光学信号互相关法烟气流速测量的研究

工业环境中的烟气流速测量是一个很重要的问题。研究了利用抗干扰能力强、能适应恶劣环境的非介入式的光学信号互相关技术测量烟气流速。利用光学传感器获取由烟气造成的光学闪烁信号,通过高性能数据采集卡进行数据采集和A/D转换,在计算机上编制软件,对由烟气造成的光学闪烁信号进行了互相关处理,求得了烟气流经上游和下游传感器的渡越时间,从而计算出了烟气流速值。通过风洞实验,比较了该方法与传统的皮托管法的测量结果,分析了流速反演方法存在的问题及解决方法。在此基础上获得了较为满意的结果。     

基于光闪烁法的烟气流速反演和路径加权函数的分析

为了对工业管道排放的污染气体的流速进行连续监测,设计了一种双路平行对射式烟气流速测量系统,并对基于光闪烁法测量烟气流速的相关理论进行了研究.利用相位屏技术对湍流介质中的光闪烁现象进行了理论分析,得到了用于工业管道烟气流速反演的光闪烁互相关的表达式.对烟气流速反演过程中平均流速的路径加权问题进行了探讨,给出了路径加权函数,数值模拟表明路径加权函数具有近似高斯线型的轴对称分布特性,反映出管道中心流速对于平均流速的较大贡献.在此基础上,分析了光源光谱对路径权重函数的影响,实验证明由于光源光谱具有一定的带宽,使得路径加权函数值有一定的变化,但加权函数的分布形状保持不变.对于平均流速的路径加权函数的分析为计算工业管道中烟气流速的空间分布提供了依据.     

基于光闪烁法的烟气流速反演和路径加权函数的分析

为了对工业管道排放的污染气体的流速进行连续监测,设计了一种双路平行对射式烟气流速测量系统,并对基于光闪烁法测量烟气流速的相关理论进行了研究.利用相位屏技术对湍流介质中的光闪烁现象进行了理论分析,得到了用于工业管道烟气流速反演的光闪烁互相关的表达式.对烟气流速反演过程中平均流速的路径加权问题进行了探讨,给出了路径加权函数,数值模拟表明路径加权函数具有近似高斯线型的轴对称分布特性,反映出管道中心流速对于平均流速的较大贡献.在此基础上,分析了光源光谱对路径权重函数的影响,实验证明由于光源光谱具有一定的带宽,使得路径加权函数值有一定的变化,但加权函数的分布形状保持不变.对于平均流速的路径加权函数的分析为计算工业管道中烟气流速的空间分布提供了依据.     

Analysis of spectrum characteristics of optical scintillation in stack gas flow

Based on the analysis of spectrum characteristics of intensity fluctuations while light beams pass through stack gas flow in an industrial setting, this paper puts emphasis upon discussing the spectrum of optical intensity fluctuations by the variety of particle concentration in stack gas flow. This paper also gives the primary theoretical explanation of the measurement results in the stack of coal-fired utility boilers. Meanwhile, the cross-correlation formula is given as the theoretical basis of velocity measurement by using particle concentration scintillation.     

A multifrequency scintillation method for ocean flow measurement.

The transverse flow of inhomogeneous fluid produces fluctuation of the acoustic signal passing through it. The coherence of frequency-spaced signal fluctuation is related to the advection of the inhomogeneous medium through the sound path, thus providing a basis for the current velocity measurement. This method can be considered to be the "frequency-domain" version of the conventional scintillation approach to the current velocity registration based on the measurement of the signal correlation transmitted from the source to the two separated in space receivers (space-domain scintillation) [S. Clifford and D. Farmer, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 74, 1826-1832 (1983)]. The sensitivity of the method depends on the features of the ocean fine structure, which is determined mainly by the internal waves and turbulence. To estimate the sensitivity of the multifrequency method of transverse current probing, the coherence function of two signals propagating through a frozen and moving internal wave field and through the turbulence is considered. The application of the multifrequency signal allows estimation of the fine-structure parameters as well as the current velocity.     

可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术光信号相关法氨气浓度流速同时测量

利用可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱技术结合光信号相关技术可以实现气体浓度和流速的同时在线测量。文章首先介绍了气体浓度与流速测量的基本原理,然后对在近红外通讯波段附近的NH₃吸收谱线进行分析,并从中选取适合测量的目标谱线,并进行了相应的计算分析。在常温常压下内径为0.016 m长度为1 m的管道内,利用流量计配制出不同浓度以及不同流速的NH₃和N₂混合气体进行相关的试验。利用线宽为15 MHz,可连续调谐范围为1 cm-1的激光二极管对位于6 548.7 cm-1处的NH₃吸收谱线进行快速扫描,采用直接吸收计算的方法测量得到实时气体吸收信号并计算出气体浓度。同时利用非介入式的光信号相关法,通过布置在管道上下游两个探测器探测到的NH₃浓度信号间的相关性,计算得到NH₃气体从上游到下游的渡越时间,进而计算出气体流速。计算得到的NH₃气体浓度值和流速值与流量计标定值之间相比,其相对误差分别在7%和10%之内。测量系统响应迅速,抗干扰能力强,测量结果重复性好,适用于恶劣的现场测量环境,具有很广的工业应用前景。     

Analysis on the feasibility of optical tomography in measuring gas jet flow velocity

Enlightened by the wide application of optical computerized tomography (OCT) in various flow fields’ visualization and parameter measurement, the potential feasibility of it on measuring gas jet flow velocity is discussed in this paper. The dependence of flow velocity on flow field's refractive index and dynamic pressure is deduced initially. An argon gas jet flow is chosen as an example for experiment, and the refractive index measurement is achieved by moiré tomography, while the dynamic pressure is obtained by a pressure sensor. In a word, both the theoretical and experimental results prove that OCT could be feasible to obtain the flow velocity of gas jet flows.     

双孔差分闪烁法测量大气湍流的理论与实验研究

根据cross-path理论, 推导出弱起伏条件下差分孔径光强起伏结构函数的精确表达式, 以此为依据, 从理论上提出测量大气湍流强度的双孔差分闪烁法. 在Kolmogorov湍流谱条件下, 分析了信标光直径和信标光高度对该方法中路径权重函数的影响. 在近地面开展了2 km路径的水平光单程传输实验, 将双孔差分闪烁法和单孔闪烁法的测量结果进行了对比. 实验结果表明: 在不同的天气条件和大气湍流状况下, 两种方法测量的折射率结构常数具有高度的一致性; 通过对折射率结构常数积分得到的球面波大气相干长度进行相关性分析, 发现两者的线性相关系数达0.96; 由此验证了双孔差分闪烁法的可行性和有效性. 该方法能够分离出主动信标双程传输的后向闪烁信息, 为主动信标准确探测大气湍流提供了一种新方法.     

基于光谱密度的差分吸收光谱法气体测量系统的校准研究

差分吸收光谱法(DOAS)是基于朗伯比尔定律的光谱法测量气体的重要方法,按此原理建立的测量系统是测量痕量气体的主要方法。用于测量痕量气体的DOAS系统的关键是其检出限的校准,传统的方法是使用标准气体进行校准。但是由于标准气体自身的量值确定问题,在ppb甚至ppt级的不确定度大于10%,而一般的ppt级的DOAS测量系统本身的不确定度也会高于标准气体,导致传统方法失效。提出一种基于光谱密度的DOAS系统校准方法,利用朗伯比尔定律将DOAS系统的检出限和光谱密度建立关系。由于光谱密度作为光学量值可以测量到10-6甚至更高,所以通过该方法可以实现DOAS系统在ppb乃至ppt级的校准。本方法需要根据待校准的测量系统光学结构的基本参数计算其总的标准光学密度值,然后把标准光学密度片放入测量系统光程中,测得其光学密度值,根据前后两次光学密度计算测量系统的测量偏差,进而分析计算测量系统的标准不确定度和标定的扩展不确定度,所得到的标定的扩展不确定度即为测量系统的检出限。该方法完全基于光学测量,不需引入标准气体评估,基于光学密度的精密测量和测量系统光学结构的装调误差,实现测量系统在较小不确定度水平上的标定,提高检出限标定的精度。本方法在开放光程式的DOAS系统上进行了实验验证。     

紧凑型全光纤内弹道弹速测量系统

 基于光电通讯领域中不断涌现出的高性能与带宽的光电仪器与器件,利用激光光束遮断原理,针对一级气体炮、二级轻气炮及火药炮等动高压加载手段,开展了内弹道弹速精密测量技术的实验研究,并研制一套紧凑型全光纤激光精密测量实验系统（简称：AFOBB-All fiber optical beam breakout）。通过百余发实验的工程应用,以及对实验数据的统计处理与分析表明,AFOBB系统完全满足精密物理实验的测试精度及可靠性要求,其速度测量的相对扩展不确定度小于0.8%,精确测量能力涵盖了几十m/s~7.0 km/s的弹速范围。     

Higher-order cross-correlation-based Doppler optical coherence tomography

A method based on higher-order cross-correlation is proposed to fetch the Doppler information on flow velocity within areas under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by spectral domain optical coherence tomography. The proposed method is theoretically developed and validated by measurement of a moving mirror with known velocities. Standard deviations of flow velocities of the mirror under different SNRs are determined by the proposed method and compared with those by the modified phase-resolved method. Measurement of flowing particles within a glass capillary is also conducted, and Doppler flow velocity maps of the glass capillary are reconstructed by both methods. All experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can significantly suppress noise, thus rendering it suitable for flow measurement under low SNR cases.     

油-气-水三相流超声传感器持气率测量*

为探索油-气-水三相流持气率测量难题,该文开展了脉冲透射式超声传感器持气率测量动态实验研究。首先,利用超声传感器与光纤传感器组合,测取了油-气-水三相流中段塞流、混状流、泡状流的响应信号;其次,提取了超声脉冲信号的最大值序列来反映不同流型时超声传感器响应特性,同时,借助双头光纤传感器与相关测速法,计算得到了流体中气泡弦长序列;最后,结合流型与泡径信息,利用超声传感器测量了不同流型下持气率,并分析了不同流型持气率预测的误差来源,为其他油-气-水三相流持气率测量传感器设计提供了借鉴。     

光束质量对闪烁和流速测量的影响分析

给出了用发光二极管测量闪烁和流速光源远场理想特性的表达式.波前扭曲可以分解成波前倾斜和曲率改变两部分来处理.波前倾斜和离轴接收信号的情况相当，对测量结果影响不大.当波前曲率半径不等于到光源的距离时，对流速和闪烁强度测量都会带来不能忽略的误差，路径加权函数的对称特性也会改变.最后给出的流速测量的实验结果和理论计算是一致的.     

Intelligent diagnostic optics for flow visualization

A review of several current optical diagnostics used for flow visualization is presented and the limitations and strengths of each technique are described. A new type of intelligent diagnostic optic designed for making three-dimensional measurement of velocity in a gas turbine combustor is proposed. The diagnostic uses an in-line tomographic approach combined with correlation theory to spatially locate structure within the flow. A discussion is then made as to why some optical diagnostics have been more successful than others in their general application. The potential advantages of evolving new technology and the implications for future instrumentation are also discussed.     

相关多普勒光学层析成像

提出了基于互相关的多普勒OCT(correlated Doppler optical coherence tomography, CD-OCT)方法, 能够有效的抑制噪声, 实现低信噪比条件下的流速探测. 对CD-OCT算法进行了详细的推导, 分析了噪声的相关性对该算法结果的影响, 最后基于谱域和时域联合探测方法(joint spectral and time domain optical coherence tomography, STD-OCT)以及CD-OCT算法的对比实验证明了该算法能够进一步实现信噪比的提高, 使测量的结果更为稳定.     

结合吸收光谱与互相关法的燃气速度测量方法研究

针对可调谐半导体激光器吸收光谱(TDLAS)基于多普勒效应测速方法在燃气流速测量中频移量小、误差较大的问题,提出了结合固定波长吸收光谱法与互相关法的燃气速度测量方法。考虑碳氢燃料燃烧产物特点,选取H₂O分子7 185.597 cm-1吸收谱线,通过布置上下游两束固定波长吸收光谱测点,分析两信号的互相关特性来计算得到燃气速度。利用平面火焰炉实验系统对该方法测量燃气速度开展实验研究,获得了变工况下燃气速度随时间的变化情况。在相同工况下开展数值计算,将测量结果与数值模拟计算结果进行对比,相对偏差不超过8%。同时将该方法初步应用于煤油燃料火箭基组合循环发动机(RBCC)的高速羽流速度测量,获得了上下游探测器脉动信号,通过互相关分析计算得到了羽流速度,验证了该方法的可行性。实验结果表明,该燃气速度测量方法具有测量范围宽、测量精度高,环境干扰小等优点。提出的方法为发动机燃气速度测量提供一种简单可靠的测量方法。     

A rotating arc gas pump for circuit breaking and other applications

A rotating arc circuit breaker is described which uses an auxiliary current source to generate the magnetic field for driving the arc. Test results obtained using optical fiber measurement systems have shown that there are three main arcing phases. Initially the arc rotates at an essentially constant but low velocity, subsequently its velocity oscillates between this and much higher values, and finally the are plasma may become diffuse in nature. Test results obtained with dielectric strength probes have indicated that a unidirectional flow of arc heated gas is generated. The flow is away from the moving contact of the interrupter so promoting good dielectric strength in this critical contact region. The combination of the optical fiber and dielectric probe results indicates two possible modes of gas pumping represented, respectively, by a fan and a piston-type action of the arc. Simplified analytical models for both modes are developed with predictions obtained showing good agreement with the experimental results. Discussion of experimental results suggests that the transition from oscillatory velocity changes to diffuse arcing represents an important parameter for scaling the geometries of future interrupters and arc heaters     

基于激光布里渊散射的高速气流测试技术

激光布里渊散射是由介质密度涨落引起的一种非弹性散射现象,其散射谱特征参数（频移、线宽）取决于散射角和散射介质压强、温度等参数,通过探测高速气流激光布里渊散射谱,可反演获得高速气流压强、温度等参数。介绍了基于激光布里渊散射原理的高速气流参数测试原理,设计了一种基于法布里 珀罗干涉仪的高速气流参数测试装置,搭建实验平台获取了高速氮气气流的激光布里渊散射谱。实验结果表明,通过激光布里渊散射谱获得的高速气流压强、温度值与理论值相对误差在15%以内。     

In situ measurement on nonuniform velocity distributionin external detonation exhaust flow by analysis ofspectrum features using TDLAS

Instantaneous and precise velocity sensing is a critical part of research on detonation mechanism and flow evolution.This paper presents a novel multi-projection tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy solution,to provide a real-time and reliable measurement of velocity distribution in detonation exhaust flow with obvious nonuniformity.Relations are established between overlapped spectrums along probing beams and Gauss velocity distribution phantom according to the frequency shifts and tiny variations in components of light-of-sight absorbance profiles at low frequencies analyzed by the fast Fourier transform.With simulated optical measurement using H2O feature at 7185.6 cm-1 carried out on a phantom generated using a simulation of two-phase detonation by a two-fluid model,this method demonstrates a satisfying performance on recovery of velocity distribution profiles in supersonic flow even with a noise equivalent absorbance up to 2×10^-3.This method is applied to the analysis of rapidly decreasing velocity during a complete working cycle in the external flow field of an air-gasoline detonation tube operating at 25 Hz,and results show the velocity in the core flow field would be much larger than the arithmetic average from traditional tunable diode laser doppler velocimetry.This proposed velocity distribution sensor would reconstruct nonuniform velocity distribution of high-speed flow in low cost and simple operations,which broadens the possibility for applications in research on the formation and propagation of external flow filed of detonation tube.     

Simultaneous measurement of flow velocity and Doppler angle by the use of Doppler optical coherence tomography

Monitoring blood flow velocity could have great value for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. One of current restrictions to determine flow velocity by the use of Doppler optical coherence tomography (Doppler OCT) is that the Doppler angle should be predefined. However, from a practical point of view, it is not easy to predetermine Doppler angle for a flow beneath the tissue surface. In this work, a novel method for measuring both flow velocity and Doppler angle simultaneously by the use of Doppler OCT is proposed and demonstrated. Based on Doppler spectrum analysis, this technique measures both longitudinal and transverse components of flow velocity by detecting its Doppler shift and Doppler bandwidth to determine velocity and Doppler angle simultaneously. Such a technique extends flow velocity measurement into a broadening practical use of Doppler OCT where Doppler angle would not need to be predefined, for example, blood flow beneath the tissue surface. Therefore, with this technique, Doppler OCT could be applied to more practical diagnoses of microcirculation.