乙二胺四乙酸二钠的太赫兹及拉曼光谱研究

乙二胺四乙酸二钠简称EDTA-2Na,是一种含有羧基和氨基的螯合剂,具有广泛的配位性能。由于EDTA-2Na几乎能与所有的金属离子形成稳定的水溶性络合物,其络合作用可以消除由金属离子引起的食品变浊、变质、变色及维生素C的氧化损失,从而对食品起到护色、稳定、抗氧化和保鲜的作用,因而作为一种护色剂、品质改良剂和协同抗氧化剂,常被广泛添加到食品当中。但是, EDTA-2Na的过量或不当使用会危害人体健康,甚至引起暂时性血压下降、肾脏障碍等,所以一种快速检测EDTA-2Na的方法的提出对于食品安全尤为重要。相对于传统检测方法过程繁杂、耗时耗力的特点,太赫兹时域光谱技术及拉曼光谱技术对EDTA-2Na具有良好的指纹特性,安全快速的检测优点使其具有较大的应用潜力。目前,用太赫兹光谱技术及拉曼光谱技术对EDTA-2Na检测的理论与实验研究还未见报道。利用太赫兹时域光谱技术和拉曼光谱技术对EDTA-2Na结晶粉末进行检测研究,获得了样品在0.2～2.6 THz范围的特征吸收及10～4 000 cm~(-1)的拉曼散射谱;基于密度泛函理论,利用B3LYP/6-31G*基组优化并计算EDTA-2Na分子的振动频率,对其太赫兹吸收峰和拉曼散射峰对应的振动模式进行了归属和解析。结果表明, EDTA-2Na在0.88, 1.40, 1.73和2.32 THz;在921, 963, 990, 1 081, 1 336, 1 428和1 614 cm~(-1)处分别有明显的THz吸收峰和拉曼特征峰,这些振动频率与实验结果吻合较好,可以作为鉴定和检测的特征峰。特别地,对6.7～85.8 cm~(-1)(0.2～2.6 THz)范围内的低频拉曼光谱和太赫兹光谱进行对比,结合密度泛函理论对特征峰产生机理进行解析,结果显示太赫兹光谱和低频拉曼光谱之间有很强的互补性和一致性,可以作为光谱技术检测EDTA-2Na的有效互补手段,结果可靠。该研究为食品添加剂乙二胺四乙酸二钠的太赫兹光谱及拉曼光谱特征峰数据库的建立提供了实验参考,也为利用密度泛函理论预测其光谱特征提供了理论依据。     

基于水内标的NO-3，SO2-4，ClO-4拉曼光谱定量分析研究

拉曼光谱由于重现性差,在进行定量分析时往往需要内标。在水溶液中,水在2 700~3 900 cm-1范围伸缩振动拉曼峰很强,有作为内标的可能性,但水与溶质的相互作用会导致水伸缩振动拉曼峰形状发生变化,此外水的占比也会随着溶质浓度的变化而变化,当溶质浓度较高时需要对水的含量进行校正。将这两点因素考虑在内,研究了以水为内标,采用拉曼光谱法测量水溶液中NO-₃,SO2-₄和ClO-₄浓度的适用性。不同浓度NaNO₃,Na₂SO₄和NaClO₄溶液的拉曼光谱显示随着盐浓度的升高水在2 700~3 900 cm-1范围内的拉曼峰呈现出左肩下降右肩上升的变化趋势。将三种盐溶液拉曼光谱中酸根离子拉曼峰面积（A_盐）和水的拉曼峰面积（A_H2O）的比值（Ｒ_S=A_盐/A_H2O）与溶液中酸根离子和水的含量的比值（c_盐/c_H2O）作图,均呈现出良好的线性关系,拟合得到三条相关曲线的R2分别为0.999 1,0.999 1和0.999 4,说明酸根离子和水的拉曼散射系数均未发生变化或者在同比例变化。虽然水拉曼峰的形状发生了改变,但并不会影响水作为内标的可行性。在引入水的含量修正后,经理论推导c_盐与R_S符合关系式：c_盐=AR_S/(1+BR_S)。在0.1 mol·L-1到近饱和的宽浓度范围内,将R_S对c_盐作图,通过数据拟合获得的NaNO₃,Na₂SO₄和NaClO₄的工作曲线分别为c_NaNO3=18.8R_S/(1+0.6R_S) (R2=0.999 1),c_Na2SO4=20.2R_S/(1+1.0R_S) (R2=0.998 8),c_NaClO4=15.0R_S/(1+0.7R_S) (R2=0.999 8)。NaNO₃,Na₂SO₄和NaClO₄的检出限分别为0.008 0,0.005 2和0.007 3 mol·L-1。在水拉曼峰形状变化不影响其作内标可行性的基础上,当溶液中同时存在两种阴离子时,通过在水含量修正部分加入干扰离子对水含量的影响,可以在单盐溶液定量工作曲线中加入校正项来消除溶液中干扰离子对待测离子分析结果的干扰,但当干扰离子浓度较大而待测离子浓度较小时,干扰离子拉曼峰强度过大会影响到待测离子拉曼峰面积的准确性,从而使得校正的效果下降。     

高温高压下水溶液中硫酸根离子浓度的拉曼光谱定量测定研究

当前,拉曼光谱通常被应用于定性研究,拉曼光谱的定量研究明显不足。通过理论分析,拉曼光谱的定量研究应当基于其相对强度来进行。据此,通过对三种不同浓度的Na2SO4溶液进行拉曼光谱分析,得到了常温常压下水溶液中SO2-4离子浓度的定量方程为:c(SO2-4)=4.779 6R(r2=0.999 4)。此外,对高温高压下硫酸根水溶液的拉曼光谱也进行了研究。光谱分析表明,温度和压力将影响拉曼谱峰强度比值与SO2-4浓度的关系。高温高压下水溶液中SO2-4浓度的定量方程为:c(SO2-4)=4.779 6(R+1.469×10-4ΔT+1.340×10-4ΔP),式中c(SO2-4)为待测溶液中SO2-4的浓度,R为拉曼谱峰强度的比值R(SO2-4/H2O),ΔT为相对于常温(23℃)时的温度差,ΔP为相对于常压(0.1MPa)时的压力差。该方程适用的温度范围为23℃≤T≤360℃,浓度范围为0.5~1.5mol·L-1,测量的相对误差为6.5%。对于具有拉曼活性的物质,拉曼光谱实验技术可以用来进行水溶液中物质浓度的定量研究。     

水溶液中硫酸根离子的拉曼光谱定量分析

拉曼光谱因其具有无损、非接触以及原位的技术优势被广泛应用于科学研究领域。但是,当前拉曼光谱主要应用于定性研究,即根据拉曼波数偏移进行物质分子的鉴别,相比之下,拉曼光谱定量分析则明显不足。因此,有必要进一步开展拉曼光谱定量方面的研究。根据拉曼光谱原理分析可知,拉曼光谱定量研究应当根据相对强度比进行,也就是在定量化过程中需要选择一个参考系,可以分为内标法和外标法。拉曼光谱定量可以根据被测分子与该参考系的拉曼强度比值进行,通过这个方法可以消除测试条件的影响。对水溶液而言,可将液态水的OH伸缩振动作为内标,进行拉曼光谱定量分析。本文研究了Na₂SO₄-H₂O,K₂SO₄-H₂O以及NaCl-Na₂SO₄-H₂O体系的拉曼光谱特征。通过将水分子的OH伸缩振动（2 750~3 900 cm-1附近）拟合为两个高斯谱峰,并以I_SO2-4/I_W为参数来确定溶液中的硫酸根离子浓度,其中I_SO2-4为硫酸根离子的特征峰强度,I_W为水的两个高斯谱峰强度之和。实验结果表明,水溶液中SO2-₄浓度与拉曼强度比I_SO2-4/I_W之间有较好的线性关系,其中,R2=0.997 73,符合定量要求。据此,本文应用拉曼光谱定量分析,建立了一种相对快速、准确测量水溶液中SO2-₄浓度的方法。     

几种饱和脂肪酸及其盐的拉曼光谱研究

饱和脂肪酸及其盐在自然界中广泛存在,它们也是重要的化工原料。但是有关此类物质拉曼光谱特征的研究尚属少见。为了进一步了解它们的拉曼光谱特征,对乙酸、硬脂酸及乙酸钙、乙酸镁、硬脂酸钙、硬脂酸镁进行了拉曼光谱研究。从指认这6种物质拉曼光谱的特征峰拉曼位移出发,对它们的相应谱峰进行比对与分析,探讨了阳离子的引入对饱和脂肪酸及其盐的拉曼光谱的影响,找出了它们拉曼光谱的差异。比较不同阳离子形成的饱和脂肪酸盐的特征峰拉曼位移的差别,从折合质量和核外电子构型角度解释了造成差异的原因。同时发现了长碳链可以减弱不同阳离子对饱和脂肪酸盐拉曼光谱造成的影响。     

基于激光拉曼光谱技术探测溶液中酸根离子定量分析方法研究

激光拉曼光谱技术是水下原位探测酸根离子浓度的强有力工具,建立一套适用于海洋环境、基于拉曼光谱技术的定量分析方法对实时了解海洋化学信息具有重要意义。本文在实验室条件下,以SO2-₄和HCO-₃系列浓度水溶液及近海海域的海水为样品,532 nm激光作为激发光源,模拟原位探测方式采用侵入式光学探头采集拉曼光谱。分别采用内定标法、多元线性回归法(MLR)、偏最小二乘法(PLS)和基于主导因素的PLS法对光谱数据进行定量分析。研究结果表明,采用以1 640 cm-1水分子O—H振动谱峰为内标峰的内定标法预测待测离子浓度,预测误差均相对较大,定标曲线线性相关系数不高;采用多元线性回归法,定标曲线的线性相关系数有较大提高,在一定程度上提高了定量分析的精度;采用酸根拉曼峰强度、酸根峰面积、水峰强度、水峰面积作主导因素结合PLS法预测配置溶液中SO2-₄和HCO-₃浓度的定标曲线相关系数R2分别为0.990和0.916,对待测样30 mmol·L-1的SO2-₄预测相对误差为3.262%,对20 mmol·L-1的HCO-₃预测相对误差为5.267%。以海水中SO2-₄为分析对象时,与离子色谱法预测的28.01 mmol·L-1进行对比,以上四种定标方法的研究结果表明,主导因素结合PLS法优于其余三种分析方法,其均值相对误差降低为1.128%。因此,采用水的拉曼信号作为主导因素结合PLS法预测水溶液中的酸根离子浓度时能有效提高定量分析的精度,并可应用于现场和原位探测中的定标。     

激光拉曼光谱测定流体包裹体成分研究进展

成矿流体研究是矿床学研究中的前沿地带,单个流体包裹体的成分分析更是其中的热点和难点,本文对现有的各种测试技术的优缺点进行了总结,揭示了各自的局限性。通过对与流体包裹体成分分析相关的激光拉曼分析技术的探索过程进行回顾和总结,试图对低温和常温下激光拉曼对流体包裹体成分分析的研究工作的方向进行展望：低温：(1)流体包裹体中常见水盐多元复杂体系的研究工作;(2)对天然流体包裹体成分进行定性、定量尝试;(3)目前常用的显微热台测包裹体盐度将第一次熔融温度作为低共熔温度的方法存在误差,应该做进一步研究;(4)低温下氯盐水合物的结构尚无定论。常温：(1)Fe3+,Zn2+,Cu2+等离子作为主要成矿金属离子在水溶液中与Cl-和H₂O是如何结合的;(2)NaCl,CaCl₂,MgCl₂,CuCl₂,ZnCl₂,FeCl₃含量高低造成水溶液拉曼光谱O—H伸缩振动区域(2 800～3 800 cm-1)的谱峰偏移的原因。     

二元钠硅酸盐玻璃及其熔体微结构的高温拉曼光谱及核磁共振研究

本文采用拉曼光谱研究不同配比的二元钠硅酸盐玻璃,结果显示碱金属阳离子的浓度影响结构中桥氧的含量,且不同初级结构Qi具有不同的特征峰。对Na2O·3SiO2玻璃进行高温拉曼和核磁共振研究,分别采用精细结构Qjklmi(m1h,m2q,m3t)和Qjklmi取代初级结构Qi进行解谱拟合和结构分析得到得到初级微结构单元的实际分布,结合量化分析结果计算其拉曼散射截面,定量分析Na2O·3SiO2玻璃及熔体在升温状态下结构随温度的变化。从室温到到熔态,Qi结构之间存在动态平衡,Na2O·3SiO2玻璃随着温度的升高从玻璃态到高弹态,最后经历粘流态到熔态。     

不同产地软玉的拉曼光谱分析及在古玉器无损研究中的应用

利用拉曼(Raman)光谱技术分别对中国新疆、青海、江苏、辽宁及韩国、俄罗斯、加拿大、新西兰和澳大利亚的软玉样品进行无损分析研究。首先利用拉曼光谱区分了透闪石型和阳起石型软玉, 并对软玉双链结构中Na+、K+对Ca2+以及Al3+对Si2+的不同置换程度引起低频区域特征峰的漂移进行分析, 同时还研究了表面状态和显微结构对674cm-1附近峰强的影响。最后利用拉曼(Raman)光谱技术结合质子激发X射线荧光(PIXE)和X射线衍射(XRD)对河南安阳殷墟遗址、河南省洛阳地区和浙江良渚遗址出土的9件中国古代玉器进行透闪石型软玉的矿相标定, 证明拉曼光谱在中国古玉器结构测试和材质鉴定中是一种很好的无损分析手段。     

Na_3AlF_6-Al_2O_3系熔盐离子结构的拉曼光谱研究

利用激光共焦拉曼光谱仪测定了不同氧化铝含量的Na3AlF6-Al2O3体系的常温与升温拉曼光谱,通过解析该拉曼光谱总结了其离子结构的种类以及随温度的变化规律,并对相应的拉曼谱峰进行了归属。结果表明当温度升至1173K及以上时,样品开始熔化并出现AlF63-→AlF4-的转化,同时伴有复杂离子的生成。将实验结果与模拟计算结合,发现在氧化铝含量较高的样品中存在络合离子Al2O2F42-。     

Na2SO3溶液的拉曼光谱研究和保存

使用抗坏血酸(VC)代替甲醛作为保护剂,通过拉曼光谱仪测试SO32-、SO42-的拉曼峰的转变过程来观察Na2 SO3溶液变质情况,测试简单,快速.实验表明,Na2 SO3溶于煮沸冷却后的蒸馏水,以VC作为保护剂,当浓度为0.5 mol/L时,可以持续暴露在空气中保存12h以内不变质;当通入N2或煮沸冷却后的蒸馏水或添...     

实用化拉曼光谱水下温度遥测系统研究

海水水下温度测量对研究海洋环境和气候监测及自然灾害的早期预报等十分重要。利用蓝绿激光在海水中良好的透射性,拉曼光谱技术可应用于大面积海水水下温度的快速遥感监测。但目前能够实现现场连续水温监测功能的实用化拉曼光谱水温遥测系统还尚未见报道。研制了实用化低成本的拉曼光谱水下温度遥测系统,开发了光谱实时采集和数据处理软件。数据处理中结合了面阵CCD的空间累加与时间积分及本底扣除算法,有效增强了拉曼光谱的信噪比和光谱系统的探测灵敏度。为了提高实际测温精度,以短波段拉曼谱的面积(S_HB)与长波段拉曼谱的面积(S_NHB)之比作为光谱信标与水温建立关系,研究了测温精度与光谱积分范围和拟合阶次的关系。实验测量了五百多组不同水温的拉曼光谱,分别选用比值S_HB/S_NHB和S_NHB/S_HB与水温进行线性拟合和二阶多项式拟合。研究结果显示,分界波长对面积比值变化范围影响很大,而拟合阶次对面积比与温度的拟合关系的准确度影响很大,两者最终都影响水温测量误差。为了更客观地反应不同面积比法、分界波长和拟合阶次对水温测量误差的影响,分析了温度测量误差与不同分界波长的关系。结果显示,温度测量误差受分界波长影响较小,受面积比法和拟合阶次影响较大;相同情况下2阶多项式拟合结果优于相应的线性拟合结果;而采用比值S_HB/S_NHB与水温进行线性拟合时测温精度较高,且拟合参数易于调整。进一步研究了不同面积比方法和分界波长对系统抗干扰性能的影响。研究结果显示,比值S_HB/S_NHB法抗干扰能力随分界波长减小而减小,而比值S_NHB/S_HB法抗干扰能力随分界波长减小而增大。上述研究结果提高了温度反演算法参数设置的合理性和拉曼散射系统测温精度及系统抗干扰能力。综合考虑上述研究结果,数据处理中设定649.3 nm作为分界波长计算拉曼光谱面积比S_HB/S_NHB与水温进行线性拟合。最后通过实验检验了拉曼光谱水下温度遥测系统的连续实时测温能力和测温精度。结果显示,拉曼光谱系统测温值与高精度同步温度传感器测量温度一致,最大测温误差为±0.5 ℃,测温误差的标准差约0.21 ℃。     

Aggregation phenomena and dynamics in II-I and III-I hydrated molten salts

Summary We present results from EXAFS and Raman scattering on aqueous solutions on II-I and III-I salts. As II-I salt the system investigated was the ZnCl₂ and its mixture with LiCl, CaCl₂ and SrCl₂. It was shown that ZnCl₂ evidences a tetrahedral arrangement around the Zn²⁺ ion whereas Li⁺, Ca⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions prefer an inner-shell water complexation. In particular it was shown that the tetrahedral units become less and less interacting when the ratio Cl⁻/Zn²⁺ is increasing. Such structural results are confirmed by the Raman probe that shows the vibrational bands becoming more and more localized for Cl⁻/Zn²⁺ values higher than 2. For what III-I salts are concerned we report results on SbCl₃/H₂O mixture. EXAFS evidenciates an Sb−Cl and Sb...Cl coordination very close to that of pure SbCl₃. The water molecule appears linked to the chlorine giving rise to a cross-link between SbCl₃ chains. Raman confirms such a result showing that the C_3v symmetry of SbCl₃ molecule is lowered in the presence of water and shows a new chlorine-water contribution plus a phononlike contribution in the very lowfrequency region. Paper presented at the workshop ?Highlights on Simple Liquids?, held in Turin at ISI on 1–3 May, 1989.     

十二烷基硫酸钠自组装过程中分子间相互作用力的垂直偏振拉曼光谱研究

Molecular self-assembly is extremely important in many fields, but the characterization of their corresponding intermolecular interactions is still lacking. The C-H stretching Raman band can reflect the hydrophobic interactions during the self-assembly process of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in aqueous solutions. However, the Raman spectra in this region are seriously overlapped by the OH stretching band of water. In this work, vertically polarized Raman spectra were used to improve the detection sensitivity of spectra of C-H region for the first time. The spectral results showed that the first critical micelle concentration and the second critical micelle concentration of SDS in water were 8.5 and 69 mmol/L, respectively, which were consistent with the results given by surface tension measurements. Because of the high sensitivity of vertically polarized Raman spectra, the critical micelle concentration of SDS in a relatively high concentration of salt solution could be obtained in our experiment. The two critical concentrations of SDS in 100 mmol/L NaCl solution were recorded to be 1.8 and 16.5 mmol/L, respectively. Through comparing the spectra and surface tension of SDS in water and in NaCl solution, the self-assembly process in bulk phase and at interface were discussed. The interactions among salt ions, SDS and water molecules were also analyzed. These results demonstrated the vertically polarized Raman spectra could be employed to study the self-assembly process of SDS in water.     

Na_2SO_4溶液激光拉曼/激光诱导击穿光谱联合探测

光谱技术应用于海底极端环境下多参数、多相态、无接触探测已成为深海化学传感器发展的一个重要方向,尤其是水下激光拉曼光谱技术和水下激光诱导击穿光谱技术正成为目前研究开发的热点。该工作旨在探索一项水下激光诱导击穿光谱与激光拉曼光谱(LIBS-LRS)联合探测技术,以实现LIBS和拉曼两种检测技术在检测系统上的整合,在信息获取上的互补。在实验室搭建了一套LIBS-LRS联合探测装置,该装置对于拉曼和LIBS采用同样的激发光源、光谱仪和探测器,前置光路分为两部分:拉曼光路和LIBS光路,分别收集Na_2SO_4溶液的拉曼信号和LIBS信号。前置光路收集的拉曼和LIBS信号由Y型光纤导入光谱仪,分别在面阵CCD不同区域进行探测。利用该装置对配置的Na_2SO_4溶液进行探测,同时获得了Na元素的LIBS信号和SO~(2-)_4拉曼信号。另外,随着激光能量的提高,在532nm脉冲激光能量超过3.6mJ时,在拉曼光路同时获得了Na元素的LIBS信号和SO~(2-)_4拉曼信号,这样采用同一光路即可实现两种光谱技术的联合,然而实验发现,随着激光能量的增加,激光在溶液中击穿产生的轫致辐射造成了光谱探测基线整体的抬升,对拉曼光谱弱信号的探测是不利的。实验结果初步证明了在拉曼和LIBS在水下联合探测的可行性。     

Phase separation in Na–K liquid alloy

The quasi-chemical expression for weakly interacting binary alloy has been applied to obtain energy parameters and their temperature derivatives for Na–K liquid alloy at 384?K. These energy parameters have then been used to calculate thermodynamic functions, such as free energy of mixing, heat of mixing, entropy of mixing and microscopic functions, such as concentration fluctuation in long wavelength limit, Warren–Cowley short-range order parameter, ratio of mutual and self-diffusion coefficients. The analysis reveals that the energy parameters are temperature dependent and the Na–K liquid alloy at 384?K is a weakly interacting homocoordination system. The observed thermodynamic properties of Na–K alloy in molten state have successfully been explained by assuming Na₂K complex on the basis of the quasi-chemical formalism for a weakly interacting system.     

Does salting-out effect nucleate nanobubbles in water: Spontaneous nucleation?

The solubility of gases in aqueous salt solution decreases with the salt concentration, often termed the “salting-out effect.” The dissolution of salt in water is followed by dissociation of salt and further solvation of ions with water molecules. The solvation weakens the affinity of gaseous molecules, and thus it releases the excess dissolved gas. Now it is interesting to know that what happens to the excess gas released during salting-out? Since it is imperative to note that the transfer of the dissolved gas in the bulk liquid may often occur in the form of nanobubbles. In this work, we have answered this question by investigating the nano-entities nucleation during the salting-out effect. The solubility of gases in aqueous salt solution decreases with the salt concentration, and it is often termed as the “salting-out effects.” The dissolution of salt in water undergoes dissociation of salt and further solvation of ions with water molecules. The solvation weakens the affinity of gaseous molecules, and thus it releases the excess dissolved gas. Now it is interesting to know that what happens to the excess gas released during salting-out? While it is also imperative to note that the gas transfer in the bulk liquid often occurs in the form of bubbles. With this hypothesis, we have experimentally investigated that whether the salting-out effect nucleates nanobubble or not. What is the strong scientific evidence to prove that they are nanobubbles? Does the salting-out parameter affect the number density? The answers to such questions are essential for the fundamental understanding of the origin and driving force for nanobubble generation. We have provided three distinct proofs for the nano-entities to be the nanobubbles, namely, (1) by freezing and thawing experiments, (2) by destroying the nanobubbles under ultrasound field, and (3) we also proposed a novel method for refractive index estimation of nanobubbles to differentiate them from nano drops and nanoparticles. The refractive index (RI) of nanobubbles was estimated to be 1.012 for mono- and di-valent salts and 1.305 for trivalent salt. The value of RI closer to 1 provides strong evidence of gas-filled nanobubbles. Both positive and negative charged nanobubbles nucleate during the salting-out effect depending upon the valency of salt. The nanobubbles during the salting-out effect are stable only for up to three days. This shorter stability could plausibly be due to reduced colloidal stability at a low surface charge.     

NaCl-CaCl_2盐水低温拉曼光谱特征及在包裹体分析中的应用

准确判断流体包裹体的含盐类型及盐度的定量计算一直是流体包裹体研究的重要内容。传统测试包裹体盐度的方法主要是冷冻法,为了克服冷冻相变不易观测等缺点,作者利用激光拉曼光谱在低温(-180℃)下测试了NaCl-H2O,CaCl2-H2O及NaCl-CaCl2-H2O体系溶液图谱,发现在低温(-180℃)下NaCl.2H2O和CaCl2.6H2O两水合物在3 420和3 432 cm-1处峰值与冰晶的3 092 cm-1峰值比和盐度之间有很好的线性关系,建立了流体包裹体盐度的工作曲线。该方法用人工合成碳酸盐岩含烃盐水包裹体进行了验证,并在东营凹陷丰深6井石英盐水包裹体进行了实例分析。结果表明,低温拉曼光谱技术不仅可识别盐的类型,也可确定盐度,应用效果良好。     

Study of atmospheric water in gaseous and. liquid state by using combined elastic–Raman. depolarization lidar

A combined elastic–Raman lidar system based on a tripled Nd:YAG laser is used for the separate detection of elastic backscatter and Raman signals from atmospheric nitrogen, water vapor and liquid water and for their depolarization measurement. Vertical profiles of water-vapor and liquid-water content measured under clear-sky conditions behave differently: inside the boundary layer the ratio of liquid-water to water-vapor Raman backscatters rises with altitude. The depolarization measurements bring additional information about atmospheric scattering. The observed depolarization ratio of the water-vapor Raman signal is about 14%, while for liquid water this ratio varies in the 30–75% range, which exceeds the depolarization of bulk water and is attributed to the water-aerosol effects. Raman contours of water vapor and liquid water are partially overlapped, and bleed-through of liquid-water Raman backscatter leads to enhancement of depolarization of the water-vapor Raman signal. This parameter may be used as a convenient indicator of liquid-water interference in water-vapor measurements. Received: 12 December 2000 / Revised version: 27 September 2001 / Published online: 7 November 2001