325 MHz微波栅控高压型热阴极电子枪的设计研究

高重复频率、高平均流强的电子枪具有十分广泛的应用。设计了一台束团重复频率为325 MHz在CW模式工作的微波栅控高压型热阴极电子枪,并详细论述了该类型微波栅控电子枪的实验原理。在该类型电子枪的设计中,首先需要利用仿真模拟软件EGUN、POISSON（PoissonSuperfish）、GPT（General Particle Tracer）完成300 kV直流高压电子枪的结构设计,并进行束流动力学验证计算。为将微波馈入该直流电子枪的阴栅极之间,进行了该微波栅控电子枪的供电系统设计,完成了从射频功率源到同轴热阴极的阻抗匹配方案,设计了一种325 MHz双模式同轴供电器件,并进行了验证与分析。     

行波管栅控电子枪热形变研究

行波管栅控电子枪各组件尤其是阴极和栅网的热形变对行波管电子光学性能有着较大的影响。基于有限元分析方法,利用热力场耦合对栅控电子枪热形变问题进行了研究,结果表明:阳极的总形变量最大,最高处达0.28 mm;控制栅网、阴影栅、阴极及部分支撑结构向着阳极方向发生形变,由温升引起的形变不会使控制栅网和阴影栅发生接触或交叉,而阴极形变量较大时,阴极与阴影栅则存在接触的危险,这对电子枪的工作性能有很大的影响,甚至会使阴影栅烧坏。降低电子截获率,适当增加控制栅网和阴影栅的厚度,使用热传导率高、线膨胀系数低的材料,可以减小栅控电子枪各组件的热形变。      

高效率行波管电子枪设计及其优化

 利用综合迭代法初步确定了用于高效率行波管的电子枪几何尺寸参数，考虑电子枪设计对导流系数、注腰半径、层流性等参数提出的要求，通过建立评价电子注性能优劣的目标函数以量化设计结果;应用EGUN软件和步长加速直接求优的方法对目标函数进行了优化，优化结果满足了设计要求。该电子枪已经用于制管实验，电子注静态通过率99.7%,动态通过率98.0%,电子效率达到34%，实验结果进一步验证了该电子枪设计的合理性。     

高亮度注入器电子枪研制

研制了自由电子激光高亮度注入器的高重复频率强流短脉冲电子枪，实测测电子枪脉冲流强５．８Ａ，脉冲半宽度２．２ｎｓ，脉冲重复频率２．１６ＭＨｚ。由于电子枪使用阴栅组件，阴栅极间距仅０．２ｍｍ，脉冲电压很低就可触发，因此电子枪具有很高的重复频率。     

100 MeV电子直线加速器的物理设计

 能量为100 MeV左右的高性能电子直线加速器是第三代同步辐射光源注入器和自由电子激光注入器的重要组成部分,采用热阴极栅控电子枪、聚束系统和4根SLAC型加速管作为加速器主体结构,一套45 MW的速调管调制器系统和波导系统作为微波功率源系统。设计中,使用了国际通用的模拟软件对加速器的动力学特性进行了数值模拟和参数优化,电子束能量达到100 MeV以上,能散小于1%,归一化发射度小于30 mm·mrad。     

面源电子枪灯丝的热均匀性分析和设计

测试像增强器荧光屏的亮度均匀性，需要能够发射均匀电子的面源电子枪，设计面源电子枪要对灯丝各点发射的电子数量、电场分布、电子轨迹,以及均匀电子垂直轰击荧光屏几个方面进行理论分析和计算。指出在真空系统中面源电子枪灯丝的热均匀性是使灯丝各点发射的电子数量相等的先决条件，也是灯丝造型设计首先要解决的问题。在真空系统中，热辐射是影响面源电子枪灯丝各点温度的主要因素。参考相关资料，对热辐射均匀性进行了理论分析，推导出3种几何形状的热辐射公式；通过计算和比较，得出了锥状螺旋灯丝的热平衡较好的结论，为下一步电场分析和电子轨迹分析做好了准备。     

热阴极微波电子枪功率自洽过程分析

 用等效电路法分析了热阴极微波电子枪的功率自洽过程，给出了微波功率、无载耦合度、束流负载、加速腔参数之间的解析关系式和最佳耦合度的计算公式，阐明了无载耦合度与有载耦合度的关系，分析了枪宏脉冲内微波耦合状态的变化过程，并与实验结果进行了对比，对高占空因子热阴极微波电子枪调束实验中微波反射波形发生较大变化的实验现象进行了分析。     

8 mm二次谐波回旋速调管放大器双阳极磁控注入电子枪的设计

 计算了8 mm二次谐波回旋速调管双阳极电子枪的设计参数，根据这些参数，采用EGUN软件进行模拟和优化，设计出了一只双阳极磁控注入电子枪，该枪的电子束纵横速度比为1.45，速度零散为5.4%，并讨论了电极形状、磁场分布、电流、控制极电压和第二阳极电压对电子注性能的影响，结果发现电子注对这些影响因子非常敏感，设计中应对它们进行充分优化。     

大回旋电子束双磁会切电子枪的设计

 分析了Ka波段二次谐波回旋行波管双磁会切电子枪的理论模型，计算了电子枪的设计参数；采用EGUN软件进行模拟，设计出了产生大回旋电子束的双磁会切电子枪。该枪电压为70 kV，电流为3.35 A，电子束横纵速度比为1.62，速度零散为4.2%。给出了电子束速度比、速度零散沿轴线的分布，进而讨论了阳极电压对电子束性能的影响，结果表明选择适当的阳极电压和阴极磁场对得到好的电子束参量作用明显。     

数字仿真形貌影栅云纹法及实验系统的原理

基于影栅虚云纹场的概念，提出并实现了对形貌影栅云纹法利用计算机布置影栅云纹仪各种光场，自动生成高质量全场仿真影栅云纹图，建立了一种数字仿真形貌影栅云纹法自动测量和处理一体化实验系统（全文简称为实验系统）.系统特别适合于作为形貌影栅云纹法误差分析的评估系统，对光场布置不同的影栅云纹仪及其对应的相移值近似程度不一样引起的初始系统误差进行分析、预测和评估，给出减少这种系统误差应遵循的准则.     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.