Effect of slow-to-start in the extended BML model with four-directional traffic

In this paper, an extended Biham–Middleton–Levine (BML) model is proposed to simulate complex characteristics of four-directional traffic flow by considering the effect of slow-to-start. The simulation results show that the system does not exhibit a sharp transition from moving phase to jamming phase, which is consistent with the results of the latest studies about the original BML model. Differently from the structure geometric patterns in previous studies, a new phase separation phenomenon, i.e., the coexistence of multiple free flow stripes and multi-local jams, can be observed. The formation mechanisms of typical dynamic patterns are also explored. Furthermore, a mean field analysis for the maximum velocity in the moving phase is obtained, which is in good accordance with simulation results. In addition, an interesting feature is found that this new coexistence phenomenon of two phases is determined only by the effect of slow-to-start and is completely independent of traffic light (only considering red light and green light) period.     

Phase transition in a mixture of adaptive cruise control vehicles and manual vehicles

In this paper, we have investigated the effects of adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicles in a mixture with manually-controlled (manual) vehicles. The manual vehicles are simulated by using the modified comfortable driving model, which can describe synchronized traffic flow. The phase transition probabilities from free flow to synchronized flow and from synchronized flow to jams are studied. The impact of ACC vehicles on the flow rates in free flow and synchronized flow and on the propagation velocity of the downstream front of jams are investigated. The dependence of microscopic properties of traffic flow, including the spatiotemporal patterns and the velocity distribution, is explored. Our results are expected to be useful for developing ACC systems.     

The effect of ACC vehicles to mixed traffic flow consisting of manual and ACC vehicles

This paper studies the effect of adaptive cruise control （ACC） system on traffic flow by using simulations. The multiple headway and velocity difference （MHVD） model is used to depict the motion of ACC vehicles, and the simulation results are compared with the optimal velocity （OV） model which is used to depict the motion of manual vehicles. Compared the cases between the manual and the ACC vehicle flow, the fundamental diagram can be classified into four regions： I, II, III, IV. In low and high density the flux of the two models is the same; in region II the free flow region of the MHVD model is enlarged, and the flux of the MHVD model is larger than that of the OV model; in region III serious jams occur in the OV model while the ACC system suppresses the jams in the MHVD model and the traffic flow is in order, but the flux of the OV model is larger than that of the MHVD model. Similar phenomena also appeared in mixed traffic flow which consists of manual and ACC vehicles. The results indicate that ACC vehicles have significant effect on traffic flow. The improvement induced by ACC vehicles decreases with the increasing proportion of ACC vehicles.     

A lattice traffic model with consideration of preceding mixture traffic information

In this paper,the lattice model is presented,incorporating not only site information about preceding cars but also relative currents in front.We derive the stability condition of the extended model by considering a small perturbation around the homogeneous flow solution and find that the improvement in the stability of traffic flow is obtained by taking into account preceding mixture traffic information.Direct simulations also confirm that the traffic jam can be suppressed efficiently by considering the relative currents ahead,just like incorporating site information in front.Moreover,from the nonlinear analysis of the extended models,the preceding mixture traffic information dependence of the propagating kink solutions for traffic jams is obtained by deriving the modified KdV equation near the critical point using the reductive perturbation method.     

Analysis of Stability for Gas-Kinetic Non-Local Traffic Model

The gas-kinetic non-local traffic model is improved by taking into account the relative velocity of the correlated vehicles. The stability of different relaxation time modes is analytically investigated with the perturbation method. The analysis and numerical simulations validate that the density-velocity dependent relaxation time model is more stable than the other gas-kinetic traffic models in the high density traffic jams.     

交通流的一维元胞自动机敏感驾驶模型

在一维交通流元胞自动机NaSch模型的基础上，优先考虑驾驶员的不确定性敏感预期行为， 将随机延迟过程放在确定性减速之前，从而建立一种新的一维元胞自动机交通流模型：敏感驾驶模型 （简称SDNaSch模型），并根据所给出的车辆状态演化的并行更新规则作了数值模 拟，模拟得到的基本图表明，与NaSch模型相比，道路交通量有较大提高，接近于实测数据 ，说明新模型能更贴切地描述交通现象；某些密度区域流量出现两个分支，表明在临界点附 近存在亚稳态；而且会出现畅行相与阻塞相的相分离界面. 从车辆速度分布演化的时空斑图 ，可以看到宽幅运动阻塞相的出现以及畅行相→宽幅运动阻塞相和宽幅运动阻塞相→畅行相 的相变. 接着，计及实际交通情况，考虑行驶车辆中一部分是敏感驾驶，而其余车辆按NaSc h模型规则行驶，数值模拟结果进一步证明，敏感驾驶因素对车流的作用是很大的，随着敏 感驾驶车辆的增多，道路容量也随之提高. 关键词： 交通流 元胞自动机模型 亚稳态 相分离 交通相变     

Analysis of the influence of occupation rate of public transit vehicles on mixing traffic flow in a two-lane system

Based on the existing classical cellular automaton model of traffic flow, a cellular automaton traffic model with different-maximum-speed vehicles mixed on a single lane is proposed, in which public transit and harbour-shaped bus stops are taken into consideration. Parameters such as length of cellular automaton, operation speed and random slow mechanism are re-demarcated. A harbour-shaped bus stop is set up and the vehicle changing lane regulation is changed. Through computer simulation, the influence of occupation rate of public transit vehicles on mixed traffic flow and traffic capacity is analysed. The results show that a public transport system can ease urban traffic congestion but creates new jams at the same time, and that the influence of occupation rate of public transit vehicles on traffic capacity is considerable. To develop urban traffic, attention should be paid to the occupation rate of public transit vehicles and traffic development in a haphazard way should be strictly avoided.     

考虑动态车间距的一维元胞自动机交通流模型

基于NaSch元胞自动机交通流模型, 考虑司机复杂的性格特征和驾驶行为差异, 引入相邻车辆的动态车间距, 提出了一个改进的单车道元胞自动机交通流模型. 通过数值模拟得到了流量-密度关系, 在中高密度区域呈现出一种弥散分布的状态而非惟一确定的关系, 再现了交通系统中的自由流、同步流及宽幅运动阻塞, 表明道路上即使没有交通瓶颈也会出现同步流和拥挤交通, 同时揭示了在同步流中存在的车辆高速跟驰现象, 高速跟驰率与交通实测结果较为符合.     

Competition and cooperation on a toy Autobahn model

Traffic on an one-lane freeway is simulated using a continuous space-discrete time probabilistic cellular automata model.The effet of different individual driving patterns is estimated by monitoring the traffic flow, the velocity and acceleration distributions, the aver-age number of accidents, and the distribution of density-waves (traffic jams) as a function of traffic density. The number of accidents, traffic jams, and the fuel consumption are drastically reduced by driving strategies adapting to local traffic conditions. At high traffic densities this leads, however, to a decrease in the global traffic throughout.     

Effect of gravitational force upon traffic flow with gradients

We study the effect of gravitational force upon traffic flow on a highway with sag, uphill, and downhill. We extend the optimal velocity model to take into account the gravitational force which acts on vehicles as an external force. We study the traffic states and jamming transitions induced by the slope of highway. We derive the fundamental diagrams (flow-density diagrams) for the traffic flow on the sag, the uphill, and downhill by using the extended optimal velocity model. We clarify where and when traffic jams occur on a highway with gradients. We show the relationship between densities before and after the jam. We derive the dependence of the fundamental diagram on the slope of gradients.     

多路段元胞自动机交通流模型

在经典单路段元胞自动机交通流模型的基础上,将多个路段视为一个道路系统,提出并研究了多路段条件下的交通流问题.针对多路段道路的特点,通过引入车辆流入规则、路口随机慢化规则和路口车辆流入规则,控制车辆从上一路段流入下一路段.首先提出了"汽车池"的概念,来控制每一路口车辆的流入;然后通过路口随机慢化,来模拟路口对交通的影响;最后,当车辆离开时,依直行率进入下一路段,实现车流的继续流动.同时,通过数值模拟,仿真了不同条件下的交通情况,对重要参数进行了研究.结果表明,出现了混合流这一新的现象,拥堵地段与非拥堵地段间存在明显的界限.拥堵往往最先从路口开始,然后蔓延到整个路段.多路段道路还存在临界突变的特性.随着车辆流入概率的增大,路口对平均速度和车流密度的影响愈加明显.当流入概率超过一定阈值时,车辆缓慢地增加也会引起整体道路通行能力的迅速下降.     

Abnormal hysteresis effect and phase transitions in a velocity-difference dependent randomization CA model

Additional to the basic Nagel-Schreckenberg model for single-lane traffic flow, we consider the effect of the velocity-difference between two successive vehicles on the randomization of the latter one. This modification improves the transit capacity of the model, which results in a much higher simulated flux. Moreover, in a circular road, this model simulates an abnormal hysteresis effect. The characteristic shape of hysteresis curves may shed some light on the distinguish of synchronized flow and jams.     

Periodic states, local effects and coexistence in the BML traffic jam model

The Biham-Middleton-Levine (BML) model is simple lattice model of traffic flow, self-organization and jamming. Rather than a sharp phase transition between free-flow and jammed, it was recently shown that there is a region where stable intermediate states exist, with details dependent on the aspect ratio of the underlying lattice. Here we investigate square aspect ratios, focusing on the region where random, disordered intermediate (DI) states and conventional global jam (GJ) states coexist, and show that DI states dominate for some densities and timescales. Moreover, we show that periodic intermediate (PI) states can also coexist. PI states converge to periodic limit cycles with short recurrence times and were previously conjectured to arise from idiosyncrasies of relatively prime aspect ratios. The observed coexistence of DI, PI and GJ states shows that global parameters, density together with aspect ratio, are not sufficient to determine the full jamming outcome. We investigate additional features that lead towards jamming and show that a strategic perturbation of a few selected bits can change the nature of the flow, nucleating a global jam.     

Two-dimensional city traffic model with periodically placed blocks

A new two-dimensional cellular automaton traffic model is proposed, where blocks are placed periodically. The present model includes the model of two crossing roads in the limit of maximum sized blocks and the BML model in the limit of zero sized blocks. New phases of traffic flow appear between the free flow phase and the jam phase in the BML model. The boundaries between these phases come closer as the size of the block decreases and converge into one phase boundary at a density around 0.19, which is in fair agreement with the critical density in the BML model.     

A new coupled-map car-following model based on a transportation supernetwork framework

A new car-following model is proposed by considering information from a number of preceding vehicles with intervehicle communication. A supernetwork architecture is first described, which has two layers： a traffic network and a communication network. The two networks interact with and depend on each other. The error dynamic system around the steady state of the model is theoretically analyzed and some nonjam criteria are derived. A simple control signal is added to the model to analyze the criteria of suppressing traffic jams. The corresponding numerical simulations confirm the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Compared with previous studies concerning coupled map models, the controlled model proposed in this paper is more reasonable and also more effective in the sense that it takes into account the formation of traffic congestion.     

Texture analysis of bone marrow in knee MRI for classification of subjects with bone marrow lesion — Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative

Visualization of bone marrow lesion (BML) can improve the diagnosis of many bone disorders that are associated with it. A quantitative approach in detecting BML could increase the accuracy and efficiency of diagnosing those bone disorders. In this paper, we investigated the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based texture to (a) identify slices and (b) classify subjects with and without BML. A total of 58 subjects were studied; 29 of them were affected by BML. The ages of subjects ranged from 45 to 74 years with a mean age of 59. Texture parameters were calculated for the weight-bearing region of distal femur. The parameters were then analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test and individual feature selection methods to identify potentially discriminantive parameters. Forward feature selection was applied to select features subset for classification. Classification results from eight classifiers were studied. Results show that 98 of the 147 parameters studied are statistically significantly different between the normal and affected marrows: parameters based on co-occurrence matrix are ranked highest in their separability. The classification of subjects achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.914, and the classification of slices achieved an AUC of 0.780. The results show that MRI-texture-based classification can effectively classify subjects/slices with and without BML.     

A new cellular automata model of traffic flow with negative exponential weighted look-ahead potential

With the development of traffic systems, some issues such as traffic jams become more and more serious. Efficient traffic flow theory is needed to guide the overall controlling, organizing and management of traffic systems. On the basis of the cellular automata model and the traffic flow model with look-ahead potential, a new cellular automata traffic flow model with negative exponential weighted look-ahead potential is presented in this paper. By introducing the negative exponential weighting coefficient into the look-ahead potential and endowing the potential of vehicles closer to the driver with a greater coefficient, the modeling process is more suitable for the driver's random decision-making process which is based on the traffic environment that the driver is facing. The fundamental diagrams for different weighting parameters are obtained by using numerical simulations which show that the negative exponential weighting coefficient has an obvious effect on high density traffic flux. The complex high density non-linear traffic behavior is also reproduced by numerical simulations.     

基于物联网视觉的大型拥堵车辆调度系统设计

针对道路拥堵车辆调度问题,设计了一种基于物联网视觉的大型拥堵车辆调度系统,分析了系统的总体结构,给出了系统的ZigBee协调器模块、车载传感器节点、图像采集处理模块以及无线传输模块的硬件结构,详细介绍了拥堵车辆调度算法流程,并给出了车辆调度最佳路径算法代码,实现了大型拥堵车辆的有效调度。实验结果说明,所设计系统可获取有效的交通车辆拥堵图像,实现交通拥堵的高效调度。     

A refined cellular automaton model to rectify impractical vehicular movement behavior

When implementing cellular automata (CA) into a traffic simulation, one common defect yet to be rectified is the abrupt deceleration when vehicles encounter stationary obstacles or traffic jams. To be more in line with real world vehicular movement, this paper proposes a piecewise-linear movement to replace the conventional particle-hopping movement adopted in most previous CA models. Upon this adjustment and coupled with refined cell system, a new CA model is developed using the rationale of Forbes’ et al. car-following concept. The proposed CA model is validated on a two-lane freeway mainline context. It shows that this model can fix the unrealistic deceleration behaviors, and thus can reflect genuine driver behavior in the real world. The model is also capable of revealing Kerner’s three-phase traffic patterns and phase transitions among them. Furthermore, the proposed CA model is applied to simulate a highway work zone wherein traffic efficiency (maximum flow rates) and safety (speed deviations) impacted by various control schemes are tested.     

Feedback control scheme of traffic jams based on the coupled map car-following model

Based on the pioneering work of Konishi et al. [Phys. Rev. E （1999） 60 4000], a new feedback control scheme is presented to suppress traffic jams based on the coupled map car-following model under the open boundary condition. The effect of the safe headway on the traffic system is considered. According to the control theory, the condition under which traffic jams can be suppressed is analyzed. The results are compared with the previous results concerning congestion control. The simulations show that the suppression performance of our scheme on traffic jams is better than those of the previous schemes, although all the schemes can suppress traffic jams. The simulation results are consistent with theoretical analyses.