CdTe太阳电池的不同背电极和背接触层的特性研究

用Ni替代Au来作为CdTe太阳电池的背电极，比较了Ni,Ni/Au,Au/Ni及Au背电极对电池性能的影响.发现Ni作为背电极和ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu复合层接触，电池的开路电压V_oc略有降低，填充因子FF有增有减，变化幅度不大，但因短路电流I_sc有较大的提高，转换效率η平均增长4％.测试了不同背电极的CdTe太阳电池的暗I-V和C-V特性，对背电极剥离后的样品进行了XPS测试分析.结果表明，Ni扩散到ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu复合层的深度比Au多，且大多呈离子态，与ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu复合层中的富Te离子形成Ni_xTe，提高了掺杂浓度，使电池性能获得改善. 关键词： 金属背电极 复合背接触层 转换效率 CdTe太阳电池     

沉积条件对ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu薄膜结构及CdTe电池性能的影响

用共蒸发法沉积了ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu复合多晶薄膜,通过XRD,XPS,C-V,I-V等研究了沉积温度对薄膜结构、Cu浓度分布及电池性能的影响.结果表明,沉积温度对薄膜的结构影响不明显,薄膜呈立方相,经185 ℃退火后出现了六方相.对薄膜的剖析发现,Cu浓度分布呈现先上升到一极大值而后快速下降的趋势, 100 ℃沉积的ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu薄膜,ZnTe层起到了阻止Cu扩散作用,用这种薄膜制作的太阳电池X_D较大 关键词： ZnTe多晶薄膜 沉积温度 薄膜结构 器件性能     

用光电子能谱研究CdTe太阳电池的背接触特性

CdTe太阳电池的背电极须采用高功函数金属。通过采用光电子能谱(XPS)分析了高功函数金属Au和Ni分别作为背电极的CdTe太阳电池背接触特性,发现在背电极剥离后,Au在ZnTe/ZnTe∶Cu背接触层表面以Au单质形式存在,扩散深度较浅;Ni扩散到ZnTe/ZnTe∶Cu复合层的深度比Au大,且大多呈离子态,与ZnTe/ZnTe∶Cu复合层中的富Te离子形成Ni_xTe,提高了掺杂浓度,使电池性能获得改善。在两样品中还发现,不论是Te的峰还是Zn的峰,其峰的位移变化都很小,说明两样品中Te和Zn的存在形式没有发生变化。     

CdTe太阳电池背接触层的XPS研究

采用共蒸发法在不同条件下制备了ZnTe和ZnTe∶Cu多晶薄膜,通过XRD和XPS研究了它们的结构和各元素的浓度分布。结果表明,不同衬底温度下沉积的薄膜,结构无明显变化,利用XPS溅射剖析获得了薄膜中各成分浓度随溅射时间变化的分布图,发现不同条件下制备的薄膜,溅射速率不同,各成分随溅射时间的变化也不相同。薄膜中Cu的浓度随溅射时间增加而快速增加,并达到一极大值,然后快速下降。根据Cu浓度的变化研究了ZnTe层对Cu原子的阻挡作用,通过对Cu浓度随时间变化分布图的比较,作者认为,用70 ℃制备ZnTe,而后在常温下制备ZnTe∶Cu的复合膜作为CdTe太阳电池的背接触层,能有效阻挡Cu原子的扩散,提高电池效率。     

稀土掺杂CdTe太阳电池背接触层ZnTe的第一性原理研究

结合CdS/CdTe太阳电池背接触层的制备要求考虑, 利用基于密度泛函理论平面波超软赝势方法和广义梯度近似, 计算了未掺杂ZnTe、稀土Y、Gd掺杂ZnTe的能带和电子态密度, 得到了不同体系下系统总能和晶格常数. 研究表明, 稀土Y和Gd掺杂后ZnTe结构的稳定性均提高, 掺杂Y使ZnTe与CdTe的晶格匹配更好. 计算表明, 掺杂可使载流子发生简并, 掺Y比掺Gd电子有效质量小, 掺Y与掺Gd的载流子浓度数量级相同. 根据计算结果分析了稀土掺杂对ZnTe背接触层的影响. 关键词： ZnTe 稀土掺杂 第一性原理 太阳电池背接触层     

CdTe太阳电池中起因于Cu的深能级

在CdTe太阳电池中,易引入并形成Cu深能级中心. 本文采用深能级瞬态谱测试法研究了ZnTe背接触和石墨背接触CdTe太阳电池的部分深能级中心. 研究中运用密度泛函相关理论,分析闪锌矿结构CdTe,Cd空位体系和掺Cu体系的电子态密度,计算得出T_d场和C_3v场下Cu²⁺ d轨道的分裂情况. 计算结果表明,CdTe太阳电池中的E_v+0206 eV和E_v+0122 eV两个深中心来源于Cu替代Cd原子. 计算结果还表明,掺入Cu可降低CdTe体系能量. 关键词： 深能级瞬态谱 第一性原理 CdTe Cu杂质     

化学水浴法制备大面积CdS薄膜及其光伏应用

采用化学水浴法制备了大面积CdS多晶薄膜,研究了薄膜的形貌、结构和光学性质,结果表明,大面积CdS多晶薄膜具有良好的均匀性,通过优化CdS多晶薄膜,制成了不同CdS窗口层厚度的CdTe小面积太阳电池,减薄CdS薄膜可有效提高器件的短路电流,改善器件性能.随后,在面积30cm×40cm的衬底上制备了全面积为993.6cm²的CdTe太阳电池组件,其27个集成单元的电学性质较为均匀,太阳电池组件的光电转换效率8.13%. 关键词： 化学水浴法(CBD) CdS薄膜 CdTe太阳电池 CdTe太阳电池组件     

基于氧化镍背接触缓冲层碲化镉薄膜太阳电池的研究

采用电子束蒸发法制备了NiO薄膜,并对其作为碲化镉薄膜太阳电池背接触缓冲层材料进行了相关研究.NiO缓冲层的加入使得碲化镉太阳电池开路电压显著增大.通过X射线光电子能谱测试得到的NiO/CdTe界面能带图表明NiO和CdTe的能带匹配度很好.NiO是宽禁带P型半导体材料,在电池背接触处形成背场,减少了电子在背表面处的复合,从而提高电池开路电压.通过优化NiO薄膜厚度,制备得到转换效率为12.2%、开路电压为789 mV的碲化镉太阳电池.研究证实NiO是用来制备高转换效率、高稳定性碲化镉薄膜太阳电池的一种极有前景的缓冲层材料.     

ZnTe(ZnTe∶Cu)多晶薄膜的XPS研究

用共蒸发法在室温下制备了ZnTe及ZnTe∶Cu多晶薄膜,测量了电导率温度曲线,发现不掺杂的ZnTe薄膜的暗电导随温度的增加而线形增加,呈常规的半导体材料特征;掺Cu的ZnTe薄膜在温度较低时,lnσ随温度升高而缓慢增加,随后缓慢降低,达到一极小值,当温度继续升高时又陡然增加,呈现异常现象。用XPS研究了N₂气氛下退火前后表面状态,发现不掺Cu的ZnTe薄膜呈现富Te现象。掺Cu后Te氧化明显,以ZnTe形式存在的Te明显减少;ZnTe∶Cu薄膜中Zn的含量在退火前后变化明显,退火前,Zn主要以ZnTe形式存在,退火后Zn原子向表面扩散,使表面成分更加均匀,谱峰变宽;退火时,部分Cu原子进入晶格形成Cu_xTe相,引起载流子浓度变化,导致ZnTe∶Cu多晶薄膜的电导温度关系异常。     

ZnTe（ZnTe：Cu）多晶薄膜的XPS研究

用共蒸发法在室温下制备了ZnTe及ZnTe：Cu多晶薄膜，测量了电导率温度曲线，发现不掺杂的ZnTe薄膜的暗电导随温度的增加而线形增加，呈常规的半导体材料特征；掺Cu的ZnTe薄膜在温度较低时，lnσ随温度升高而缓慢增加，随后缓慢降低，达到一极小值，当温度继续升高时又陡然增加，呈现异常现象。用XPS研究了N2气氛下退火前后表面状态，发现不掺Cu的ZnTe薄膜呈现富Te现象。掺Cu后Te氧化明显，以ZnTe形式存在的Te明显减少；ZnTe：Cu薄膜中Zn的含量在退火前后变化明显，退火前，Zn主要以ZnTe形式存在，退火后Zn原子向表面扩散，使表面成分更加均匀，谱峰变宽；退火时，部分Cu原子进入晶格形成CuxTe相，引起载流子浓度变化，导致ZnTe：Cu多晶薄膜的电导温度关系异常。     

Development of ZnTe film with high copper doping efficiency for solar cells

Since a hole barrier was formed in back contact due to mismatch of work function, the back contact material for CdTe cell has been a significant research direction. The ZnTe:Cu is an ideal back contact material, which reduces the valence band discontinuity and can be used as the electron back reflection layer to inhibit interface recombination. The conductivity of ZnTe:Cu film is improved by applying RF-coupled DC sputtering and post-deposition heat treatment. The doping efficiency is computed as the ratio of free hole density and copper concentration, which can be correlated with performance for CdTe-based solar cell. The higher doping efficiency means that more copper atoms substitute for Zn sites in ZnTe lattices and less mobilized copper atoms remain which can enter into the CdTe absorber layer. Copper atoms are suspected as dominant element for CdTe-based cell degradation. After optimizing the ZnTe:Cu films, a systematic study is carried out to incorporate ZnTe:Cu film into CdTe solar cell. The EQE spectrum is kept relatively stable over the long wavelength range without decreasing. It is proved that the conduction band barrier of device with ZnTe:Cu/Au contact material has an effect on the EQE response, which works as free electron barrier and reduces the recombination rate of free carrier. According to the dark J—V data or the light J—V data in the linear region, the current indicates that the intercept gives the diode reverse saturation current. The results of ideality factor indicate that the dominant recombination occurs in the space charge region. In addition, the space charge density and depletion width of solar cell can be estimated by C—V profiling.     

Comparative study of the p+ layer created in CdTe films by nitric-phosphoric etching and chemical-deposition methods

The physical properties of the etched CdTe surfaces obtained during the process of formation of a p+ region on CdTe surface films using (i) a nitric/phosphoric acid mixture and (ii) a chemical Te-deposition method involving thermal annealing have been compared in this study. This study suggests the chemical-deposition method as an alternative to the chemical-etching methods for use in back-contact technology to increase the efficiency of CdTe solar cells.     

图谱分析退火对本征SnO2多晶薄膜性能的影响

提高CdTe太阳电池转换效率的有效途径之一是适当减薄CdS窗口层,减薄了的CdS层会严重影响电池性能,解决方法是在窗口层和透明导电膜之间加一层高阻本征SnO2薄膜。采用反应磁控溅射制备了具有高阻抗的本征SnO2薄膜,并对其进行了后处理,利用XRD,XPS等方法研究了退火前后薄膜的结构,成分及表面化学状态的变化。结果表明:经N2/O2=4:1气氛550℃(0.5h)退火后,样品由非晶态转变为四方相结构的多晶薄膜,具有(110)择优取向;XPS分析表明退火后薄膜的氧含量增加、O(1s)峰向低能方向移动,SnO被氧化成SnO2,使得薄膜的透过率增大,退火后的本征SnO2高阻膜非常适合作为过渡层应用于CdTe太阳电池中。     

Effects of metal doping on the physical properties of ZnTe thin films

Zinc telluride (ZnTe) thin films were sublimated on a glass substrate using closed space sublimation (CSS) technique. ZnTe thin films of same thickness were tailored with copper (Cu) & silver (Ag) doping, considered for comparative study. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of as-deposited ZnTe thin film and doped ZnTe samples exhibited polycrystalline behavior. The preferred orientation of (111) having cubic phase was observed. XRD patterns indicated that the crystallite size had increased after silver and copper immersion in as-deposited ZnTe thin films. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the change of as-deposited and doped sample's grains sizes. EDX confirmed the presence of Cu and Ag in the ZnTe thin films after doping respectively. The optical studies showed the decreasing trend in energy band gap after Cu and Ag-doping. Transmission also decreased after doping. Resistivity of as-deposited ZnTe thin film was about 10⁶ Ω cm. The resistivity was reduced to 68.97 Ω cm after Cu immersion, and 10⁴ Ω cm after Ag immersion. Raman spectra were used to check the crystallinity of as-deposited, Cu and Ag-doped ZnTe thin film samples.     

Wet chemical etched CdTe thin film solar cells

Wet chemical etching process on as-deposited CdTe surface using nitric-phosphoric (NP) acid improved the efficiency of CdS/CdTe solar cells from 10.1% to 13.8%. Nitric-phosphoric (NP) acid solution etched native oxide (TeO₂) layer and resolved excess cadmium on CdTe surface. After the heat treatment process activated the CdCl₂, CdO layer which was believed to be a diffusion barrier of chlorine did not grow on the etched CdTe surface and new (V_Cd^2?–2Cl_Te¹⁺)⁰ complexes was located at E_V + 0.045 eV. New (V_Cd^2?–2Cl_Te¹⁺)⁰ complexes acted as a shallow acceptors and induced to improve V_oc and J_sc. The surface of CdTe thin film has been studied using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and low temperature Photoluminescence (PL).     

Influence of P<Superscript>+</Superscript>-ZnTe back surface contact on photovoltaic performance of ZnTe based solar cells

In order to improve photovoltaic performance of solar cells based on ZnTe thin films two device structures have been proposed and its photovoltaic parameters have been numerically simulated using Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator software. The first one is the ZnO/CdS/ZnTe conventional structure and the second one is the ZnO/CdS/ZnTe/P⁺-ZnTe structure with a P⁺-ZnTe layer inserted at the back surface of ZnTe active layer to produce a back surface field effect which could reduce back carrier recombination and thus increase the photovoltaic conversion efficiency of cells. The effect of ZnO, CdS and ZnTe layer thicknesses and the P⁺-ZnTe added layer and its thickness have been optimized for producing maximum working parameters such as: open-circuit voltage V_oc, short-circuit current density J_sc, fill factor FF, photovoltaic conversion efficiency η. The solar cell with ZnTe/P⁺-ZnTe junction showed remarkably higher conversion efficiency over the conventional solar cell based on ZnTe layer and the conversion efficiency of the ZnO/CdS/ZnTe/P⁺-ZnTe solar cell was found to be dependent on ZnTe and P⁺-ZnTe layer thicknesses. The optimization of ZnTe, CdS and ZnTe layers and the inserting of P⁺-ZnTe back surface layer results in an enhancement of the energy conversion efficiency since its maximum has increased from 10% for ZnO, CdS and ZnTe layer thicknesses of 0.05, 0.08 and 2 µm, respectively to 13.37% when ZnO, CdS, ZnTe and P⁺-ZnTe layer thicknesses are closed to 0.03, 0.03, 0.5 and 0.1 µm, respectively. Furthermore, the highest calculated output parameters have been J_sc?=?9.35 mA/cm², V_oc?=?1.81 V, η?=?13.37% and FF?=?79.05% achieved with ZnO, CdS, ZnTe, and P⁺-ZnTe layer thicknesses about 0.03, 0.03, 0.5 and 0.1 µm, respectively. Finally, the spectral response in the long-wavelength region for ZnO/CdS/ZnTe solar cells has decreased at the increase of back surface recombination velocity. However, it has exhibited a red shift and showed no dependence of back surface recombination velocity for ZnO/CdS/ZnTe/P?+?-ZnTe solar cells.