流动沸腾空穴核化机理的实验研究

针对水在垂直矩形通道内的流动沸腾,对空穴核化的机理进行了实验研究.不同表面物性的沸腾对比发现良好湿润性表面成核更为持续稳定.空穴成核过程中形成的低过热区域超出了气泡直径大小,影响因数在1.3～1.8范围内变化.微液膜蒸发模型分析液膜厚度在活化核心处最小,而热流密度刚好相反.流动条件加强了气泡脱离运动,致使主流对流冷却作用增强,影响范围超出了气泡直径区域.核心间的相互作用导致核心状态出现间断性,同时主流对流冷却也是重要原因.     

板式蒸发式冷凝器气-液两相流流动的数值模拟

基于VOF算法,建立了波纹板蒸发式冷凝器的计算模型,考察了气相、板面结构和喷淋水量对液膜流动的影响.结果表明:当空气与水逆流时,会引起雾沫挟带,水膜厚度增加;当空气与水顺流时,水膜厚度会被空气削薄;波纹板结构对液膜的流动形式有重要影响,尺寸较大、凹槽较浅的波纹板有利于水膜的均匀分布;液膜的厚度随着喷淋水量的增大而增加,同时液膜内部振荡加剧,但不影响其流动结构.     

微液膜动力学特性与稳定性实验研究

气-液两相流设备的性能受限于临界热流密度,开展流动微液膜动力学特性及其稳定性的相关研究是深入理解沸腾危机及临界热流密度机理的关键。采用光学玻璃制成的矩形通道作为实验段,使用微流量齿轮泵驱动去离子水,使其在实验通道入口处与在其上部流动的压缩空气接触形成同向流动的分层流。利用共轭光学探测器对流动微液膜的厚度进行了测量,利用高速摄像机对气-液两相分层流波动特性进行了可视化观测。研究表明,在绝热情况下,当液速一定时,液膜的平均厚度随着气速增加而减小,当气速增加到某一阈值时会导致液膜破裂。     

厚度不均对纳米多孔镀层发热极限及熔毁失效的影响

采用纳米多孔膜可以实现新型的具有极高热流密度的薄液膜沸腾相变传热。在薄液膜沸腾的基础研究中,通过在纳米多孔膜表面加工纳米级别厚度的铂镀层实现加热和测温。通过扫描电镜观察,发现实验样品残骸表面有“河流”状形貌形成,结合元素分析推断铂镀层局部发生热熔。本文对铂镀层进行简化并建立电网络模型,计算并分析了铂镀层局部厚度不均对整体发热极限及熔毁失效的影响。分析结果表明,镀层厚度的不均,将会使镀层在达到极限热流密度后,极易出现“河流”状熔毁,使镀层永久失效;而厚度更加均匀的铂镀层,有助于获得更高的极限热流密度。     

流动不稳定性对沸腾临界触发机制的实验研究

本文以D_(in)=2.15 mm的带旁通小流道为对象,分别在不同液相质量流速以及不同入口水温条件下开展沸腾临界实验,结合汽泡动力学行为以及两相界面形态特征,探讨流动不稳定性对沸腾临界的触发机制。在本文工况范围内,在流动状态由稳定阶段转变为不稳定阶段后,进一步增大热流密度会触发沸腾临界,且所有沸腾临界均属于DO型沸腾临界。当液相质量流速较高时,环状流近壁液膜主要在汽芯强烈的扰动作用下迅速破裂;当入口水温较低时,近壁液膜主要由于强烈的蒸发现象迅速破裂;因此沸腾临界与流动不稳定性几乎同步被触发。本文分别通过引入受限系数(N_(conf))、过冷数(N_(sub))、以及Weber数(We)来反映壁面的限制作用、入口过冷度、以及惯性力与表面张力对沸腾临界的影响,建立了适用于D_(in)=2.15 mm带旁通小流道的CHF模型。     

分离压和表面黏度的协同作用对液膜排液过程的影响

针对含不溶性活性剂的垂直液膜排液过程,在考虑分离压作用的前提下,引入随活性剂浓度变化的表面黏度模型,应用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度、活性剂浓度和液膜表面速度的演化方程组,通过数值计算分析了常表面黏度和变表面黏度情形下的液膜演化特征.结果表明:表面黏度是影响液膜排液过程的重要因素,当不考虑表面黏度时,液膜表面呈"流动"模式,反之呈"刚性"模式,且随表面黏度增加,液膜排液速率明显减缓.分离压对"黑膜"的形成至关重要,分离压单独作用时,其形成的"黑膜"长度较短,而只考虑表面黏度时,则不能形成稳定的"黑膜".而在二者协同作用下,液膜中部形成了向下扩展、厚度很薄但非常稳定的"黑膜",且"黑膜"厚度、出现时间均随表面黏度的增大而增加.当考虑活性剂浓度对表面黏度的影响时,表面速度受此影响显著;在形成"黑膜"长度及出现时间方面与相应常表面黏度的情形基本类似,但其"黑膜"厚度小于相应常表面黏度,故在液膜排液过程中更容易发生失稳.     

临界热流密度物理机理的实验研究

本文通过实验研究了池沸腾和液膜沸腾条件下的临界热流密度。实验结果表明,初始液膜厚度对于临界热流密度没有影响,并且液膜沸腾的临界热流密度值和相同条件下的池沸腾的临界热流密度值相当。这一实验结果验证了‘尺度分离'假设。通过高速摄像机对液膜沸腾进行直接观测,发现在高热流密度时,绝大多数的气泡底下有微液膜存在,只有少量气泡底下出现干斑,但是由于高频的气泡生长过程,干斑很快被润湿而消失。接近临界热流密度时,干斑的面积占据整个加热表面的比例不超过10%。当热流密度达到临界值时,干斑由于不能被润湿而渐渐扩大,最后导致加热壁面烧毁。     

连续凹槽基底对含非溶性活性剂薄液膜流动特性的影响

针对连续凹槽基底上含非溶性活性剂液膜的流动过程, 采用润滑理论建立了液膜厚度和活性剂浓度演化模型, 利用PDECOL程序数值模拟得到了液膜流动的动力学特征及基底结构参数的影响. 研究表明: 活性剂液膜流经连续凹槽时, 负向台阶处形成凹陷, 正向台阶处形成隆起, 且随时间逐渐增大; 与平整基底相比, 连续凹槽下的活性剂液膜铺展速度加快; 基底凹槽的高度增加或斜度减小可加速液膜破断的可能性; 增大凹槽宽度可促进液膜流动; 减小斜度会使液膜进入第一凹槽前形成隆起特征; 重力在液膜的爬坡和下坡过程中具有相反的作用, 但均使得流动稳定性变差; 分子间作用力形成的结合压可加速液膜流动, 进而引发去湿润现象, 分离压则与之相反. 关键词： 活性剂液膜 非平整基底 铺展 分子间作用力     

弹状流长气泡区液膜流动的连续波特性

应用高速数字摄像与图形分析技术,在水平管中对弹状流长气泡区液膜流动的连续波特征进行了实验研究,理论分析表明弹状流长气泡区的液膜流是传播速度等于长气泡平移速度的连续波,提出了液膜厚度的控制方程,对液膜厚度的计算结果与测量结果相符合。得到弹状流中存在连续波的重要结论,揭示了稳定弹状流具有波动特性的物理本质。     

高热流作用下微通道内的周期性射流特性

在低质量流速和高热流密度下,对深度为30μm的微通道内的流动沸腾进行了实验研究,发现了毫秒级周期性喷射流型、液膜的波动及液丝的断裂现象.分析表明,喷射周期的长短与沸腾数(Bo)有关,界面非平衡蒸发导致液丝失稳及液膜波动;微通道宽度方向上的Marangoni效应引起液膜和液丝的收缩、波动及断裂.     

Investigation of transient processes at liquid boiling under nonstationary heat generation conditions

The paper presents results on experimentally investigated dynamics of boiling development and formation of film boiling zones under stepwise heat generation on a horizontally and vertically oriented cylindrical surface in a large volume of Freon-21. Experimental data on the expectation time and boiling temperature, the propagation velocity and structure of evaporation and boiling fronts for different heat flux density both in saturated liquid and in subcooling conditions are obtained. Results of experiments on investigating the nucleation forms under development of nonstationary heat release crisis caused by heat loading on the vertical heater immersed into the volume of liquid (water, ethanol) subcooled to saturation temperature are presented. A calculation ratio for determining the expectation time to the beginning of intense vaporization in water is proposed and compared with experimental data obtained on surfaces with different-size roughness. Peculiarities of evolution of evaporation fronts from incipient bubbles are investigated in the experiments with ethanol. Data on the evaporation front velocity as a function of wall overheating are obtained. The obtained experimental data on the propagation velocity of self-sustained evaporation fronts are compared with the known calculated data.     

复杂结构微流体芯片中的瞬态流型研究

在低质量流速和高热流密度下,对复杂结构微流体芯片中的流动沸腾进行了瞬态流型研究,发现了毫秒级微时间尺度的周期性流型和微通道中的分层流.在单个微通道区域,液膜沿流动方向逐渐增厚且蒸干总是首先发生在其上游区域,而在不同微通道区域间,下游微通道首先蒸干.分析表明,液相弗劳德数(Froude number)较低是微通道中分层流存在的原因.高沸腾数(Boiling number)引起汽液界面较大的剪切应力从而使液体不断向微通道出口处聚集,引起液膜厚度沿流动方向逐渐增厚.     

微重力下凝结和沸腾着的汽泡周围流场

1引言尽管对沸腾换热已有大量的研究，但对沸腾过程中驱动汽泡外流动的机理仍没有透彻理解，通常认为，汽泡外流动是由液体自然对流引起的。但是，近来的微重力实验表明［‘］；在没有自然对流的微重力场中，沸腾换热同样很剧烈。为了弄清正常重力和微重力环境中驱动换热的机理，很有必要作进一步的研究。本文数值分析了微重力环境下驱动壁面汽泡周围液体流动的基本机理，深入分析了Marangoni效应的影响，同时考虑表面凝结和蒸发过程的作用。2理论模型汽泡外流动可由二维层流N－S方程及烙方程来描述，流动是由Marangoni边界条件驱动，该条…     

Third heat transfer crisis at subcooling

The effect of liquid subcooling below the saturation temperature on the third heat transfer crisis was studied experimentally at pool boiling. Experimental data on the threshold values of superheating and heat fluxes, above which the evaporation front and third heat transfer crisis for acetone at subcooling from 0.3 to 10 K are formed, were shown. Formation of evaporation fronts is the necessary, but not sufficient condition for the third heat transfer crisis at subcooling. It was found that formation of a stable vapor film after propagation of condensation fronts over the heater surface is possible at heat fluxes considerably lower than the first critical one.     

毛细管内薄液膜轮廓和传热特性研究

本文认为毛细管的相变传热机理为液膜的导热和表面蒸发;表面蒸发受蒸汽温度、汽液界面的温度以及汽液压力差的共同控制。汽液流动机理为流动受脱离压力梯度、毛细力梯度支配。汽液相互作用机理为存在由于蒸发导致的动量转移切应力和由于汽液流速不同产生的摩擦切应力。提出的物理模型中较为全面地考虑了毛细管内传热、汽液流动及其相互作用。对毛细管半径和传热功率对薄液膜轮廓和传热特性影响程度的计算结果表明,随着毛细管半径的减小、传热功率的增大,蒸发界面区的长度会有所减小,这是针对微小空间得出的不同于常规情况的结论。     

Disintegration of flows of superheated liquid films and jets

This paper represents results on investigating the dynamics of boiling and disintegration of superheated liquid films and jets. The first part deals with experimental study of boiling liquid outflow through short cylindrical and slit channels. Evolution of disintegration of a hot water jet flow is observed both at low and moderate superheating and at high and limit superheating, and also for vaporization mechanisms corresponding to these superheatings. Peculiarities of disintegration of jets through slit and cylindrical channels are noticed. Results on measuring the reactive thrust of the jet through a slit channel under different geometrical conditions behind the channel outlet are represented. The 1/f fluctuations in transient regimes of superheated liquid boiling and in transient regimes of behavior of the jet shape are found. The second part of this article represents results on experimental investigation of nonsteady heat transfer and dynamics of the development of crisis phenomena at boiling of a falling subcooled liquid film in the conditions of stepwise heat release. The experimental data were obtained using synchronized high-speed infrared thermography and video. It is shown that with growth and condensation of vapor bubbles, on the liquid film interface appear large-amplitude waves that lead to considerably increasing local intensity of heat transfer. New data on the boiling incipience temperature in a subcooled liquid film, depending on the heat flux density, are obtained. It is found that the development of boiling crisis is a result of appearance of local dry patches and their subsequent growth by the mechanism of longitudinal thermal conductivity in the heat transfer wall as the equilibrium heat flux density is exceeded.     

Effect of nanofluids on thin film evaporation in microchannels

A thin film evaporation model based on the augmented Young–Laplace equation and kinetic theories was developed to describe the nanofluid effects on the extended evaporating meniscus in a microchannel. The nanofluid effects include the structural disjoining pressure, a thin porous coating layer at the surface formed by the nanoparticle deposition and the thermophysical property variations compared with the base fluid. The results show that the nanofluid thermal conductivity enhancement mainly due to the Brownian motion tends to greatly increase the liquid film thickness and the thin film heat transfer. The structural disjoining pressure effect tends to enhance the nanofluid spreading capability and the thin film evaporation. The nanoparticle-deposited porous coating layer improves the surface wettability while significantly reducing the thin film evaporation with increasing layer thickness due to the thermal resistance across this layer. The nanofluid thermal conductivity enhancement together with the structural disjoining pressure effect can not counteract the thermal resistance effects of the porous coating layer when the coating layer thickness is sufficiently large.     

Flow patterns and flowboiling heat transfer of freon R318C in an annular minichannel

This paper deals with experimental results on flowboiling heat transfer of liquid moving in an annular channel with unilateral central heating under the conditions of a significant effect of capillary forces on the flow modes and heat transfer. Experiments were carried out on boiling freon R318C in an annular channel with a gap of 0.95 mm and transparent outer wall. The inner wall was heated by the electric current. The local heat transfer coefficients and flow modes are presented. The critical film thickness corresponding to suppression of nucleate boiling was determined.     

多孔介质流动沸腾微观模型实验研究

多孔通道内流动沸腾广泛应用于热管、高效换热器、航天热防护等领域,认识孔隙尺度相变典型行为及特点有助于理解多孔介质内沸腾传热机理,进而改进多孔介质内部流体相变模型。基于此,本文搭建了二维多孔介质内流动沸腾实验台,对微米级多孔通道内部流动沸腾现象及气泡行为进行研究。实验发现在毛细力、黏性力和惯性力的共同作用下,多孔介质内的流动沸腾形态显著区别于直通道内的沸腾,存在局部气泡堵塞、合并和液膜蒸干、再润湿等行为。该研究有助于增强对相变过程的理解,并为多孔结构优化设计提供指导。