T型微通道气液两相流流动与传热的数值研究

为进行微通道气液两相流动及传热研究,建立了T型微通道模型,利用VOF方法进行数值模拟,对弹状流流型进行了数值分析,考察了弹状流的形成过程、速度、表面张力和粘度对弹状流流型的影响,计算了气泡速度和液膜厚度,并与经验关联式进行比较。结果表明:液体粘度对弹状流的影响较大;而表面张力对弹状流几乎没有影响,当气速一定时,液速越大,气泡的长度越小而液柱的长度越大。气泡速度和液膜厚度与经验关联式的计算结果误差分别为2.57%和4.87%。     

临界热流密度物理机理的实验研究

本文通过实验研究了池沸腾和液膜沸腾条件下的临界热流密度。实验结果表明,初始液膜厚度对于临界热流密度没有影响,并且液膜沸腾的临界热流密度值和相同条件下的池沸腾的临界热流密度值相当。这一实验结果验证了‘尺度分离'假设。通过高速摄像机对液膜沸腾进行直接观测,发现在高热流密度时,绝大多数的气泡底下有微液膜存在,只有少量气泡底下出现干斑,但是由于高频的气泡生长过程,干斑很快被润湿而消失。接近临界热流密度时,干斑的面积占据整个加热表面的比例不超过10%。当热流密度达到临界值时,干斑由于不能被润湿而渐渐扩大,最后导致加热壁面烧毁。     

垂直管外降落液膜的流动和传热特性

本文报道对过冷薄层水膜沿均匀加热竖管外壁向下流动时的流动和传热特性而作的实验研究。详细描述了液膜流态和液膜破断临界现象。根据实验数据拟合出液膜破断临界热流密度经验公式,同时还拟合出正常液膜和接近破断临界时的液膜的换热系数综合关系式。实验中液膜雷诺数的变化范围是800—6800;最大热流密度达8.67x10~4W/m~2。     

水平微圆管内环状流气液界面不稳定性分析

本文以水平微圆管内气液两相环状流气液界面为研究对象,通过分析重力、表面张力和界面剪切力对环状流液膜厚度的影响,重点考虑Rayleigh不稳定性对气液界面的依存关系,得到了不同管径和气核直径变化时不稳定性的变化规律,并分析拟合了最危险波长和气核直径的关联式,为后续建立高热流密度条件下微通道内强化传热理论模型奠定基础.     

多孔细径微肋管内CO2流动蒸发换热特性的研究

对亚临界二氧化碳在带有微肋的微细通道内的蒸发换热特性进行了实验研究.实验段为长0.6 m,内径1.7 mm的八孔带0.16 mm高微肋的铝制扁管.实验中参数的变化为:蒸发温度1～15 ℃,质量流速100～300 kg/m2s,热流密度1.67～8.33 kW/m2,干度0.1～0.9.实验结果表明,二氧化碳在带有微肋的微细通道中的蒸发换热系数高于其在光滑微细通道内的换热.二氧化碳的流动蒸发换热系数主要受热流密度和蒸发温度的影响,基本上是换热系数随热流密度及蒸发温度的增加而增加,但同时临界干度前移及滞后,而质量流速对换热系数的影响较弱;压力损失随质量流速和热流密度的增加以及蒸发温度的降低而增加.     

液滴撞击液膜的流热耦合界面追踪方法数值模拟

采用界面追踪方法研究蒸馏过程中液滴撞击高温薄液膜的流动和传热特性，将数值结果与解析解和实验进行比较验证模型的正确性，研究气液界面和热流分布的演变过程.同时，分析液滴We数和无量纲液膜厚度对传热的影响.液滴撞击后的热流密度分布显示：液膜可分为撞击区、过渡区和静态区.由于液滴的撞击作用，强制对流是撞击区内主要的传热机制.增大液滴的韦伯数或减小无量纲液膜厚度会加强热量传递.随着液滴韦伯数的增加，冲击引起的扰动增强，在动量和能量共同作用下，平均热流密度明显增大，撞击区冠状水花越明显.无量纲液膜厚度越小，平均热流密度越大，且有更长的时间保持高热流密度换热.     

矩形微通道内两相流流阻压降特性的可视化研究

以去离子水和质量分数为0.3%的水基纳米流体为工质,在当量直径为1.241mm的矩形微通道内进行了两相流流动沸腾的实验研究,并借助高速摄像仪对矩形微通道内流型随着质量流量及热流密度的变化进行了观察分析。实验结果表明:单位长度上的两相摩擦压降会随着质量流速的提升而提高;单位长度上的两相摩擦压降会随着热流密度的增大而升高;减小质量流速和提高其热流密度均会加快气泡的产生并提高气泡的脱离直径,当热流密度增大到一定程度时,通道内几乎为环状流与液态单相流交替出现,且环状流占周期中的较长时间。     

复杂结构微流体芯片中的瞬态流型研究

在低质量流速和高热流密度下,对复杂结构微流体芯片中的流动沸腾进行了瞬态流型研究,发现了毫秒级微时间尺度的周期性流型和微通道中的分层流.在单个微通道区域,液膜沿流动方向逐渐增厚且蒸干总是首先发生在其上游区域,而在不同微通道区域间,下游微通道首先蒸干.分析表明,液相弗劳德数(Froude number)较低是微通道中分层流存在的原因.高沸腾数(Boiling number)引起汽液界面较大的剪切应力从而使液体不断向微通道出口处聚集,引起液膜厚度沿流动方向逐渐增厚.     

扰流柱结构微反应器内两相流动及性能强化

对具有扰流柱结构的微通道反应器内气液两相弹状流动进行了可视化实验研究。利用微粒子呈像测速技术(Micro-PIV)对微通道内两相流动流场进行在线测量;在不同气液流量条件下,研究了气弹经过扰流柱区域时气弹长度及气弹运动速度的变化规律,并对比了不同结构微通道内硝基苯催化加氢反应生成苯胺的产率。结果表明:具有扰流柱结构的微通道内速度场分布与无扰流柱微通道有较大区别;气弹经过扰流柱结构时气弹长度及气弹运动速度增加,并在扰流柱区域内出现震荡式波动;具有扰流柱结构微通道内进行的硝基苯催化加氢反应,其苯胺产率高于无扰流柱结构微通道。     

双面加热环形通道内干涸点的确定

根据环形管通道内流体流动和换热的特点,以Kirillov和Smogalev提出的干涸点理论模型假设为基础,从最基本的质量守恒方程出发,并引入临界液膜厚度等相应的辅助模型,得到了双面加热环形通道内流动沸腾干涸点的理论模型。同时针对间隙为1.0mm和1.5mm的环形窄缝进行了低压低质量流速工况下干涸点的实验研究。比较发现理论模型预测值与实验结果基本相符。说明本文提出的理论模型适用于低压低流量条件下的窄环形通道。实验同时发现:环状流临界热流密度在系统压力为2.2MPa达到最大值,临界含汽量随质量流速的增大呈缓慢下降趋势。     

工质对微通道沸腾液膜瞬态变化的影响

本文采用去离子水和无水乙醇两种工质,利用微通道流动沸腾同步测量实验系统,研究了液膜厚度的瞬态变化规律,实验发现流动沸腾形成的初始液膜厚度在毛细数Ca很宽的范围内都遵循Taylor流动原理;液膜形成后,在蒸发和蒸汽流动携带的耦合作用下,厚度迅速减薄直至蒸干;由于水的汽液黏度比小,速度梯度小,剪切作用带来的液膜厚度减少量小,且水的汽化潜热大,吸收相同热量时蒸发量小,导致水的液膜厚度变化斜率较小,通过理论分析提出了沸腾液膜厚度变化的计算模型,计算结果与实验结果的误差小于20%。     

Flow patterns and flowboiling heat transfer of freon R318C in an annular minichannel

This paper deals with experimental results on flowboiling heat transfer of liquid moving in an annular channel with unilateral central heating under the conditions of a significant effect of capillary forces on the flow modes and heat transfer. Experiments were carried out on boiling freon R318C in an annular channel with a gap of 0.95 mm and transparent outer wall. The inner wall was heated by the electric current. The local heat transfer coefficients and flow modes are presented. The critical film thickness corresponding to suppression of nucleate boiling was determined.     

Disintegration of flows of superheated liquid films and jets

This paper represents results on investigating the dynamics of boiling and disintegration of superheated liquid films and jets. The first part deals with experimental study of boiling liquid outflow through short cylindrical and slit channels. Evolution of disintegration of a hot water jet flow is observed both at low and moderate superheating and at high and limit superheating, and also for vaporization mechanisms corresponding to these superheatings. Peculiarities of disintegration of jets through slit and cylindrical channels are noticed. Results on measuring the reactive thrust of the jet through a slit channel under different geometrical conditions behind the channel outlet are represented. The 1/f fluctuations in transient regimes of superheated liquid boiling and in transient regimes of behavior of the jet shape are found. The second part of this article represents results on experimental investigation of nonsteady heat transfer and dynamics of the development of crisis phenomena at boiling of a falling subcooled liquid film in the conditions of stepwise heat release. The experimental data were obtained using synchronized high-speed infrared thermography and video. It is shown that with growth and condensation of vapor bubbles, on the liquid film interface appear large-amplitude waves that lead to considerably increasing local intensity of heat transfer. New data on the boiling incipience temperature in a subcooled liquid film, depending on the heat flux density, are obtained. It is found that the development of boiling crisis is a result of appearance of local dry patches and their subsequent growth by the mechanism of longitudinal thermal conductivity in the heat transfer wall as the equilibrium heat flux density is exceeded.     

Flow boiling heat transfer of alumina nanofluids in single microchannels and the roles of nanoparticles

This study investigates flow boiling heat transfer of aqueous alumina nanofluids in single microchannels with particular focuses on the critical heat flux (CHF) and the potential dual roles played by nanoparticles, i.e., (i) modification of the heating surface through particle deposition and (ii) modification of bubble dynamics through particles suspended in the liquid phase. Low concentrations of nanofluids (0.001–0.1 vol.%) are formulated by the two-step method and the average alumina particle size is ~25 nm. Two sets of experiments are performed: (a) flow boiling of formed nanofluids in single microchannels where the effect of heating surface modification by nanoparticle deposition is apparent and (b) bubble formation in a quiescent pool of alumina nanofluids under adiabatic conditions where the role of suspended nanoparticles in the liquid phase is revealed. The flow boiling experiments reveal a modest increase in CHF by nanofluids, being higher at higher nanoparticle concentrations and higher inlet subcoolings. The bubble formation experiments show that suspended nanoparticles in the liquid phase alone can significantly affect bubble dynamics. Further discussion reveals that both roles are likely co-existent in a typical boiling system. Properly surface-promoted nanoparticles could minimize particle deposition hence little modification of the heating surface, but could still contribute to the modification in heat transfer through the second mechanism, which is potentially promising for microchannel applications.     

厚度不均对纳米多孔镀层发热极限及熔毁失效的影响

采用纳米多孔膜可以实现新型的具有极高热流密度的薄液膜沸腾相变传热。在薄液膜沸腾的基础研究中,通过在纳米多孔膜表面加工纳米级别厚度的铂镀层实现加热和测温。通过扫描电镜观察,发现实验样品残骸表面有“河流”状形貌形成,结合元素分析推断铂镀层局部发生热熔。本文对铂镀层进行简化并建立电网络模型,计算并分析了铂镀层局部厚度不均对整体发热极限及熔毁失效的影响。分析结果表明,镀层厚度的不均,将会使镀层在达到极限热流密度后,极易出现“河流”状熔毁,使镀层永久失效;而厚度更加均匀的铂镀层,有助于获得更高的极限热流密度。     

竖直微槽道内沸腾换热CHF实验研究

对于沸腾换热,一个主要的约束条件就是临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)。这个约束条件对沸腾换热量有一个最高值的限制。文中对矩形微槽道中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。实验数据是在不同尺寸(0.15mm;0.4mm;1mm)微槽道中,在较大范围的面积质量流速和不同进口过冷度下,以去离子水为工质得到的。实验过程中发现,达到CHF时,靠近出口壁面温度会突然升高,此时传热效率迅速下降。实验数据分析结果表明:CHF随质量流量的增加而增加;进口过冷度对CHF没有明显影响;CHF随着出口干度的增加而降低。     

高雷诺数下降液膜流动换热分析

本文分析了降液膜高雷诺数区域换热系数随液膜长度变化趋势,引出临界长度的概念。在较高雷诺数的湍流区,回流区的存在以及表面波的影响能有效地减少局部薄膜厚度并增加对流换热,流速的增加进一步强化换热,增加降膜整体传热系数。在高雷诺数区域,厚度形成的热阻超过回流的增强作用,而使换热削弱。液膜小于临界长度L换热系数随长度增长而增加,大于L换热系数随液膜增长而减小。     

液氮中导线加热丝的沸腾传热特性研究

本文以50μm的磷青铜丝作为加热丝和测温元件,采用控制热流密度的方式测量了0°-90°倾角下加热丝在液氮中的沸腾曲线,结果表明:核态沸腾在增加热流密度时存在滞后现象;Bromley公式能准确的预测出膜态沸腾换热曲线的斜率,Zuber模型和Kutateladze公式预测水平细加热丝的CHF误差在15%以内;对于Leidenfrost热流密度的预测,常温流体的计算模型并不适用;CHF随倾角的变化较大,且大于加热平面在相同倾角下的变化幅度。     

Dynamics of heat and mass transfer through a water-air interface based on measurements of thermal radio emission at a frequency of 60 GHz

We study the dynamics of heat and mass transfer through a water-air interface on the basis of laboratory radiometric measurements of the time dependence of thermal radio emission of water at a frequency of 60 GHz, which is related to air turbulization above its surface by a fan. We recover the dynamics for the temperature profile in water and in a viscous sublayer of air as well as for the heat flux through the water-air interface. The flux components related to evaporation and heat exchange and the rate of evaporation from a unit surface are determined. An equation for determining the thickness of the viscous sublayer in the air from the heat flux value is obtained;this thickness is about 2 mm under the experimental conditions. The process dependence on the water turbulence is established and methods for determining the thermal film thickness are proposed. In the absence of turbulence in unstable stratified water we observed the development of a periodic convective process from the time the critical value of the Rayleigh number was reached. The heat exchange dependence on the presence of petroleum film on the water surface is studied. It is found that for a film thickness of 5 μm the heat exchange rate decreases by a factor of 3 because of the petroleum presence. Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 351–369, March, 1997.