临界热流密度物理机理的实验研究

本文通过实验研究了池沸腾和液膜沸腾条件下的临界热流密度。实验结果表明,初始液膜厚度对于临界热流密度没有影响,并且液膜沸腾的临界热流密度值和相同条件下的池沸腾的临界热流密度值相当。这一实验结果验证了‘尺度分离'假设。通过高速摄像机对液膜沸腾进行直接观测,发现在高热流密度时,绝大多数的气泡底下有微液膜存在,只有少量气泡底下出现干斑,但是由于高频的气泡生长过程,干斑很快被润湿而消失。接近临界热流密度时,干斑的面积占据整个加热表面的比例不超过10%。当热流密度达到临界值时,干斑由于不能被润湿而渐渐扩大,最后导致加热壁面烧毁。     

多孔表面的液氮池沸腾实验研究

文中对颗粒烧结多孔表面和泡沫金属多孔表面上的液氮池沸腾换热特性进行了实验研究,并与光滑铜表面的试验结果进行了比较。结果表明,多孔表面成核条件更好,使得沸腾起始点相对于光滑表面提早;随着热流密度逐渐增大,气泡增多,且在多孔层内部连成一片,加热表面气泡离开受到多孔层的限制,热阻增加,换热系数大幅降低,整个沸腾进入表面沸腾阶段;多孔结构所产生的毛细抽力不断补充冷却流体,使表面沸腾能够持续较长时间,实验中未观测到临界热流密度现象。在实验基础上,文中描述了多孔表面不同池沸腾换热阶段的主要换热机理,并分析了流体工质、多孔层厚度、渗透系数、孔隙率等参数对多孔表面池沸腾换热的影响。     

超疏水纳米结构表面池沸腾特性

本文通过采用物理气相沉积法于TiO2纳米管阵列表面修饰一层聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)纳米颗粒,得到超疏水表面,并研究此超疏水纳米结构表面的池沸腾特性.研究表明,超疏水纳米结构表面沸腾特性类似于膜沸腾,沸腾工质难以浸润该表面,其沸腾传热系数及临界热流密度均较低.分析表明,固液处于Cassie-Baxter接触状态,纳米结构表...     

铜基双尺度多孔表面厚度对沸腾传热的影响

多孔表面在强化沸腾领域有重要应用。本文制备了系列孔径相近但厚度不同的铜基微纳双尺度多孔表面,这些样品表面上都有一系列直径约为130μm的微孔,而孔壁上则是纳米(亚微米)孔隙。以纯水为工质的池沸腾实验显示,当热流密度较低时,存在最优厚度使得沸腾换热性能最佳;样品CHF随着厚度增加而增加。双尺度多孔表面有着区别于一般的多孔表面的重要特性,当壁面过热度较低时,只有大孔可以形成活化中心;但当壁面过热度到达一定温度后,其孔壁上的纳米尺度(亚微米)尺度结构形成大量的活化中心,其壁面过热度几乎不再随着热流密度的上升而上升。随着厚度的增加,其壁面可以形成的活化穴直径在减小,造成活化所需要的壁面过热度升高。     

两相闭式热虹吸管内不同表面蒸发器的沸腾换热实验研究

本文设计搭建了带有蒸发器的两相闭式热虹吸管的气液两相流动与传热特性的可视化实验平台,制备了多种尺寸的光滑表面蒸发器,并采用电镀的方法制备了微纳米尺度的多孔表面蒸发器,研究了光滑表面蒸发器和微纳米尺度多孔表面蒸发器内工质R134a的气液两相运行状态和相变传热过程。研究结果表明:光滑表面蒸发器的流道尺寸会影响其在不同热流密度条件下的传热系数;多孔表面蒸发器的传热效果要远高于光滑表面的蒸发器,最高达到光滑表面蒸发器传热系数的4倍;不同尺寸的光滑表面蒸发器和多孔表面蒸发器热流密度从零到临界热流密度所经过的沸腾状态也存在较大差异。     

石墨膜表面临界热流密度实验研究

本文以光滑石墨膜作为加热表面,在标准大气压下以去离子水为工质进行了饱和池式沸腾实验。实验研究表明,在热流密度达到1.83 MW/m^2时,石墨膜发生膨胀并使其表面局部破裂,随着热流密度的进一步升高,破裂的面积逐渐扩大,石墨膜的电阻呈现阶跃式升高。在2.40 MW/m^2的热流密度下,石墨膜表面全部破裂,此后随着热流密度增加,电阻上升幅度变小,最终,在热流密度达到3.17 MW/m^2时,石墨膜发生烧毁。可见,石墨膜通过膨胀破裂的方式能自适应地强化沸腾传热临界热流密度,强化比例达到73%。同时,通过高速摄像机的观察发现,在相同热流密度条件下,与光滑表面相比,膨胀表面的气化核心数增多,气泡脱离直径变小,气泡脱离频率变大。     

超亲水多孔表面制备及其池沸腾换热研究

采用电沉积法制备了纳米级树枝状结构与微米级孔穴结构复合的多孔表面,分析了电镀时间对多孔表面结构的影响,制备的多孔表面孔隙率最高可达94.4%,且具有超亲水特性。建立了多孔表面的去离子水池沸腾换热实验系统,对比研究了多孔表面与平表面的池沸腾换热性能,结果表明,多孔表面的临界热流密度239 W/cm~2,最高对流换热系数5.9W/(cm~2K),分别比平表面提高了100%和120%。     

加热表面粗糙度对高热流密度沸腾传热影响的多尺度数值模拟

本文以沸腾固气液界面为研究对象,建立了包括孔穴活化、液膜蒸发、气泡生长与脱离、壁面热传导等子过程的耦合模型,以探究固气液界面传热对高热流密度沸腾过程的影响。为了能够分辨微米量级的孔穴,模型中10 mm×10 mm的沸腾表面被划分为诸多子区域,每一个子区域中孔穴大小和数量随机分布,当子区域的过热度大于孔穴活化的临界过热度时,一部分孔穴活化生成气泡。进一步结合大液膜蒸发模型获得沸腾传热热流密度,并将其作为边界条件分析加热器热传导特性,从而通过对不同过程的多尺度耦合模拟不同表面粗糙度条件下高热流密度区的核态沸腾曲线,并进一步分析了孔穴数量及分布对加热壁面温度的影响。结果表明:预测所得沸腾曲线与实验结果基本相符,加热表面孔穴数量的增加使沸腾曲线左移,同时,孔穴数目的增多还会使活化点密度对壁面温度波动更为敏感,从而产生交替出现的长短周期。     

电沉积枝状微针翅铜的池沸腾传热特性

微纳表面在沸腾传热领域得到广泛的关注和研究。本文通过电化学沉积方法制备了枝状微针翅铜表面,并测试了其池沸腾换热特性。实验表明,在较低热流密度时,样品厚度对沸腾强化效果的影响不明显;但热流密度较大时,沸腾强化效果随样品厚度的减小而增大,其中厚度为110μm的样品在热流密度为140 W·cm~(-2)时,有最大传热系数143kW·m~(-2)·℃~(-1)。CHF随样品厚度增大而增大,厚度为460μm时的CHF约250 W·cm~(-2)。     

多孔表面开槽影响池沸腾传热的实验研究

本文报道了开槽密度对R11在烧结多孔表面池沸腾换热性能影响的实验研究。观察发现,多孔表面开槽,让蒸汽从槽道逸出、液体从多孔区吸入到受热面,将增强池沸腾换热。沸腾特征可分为液体灌注、槽道起泡、底部蒸干三个区。对特定的多孔层,合理开槽可获得较好的换热效果。带槽道的多孔表面实验件与均匀多孔表面相比,在相同壁面过热度条件下,热流密度提高2～10倍,临界热流密度提高2～4倍。     

微液膜动力学特性与稳定性实验研究

气-液两相流设备的性能受限于临界热流密度,开展流动微液膜动力学特性及其稳定性的相关研究是深入理解沸腾危机及临界热流密度机理的关键。采用光学玻璃制成的矩形通道作为实验段,使用微流量齿轮泵驱动去离子水,使其在实验通道入口处与在其上部流动的压缩空气接触形成同向流动的分层流。利用共轭光学探测器对流动微液膜的厚度进行了测量,利用高速摄像机对气-液两相分层流波动特性进行了可视化观测。研究表明,在绝热情况下,当液速一定时,液膜的平均厚度随着气速增加而减小,当气速增加到某一阈值时会导致液膜破裂。     

Critical Heat Flux for Downward Facing Boiling on a Coated Hemispherical Surface

An experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of surface coating on the critical heat flux for downward facing boiling on the outer surface of a hemispherical vessel. Steady-state boiling experiments were conducted in the subscale boundary layer boiling (SBLB) facility using test vessels with metallic microporous coatings to obtain the local boiling curves and the local critical heat flux (CHF) limits. Similar heat transfer performance was observed for microporous aluminum and microporous copper coatings. When compared to the corresponding data without coatings, the boiling curves for the coated vessels were found to shift upward and to the right. This meant that the CHF limit was higher with surface coating and that the minimum film boiling temperatures were located at higher wall superheats. In particular, the microporous coatings were found to enhance the local CHF values appreciably at all angular locations explored in the experiments. Results of the present study showed that the microporous aluminum coating was very durable. Even after many cycles of steady state boiling, the vessel coating remained rather intact, with no apparent changes in color or structure. Although similar heat transfer performance was observed for microporous copper coatings, the latter were found to be much less durable and tended to degrade after several cycles of boiling.     

竖直微槽道内沸腾换热CHF实验研究

对于沸腾换热,一个主要的约束条件就是临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)。这个约束条件对沸腾换热量有一个最高值的限制。文中对矩形微槽道中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。实验数据是在不同尺寸(0.15mm;0.4mm;1mm)微槽道中,在较大范围的面积质量流速和不同进口过冷度下,以去离子水为工质得到的。实验过程中发现,达到CHF时,靠近出口壁面温度会突然升高,此时传热效率迅速下降。实验数据分析结果表明:CHF随质量流量的增加而增加;进口过冷度对CHF没有明显影响;CHF随着出口干度的增加而降低。     

液氮中导线加热丝的沸腾传热特性研究

本文以50μm的磷青铜丝作为加热丝和测温元件,采用控制热流密度的方式测量了0°-90°倾角下加热丝在液氮中的沸腾曲线,结果表明:核态沸腾在增加热流密度时存在滞后现象;Bromley公式能准确的预测出膜态沸腾换热曲线的斜率,Zuber模型和Kutateladze公式预测水平细加热丝的CHF误差在15%以内;对于Leidenfrost热流密度的预测,常温流体的计算模型并不适用;CHF随倾角的变化较大,且大于加热平面在相同倾角下的变化幅度。     

微液层模型预测过冷沸腾的临界热流密度

本文利用微液层模型对过冷沸腾的临界热流密度（CHF）进行了理论预测。过冷沸腾的强化换热主要是通过单个气泡的形成和消失造成的对流换热强化而引起的。对等热流面,CHF在高过冷区趋近于常数;对等温面,CHF随过冷度的增加而增加。过冷度增加时,蒸发换热量减少,总热流密度主要由蒸发区外的导热引起。     

Microscopic Boiling of Liquid Nitrogen Induced by a Pulsed Laser Irradiation

An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the characteristics of microscopic boiling induced by firing a microsecond pulsed laser beam on a thin platinum (Pt) film that immerged in the liquid nitrogen (LN₂) cryostat. High-speed photography aided by a high-voltage lighting system was employed to visually observe the bubble formation and the dynamical boiling process of LN₂. A rapid transient temperature-measuring system was designed to record the temperature evolution of the heating surface. Explosive boiling, characterized by bubble cluster, was observed within LN₂ at the early stage of laser heating, and conventional boiling followed after a certain time. The transition time, therefore, was introduced for separating these two different boiling modes. The temperature of Pt film rose sharply to its maximum during laser pulse, with a very high rising rate of about 10⁷ K/s, and then dropped rapidly after laser irradiation. A model of bubble cluster was proposed to describe the explosive boiling heat transfer, and the latent heat released by bubble collapse in explosive boiling was explored as an important mechanism considerably influencing the boiling heat transfer.     

NUCLEATE POOL BOILING UNDER DC ELECTRIC FIELD

This article deals with an experimental study of the influence of a DC uniform electric field on the nucleate boiling heat transfer. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) effects on heat transfer coefficients for dielectric liquids are quantitatively investigated by performing experiments on various liquids with different properties. In these experiments, n-pentane, R-113, and R-123 are used as working fluids and the boiling phenomenon takes place on a horizontal plane copper surface. The experimental results have shown: (1) a threefold increase of nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients, (2) a threefold increase of the critical heat flux (CHF), and (3) the disappearance of the hysteresis phenomenon. For nucleate pool boiling and CHF regimes, heat transfer laws based on dimensionless numbers are proposed. The results obtained by the proposed EHD model are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

Wide range parametric study for the pool boiling of nano-fluids with a circular plate heater

The characteristics of boiling and critical heat flux (CHF) behavior of nano-fluids with alumina and silver nano-particles suspended in de-ionized water (pure water) were studied with circular plate heaters in the present study. Enhancements of CHF in nano-fluids in the wide range of particle sizes and concentrations were compared with those in pure water. Also, the effects of the particle deposition on CHF enhancement were investigated. All experiments were performed at the atmospheric pressure condition. The results show that the measured boiling curves in nano-fluids were shifted to the right and CHF were significantly enhanced for different nano-particle sizes and concentrations. The CHF of nano-fluids was increased as the size of the nano-particles decreased. On the other hand, nano-particle concentration value showing the maximum CHF had a critical value. In each pool boiling experiment of nano-fluids, nano-particles were deposited on the heater surface. Assuming that this phenomenon caused the CHF enhancement, pool boiling experiments of pure water were carried out with these nano-particle deposited heaters. The results of these tests were similar to those of the test of the nano-fluids for the CHF enhancement. The main cause of CHF enhancement was found to be the change of the heater surface structure. In order to analyze boiling phenomena of pure water and Al₂O₃ nano-fluids, boiling process was visualized by using a high speed camera.     

BUBBLE BEHAVIOR AND HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM IN FC-72 POOL BOILING

A transparent heater made of a thin synthetic diamond substrate along with a high-speed camera was used to investigate bubble behavior during pool boiling. The heater design, combined with the selected FC-72 liquid, overcame the difficulty of previous thin-film heater experiments where transparency and adequate heat flux could not be simultaneously achieved. It also resulted in an essentially uniform temperature field over the heater surface. The growth and merging of bubbles were visualized and quantitatively documented. The relative contribution from phase change to the overall heat flux was determined at several heat flux levels. At a heat flux level half of the critical heat flux (CHF), surface bubble nucleation was found to contribute to more than 70% of the heat transfer from the heater surface. At a similar heat flux level, the ratio of dry to wetted area was determined to exceed 1/3, significantly higher than that predicted by a recent hydrodynamic model for CHF (approximately 1/16). This result suggests that modifications are needed for the hydrodynamic model when applied to highly wetting fluid on nearly isothermal surfaces. The merging of bubbles to form vapor blankets over the heater surface was observed, as has been assumed in recent hydrodynamic models.     

Accurate prediction of the critical heat flux for pool boiling on the heater substrate

While the influence of liquid qualities, surface morphology, and operating circumstances on critical heat flux (CHF) in pool boiling has been extensively studied, the effect of the heater substrate has not. Based on the force balance analysis, a theoretical model has been developed to accurately predict the CHF in pool boiling on a heater substrate. An analytical expression for the CHF of a heater substrate is obtained in terms of the surface thermophysical property. It is indicated that the ratio of thermal conductivity (k) to the product of density (ρ) and specific heat (c_p) is an essential substrate property that influences the CHF. By modifying the well-known force-balance-based CHF model (Kandlikar model), the thermal characteristics of the substrate are taken into consideration. The bias of predicted CHF values are within 5% compared with the experimental results.