基于ZnO:In纳米棒阵列的X射线闪烁转换屏制备与性能研究

为了满足高能物理和核物理领域在探究一些超快物理事件时,对兼顾高时间和高空间分辨的X射线闪烁转换屏的迫切需求,本文利用磁控溅射和水热反应法制备了ZnO:In纳米棒阵列X射线闪烁转换屏,并对其进行氢气氛下的等离子处理优化其闪烁发光性能.X射线激发发射谱显示ZnO:In纳米棒阵列具有395 nm的紫外发光和450—750 nm的可见发光两个发光峰,同时表明氢气氛等离子体处理可显著增强ZnO:In纳米棒阵列的紫外发光,抑制其可见发光.发光衰减时间测量表明,ZnO:In纳米棒阵列紫外发光衰减时间在亚纳秒级,其可见发光衰减时间在纳秒级,两者均可满足高时间分辨的X射线探测需求.在上海同步辐射光源的X射线空间分辨率测试表明,在能量为20 keV的X射线光束辐照下,厚度为12μm的ZnO:In纳米棒阵列作为X射线闪烁转换屏可达到1.5μm的系统空间分辨率.本研究表明利用ZnO:In纳米棒阵列作为X射线闪烁转换屏是实现兼顾高时间和高空间分辨的X射线探测与成像的一种可行方案.     

二价铕激活的氟氯化钡的合成反应机理及其在X线照像增感屏中的应用

二价铕激活的氟氯化钡是一种高效率的X射线发光材料。Stevels和Pingault[1]曾研究过BaFCl:Eu2+在X射线激发下的发光性质。E.I.Du Pont公司用BaFCl:Eu2+制成X射线照像用增感屏[2]。     

氧化锌纳米结构的制备及发光性质研究

采用化学气相沉积方法,在氩气和氧气混合气氛下制备了两种四角结构的纳米氧化锌。初始反应物为纯锌粉,反应过程中没有采用任何触媒。采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、光致发光光谱研究了纳米产物的结构和光学性质。获得的纳米产物为高纯的纤锌矿结构氧化锌。两种氧化锌纳米产物具有三维立体的四角结构,分别为四角锥-片状结构和四角锥-线状结构,具有较大的长径比,呈典型的微/纳结构。通过对两种氧化锌纳米结构的紫外发射峰和可见发射带的对比研究,探讨了氧化锌纳米产物可见发射带的起源,以及影响其发光性质的主要因素。     

氧化锌纳米晶体的光谱分析

采用沉淀法并通过控制前驱体的煅烧温度来制备粒径不同的氧化锌(ZnO)纳米晶体,对粒子的透射电镜照片进行分析,结果表明,制备出的纳米粒子分散性好、形貌一致、粒径分布集中。样品的X射线衍射光谱分析表明,随着前驱体煅烧温度增加,晶体粒径增大、结晶度提高;样品的紫外-可见吸收光谱的峰位随粒径减小而发生蓝移,这一实验结果表明ZnO纳米晶体呈现出较明显的量子限域效应;红外吸收光谱测量结果表明,用沉淀法制备的ZnO纳米晶体的表面会吸附一小部分残余的离子,对红外吸收光谱中的ZnO特征振动峰随粒径减小发生宽化和红移的现象进行了理论分析;光致发光光谱测量结果表明,ZnO纳米晶体在紫外区(360 nm)存在一较弱的发光峰,而在可见区(468 nm)存在一较强的发光峰,与理论计算结果进行比较后,认为锌空位点缺陷是导致ZnO纳米晶体可见区发光的主要原因。     

纳米氧化锌粉体的制备及发光性质的研究

采用沉淀法制备纳米ZnO粉体，探讨了晶粒尺寸与反应浓度和热处理温度的关系，并对所得到的纳米ZnO粉体的发光性质进行了研究，对不同温度热处理的样品的发光性质做了比较。ZnO的可见发光机制的解释一直未有定论。一部分作者认为绿光是由氧空位引起的；另一部分认为是锌空位造成的。本文的实验结果揭示了可见发光的内部过程，肯定了双声子参与的发光过程，支持了绿色是由锌空位造成的这一观点。此外，用230nm以下波长激发样品时，可见发光的行为明显不同于用325nm以上的波长去激发同一样品时的发光情形。实验表明高能激发，样品能发白光，因此，用ZnO做白光二极管是可能实现的。     

花状的氧化锌纳米结构的制备及其光学性能

以氢氧化钠和六水合硝酸锌为反应物,在未使用任何表面活性剂的简单反应体系中制得了玫瑰花状ZnO纳米结构,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和室温荧光光谱对产物的晶体结构、形貌和发光性质进行了表征和分析.测试结果表明,所得产物为六方纤锌矿结构ZnO纳米材料,产物结晶完整,尺寸较均匀.这种简单水热法制备的ZnO纳米材料仅在384nm处具有一个较强的紫外发光峰,而在黄绿区几乎没有发光峰,进一步证明了所得样品结晶良好,没有缺陷和空位.以上结果表明所制备的氧化锌纳米材料具有优异的紫外光发射能力.     

氧和氩等离子辅助电子束蒸发制备高质量ZnO薄膜

采用等离子辅助电子束蒸发技术制备高纯金属锌膜，然后在氧气气氛下经高温热处理得到氧化锌的多晶薄膜。X射线衍射谱的结果表明：未经热氧化样品由金属锌和氧化锌纳米晶组成，随着热氧化温度的升高氧化锌纳米晶粒长大，形成纳米氧化锌多晶薄膜且薄膜结晶性增强；光致发光谱表明：样品均具有较强的紫外自由激子发光。由于未经热氧化样品中氧化锌纳米晶粒较小，具有较强的量子限域效应，因而经高温氧化后样品发光峰有较大红移。随着热氧化温度的进一步升高，束缚激子发射随热氧化温度升高而减弱，且发光峰位随热氧化温度升高出现蓝移；变温光致发光谱表明：紫外发光主要来自自由激子发射。     

二氧化钛阵列的制备及其光学性能

以水热法制备了由纳米棒组成的二氧化钛阵列。通过控制反应时间,对组成阵列的二氧化钛纳米棒的尺寸进行调节。利用扫描电镜和X射线衍射光谱分析了样品的形貌和晶体结构,发现将反应时间由4 h延长至8 h,二氧化钛纳米棒的直径由100 nm增大到200 nm。利用紫外-可见吸收光谱测量了样品的光吸收特性,发现了尺寸效应引起的吸收边和带隙变化,反应时间由4 h延长至8 h,样品带隙由3.09 eV变化至2.97 eV。利用荧光光谱研究样品的光致发光性能,发现了样品的近带边发光(382 nm左右)、自陷激子发光(420 nm左右)、束缚激子发光(456 nm左右)和缺陷能级发光(492 nm左右)。     

液解发光

一、引 言 射线辐照过的固体溶解于水时产生的发光现象称为液解发光.早在1895年,Wiedeman。等[1]在研究阴极射线与物质相互作用时,就观察到经阴极射线“赋色”的氯化钠、氯化锂和氯化钾溶于水中时的发光现象,并命名为“液解发光”(lyoluminescence),但是以后对此研究甚少.六十年代初,随着各种辐射源的出现,特别是60Cor射线源的广泛使用以及弱光探测技术的发展,对液解发光的研究才日益增多. 1959年,Ahnstron等[2]观察到了用γ射线、X射线和快中子照射葡萄糖的液解发光.1965年,他们又对氯化钠的液解发光作了进一步研究[3].七十年代初,以Etti…     

ZnO薄膜的分子束外延生长及性能

利用分子束外延(MBE)和氧等离子体源辅助MBE方法分别在Si(100)、GaAs(100)和蓝宝石Al2O3(0001)衬底上用Zn、ZnS或以一定Zn-O化学计量比作缓冲层,改变衬底生长温度和氧压,并在氧气氛下,进行原位退火处理,得到ZnO薄膜。依据X射线衍射(XRD)图,表明样品的结晶性能尚好,且呈c轴择优取向;实验结果表明在不同衬底上生长的ZnO薄膜,由于晶格失配度不同,其衍射峰也有区别。用原子力显微镜(AFM)观测薄膜的表面形貌,为晶粒尺寸约几十纳米的ZnO纳米晶,且ZnO晶粒呈六边形柱状垂直于衬底的表面。采用掠入射X射线反射率法测膜厚。在360nm激发下,样品的发光光谱是峰值为410,510nm的双峰谱,是与样品表面氧缺陷有关的深能级发光。     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Characterization of PolyA and PolyC mismatches by Raman spectroscopy

A.C mismatches are studied by Raman spectral characterization of PolyA, PolyC, and their equimolar complex in solution of 0.14 mol/L Na ,pH7.0.Experimental results show that A·C mismatches occur to be A/B (mainly A) conformers, and unlike Watson-Crick base pairing, this kind of mismatches is stabilized by only one hydrogen bond involving cytosine N4H2 and adenine N7.The formation of A·C complex makes the base stacking interactions much stronger, and conformation of the backbone more ordered, which leads to obvious Raman hypochromic effect with some shifts in corresponding bands.     

Improvement of four-wave mixing-based wavelength conversion efficiency in dispersion shifted fiber by 40-GHz clock pumping

40-GHz clock modulated signal as a pump to improve the efficiency of four-wave mixing (FWM)-based wavelength conversion in a 26.5-km dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) is investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that the conjugated FWM component has higher intensity with the clock pumping than that with the continuous-wave (CW) light pumping. The improvement of FWM-based wavelength conversion efficiency is negligible when the pump power is less than Brillouin threshold. But when the pump power is greater than Brillouin threshold, the improvement becomes significant and increases with the increment of pump power. The improvement can increase up to 9 dB if pump power reaches 17 dBm.     

Multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser

Our experimental results show that the presence of a proper amount of negative group velocity dispersion is essential to multi-pulse operation of a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser. We demonstrate that the pulse separations and the number of pulses contained within a cavity round trip are strongly dependent on the initial perturbations. The results allow us to get a better understanding on the influences of the convoluted self-phase modulation and intra-cavity dispersions on the stable multi-pulse oscillation in a Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond laser.     

Propagation of Helmholtz-Gauss beams in weak turbulent atmosphere

Based on the Rytov approximation of light propagation in weak turbulent atmosphere,the closed-form expressions of field and average irradiance of each one of the four fundamental families of Helmholtz-Gauss (HzG)beams:cosine-Gauss beams,stationary Mathieu-Gauss beams,stationary parabolic-Gauss beams,and Bessel-Gauss beams,which are propagating in weak turbulent atmosphere,are obtained.The results show that the field and average irradiance can be written as the product of four factors:complex amplitude depending on the z-coordinate only,a Ganssian beam.a factor of complex phase perturbation induced by atmospheric turbulence,and a complex scaled version of the transverse shape of the non-diffracting beam.The effect of weak atmospheric turbulence on irradiance distribution of the HzG beam can be ignored.     

An effective method for reducing speckle noise in digital holography

An effective method for reducing the speckle noise in digital holography is proposed in this paper.Different from the methods based on classical filtering technique,it utilizes the multiple holograms which are generated by rotating the illuminating light continuously.The intensity images reconstructed by a series of holograms generated by rotating the illuminating light possess different speckle patterns.Hence by properly averaging the reconstructed intensity fields,the speckle noises can be reduced greatly.Experimental results show that the proposed method is simple and effective to reduce speckle noise in digital holography.     

Influence of purity of HfO2 on reflectance of ultraviolet multilayer

The impurities in two kinds of HfO2 materials and in their corresponding single layer thin films were determined through glow discharge mass spectrum technology and secondary ion mass spectrometry(SIMS) equipment respectively.It was found that ZrO2 was the main impurity in the two kinds of HfO2 either in the original HfO2 materials or in the electron beam deposited films.In addition,the difference of Zr content in the two kinds of HfO2 single laver films was much laxger than that of the other impurities such as Ti and Fe.which showed that it was just ZrO2 that made the difference between the optical performance of the film products including the two kinds of HfO2.With these two kinds of HfO2 and the same kind of SiO2.we deposited HfO2/SiO2 multilayer reflective coatings at the wavelength of 266 nm.Experimental results showed that the reflectances of these two mirrors were about 99.85% and 99.15% respectively,which agreed well with the designed results what were based on the optical constants obtained from the corresponding single layer thin films.     

Speech enhancement by array crosstalk resistant ANC and spectrum subtraction

Microphone array-based speech enhancement has great importance for speech communications and speech recognition. To reduce the aperture of the microphone array and to increase the effect of the speech enhancement will greatly broaden the application areas of the microphone array. An array crosstalk resistant adaptive noise cancellation method is therefore presented. And then an improved spectral subtraction algorithm is further cascaded to obtain better enhancement results. Theoretic analysis and experiments indicate that the proposed scheme needs only a very small microphone array while it simultaneously achieves a higher SNR improvement. Besides, the proposed scheme can be used in many noisy environments and is easy for real-time implementation.