, quartz, diopside, turquoise, corundum, and sillimanite were identified. The obtained scientific information about their primary material properties helps us to better understand their social functions and technologically related issues. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

ICP-AES法测定古代车师人肋骨中的痕量元素

近几十年来 ,古代人群的食谱研究已经成为现代科技考古学的一个重要组成部分 ,也是当前国际科技考古学研究领域的一项前沿性课题。人类骨骼的微量元素分析为重建古代居民的食谱提供了大量信息。本文用硝酸 盐酸消解样品 ,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪 (ICP AES) ,在选定的最佳条件下 ,对新疆地区古代车师人肋骨中的Sr,Zn ,Ca ,Cu ,Mg,Fe ,Ba ,Mn等 8种痕量元素进行了测定 ,该方法采用一次溶样 ,多元素同时测定 ,回收率为 87 4 %～ 1 0 6 6 %之间。相对标准偏差为 0 5 %～ 3 3%。该方法简单 ,快捷可靠 ,适用于古代骨样品的测定 ,结果令人满意。其结果为考古学和人类学的研究提供了科学的依据。同时考察了不同酸度对分析结果的影响和共存元素间的相互干扰 ,此外还进行了精密度实验。     

Investigation of Chinese archaic jade by PIXE and μRaman spectrometry

External-beam particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and Raman spectrometry were used for elemental and structural studies of Chinese archaic nephrite jades of the Guimet Asian Museum in Paris in a non-destructive way. Nephrite is a variety of tremolite–actinolite of the amphibole group, with variable iron and magnesium contents. In the present work, in addition to identification of materials, the cation distribution in nephrite was investigated. Cation order–disorder is related to thermodynamic properties of minerals, and hence associated with geological conditions of the mineral formation. Besides, it plays an important role in the mechanism of coloration. So far, little work has been done on the cation distribution in nephrite. We thus initiated this research expecting to answer open questions concerning art and archaeological issues such as jade provenance and colour. The OH stretching vibration band of nephrite, depending on the electronegativity of the bonded cations, presents a fine structure. The study of this fine structure, together with the total cation content obtained by PIXE, allows estimation of the cation distribution in nephrite. In this study, six jade artefacts, dated from the Neolithic period to the Han dynasty (about 3000 BC to 220 AD), with diverse colours including white, yellow-green, green, dark green and black, were analysed. The data obtained permits establishing a geological database for determination of nephrite provenance and explaining the correlation between colour and cation distribution. PACS 33.20.Fb; 33.20.Tp; 82.80.Ej; 82.80.Gk; 91.65.Vj     

Determination of Pb,Zr, Ti,Sr, Cr,Nb and La in lead zirconate titanate ceramics by particle‐induced X‐ray emission

A particle‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) technique has been used in the determination of the principal components Pb, Zr and Ti and the substituting elements Sr, Cr, Nb and La in lead zirconate titanate ceramics. In general, precision of analysis was concentration dependent from each element under study. For Pb, precision varied between 0.13% and 0.16%, at higher concentration of 59.32–64.5%. It was around 6–9% for Sr, Cr and Nb at concentrations of 1% or lower. Particular attention was devoted to the estimation of the analysis trueness. With this purpose, three methods were applied: (1) comparison of PIXE and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry concentrations, (2) recovery study and (3) comparison with a laboratory standard. Trueness of analysis was around 100 ± 10% for the evaluated elements Pb, Zr, Ti, Sr and Cr. The expected stoichiometry and elemental composition homogeneity of a wide group of produced ceramics were confirmed by the PIXE technique. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆两处遗址出土绿松石文物的成分分析和产源判别

绿松石是一种产地有限,却在世界范围内被广泛使用的珍稀宝石资源,研究绿松石文物的矿料来源可为了解古代不同地区间珍稀资源的获取与交流模式、文化传播途径、早期贸易网络等学术问题提供帮助。新疆绿松石文物的矿料来源是近年来科技考古关注的热点问题之一,目前存在中原说、波斯说、新疆说和多元说等观点。研究新疆绿松石文物的产源,其难点在于既要保证文物的安全,又要确保分析数据的准确性,同时要避免样品表面污染对数据结果带来的干扰。鉴于此,采用等离子体原子发射光谱LA-ICP-AES对新疆加依、西沟两处墓地出土的绿松石进行化学成分分析,并结合秦岭东部五处产地的绿松石成分数据,经主成分分析绘制散点图——建立产地区分模型。主成分分析结果显示加依墓地样品中有五枚是罕见的锌绿松石,其余同西沟墓地绿松石的成分相近,均含有相对较高比例的Fe和Sr。结合中原地区的绿松石成分数据对比分析,发现新疆两遗址绿松石的微量元素特征相近,以高B2O低BaO为特征区别于中原地区的绿松石样品。在产地区分模型中,代表加依墓地和西沟墓地出土绿松石的散点聚集成团,且明显区分于白河、郧县、洛南、竹山、淅川五地的散点分布区域。综上结果表明新疆东部两处遗址的绿松石制品与中原东秦岭五处绿松石矿区所产矿料的成分差异较大,鉴于近年来新疆哈密发现与两处遗址同时代的绿松石采矿遗址,推测加依墓地、西沟墓地的绿松石制品其矿料来自中原地区的可能性较小。