Analysis of X-ray spectral data with genetic algorithms

An algorithmic method for the analysis of X-ray line spectra using genetic algorithms is presented. This technique permits the extraction of diagnostic information on the emitting medium from the spectral data. As an example of the method, plasma electron number density and temperature are extracted from the analysis of X-ray spectral data recorded in an Ar-doped inertial-confinement-fusion core. For the study of a sequence of gradually changing spectra, a combination of genetic algorithms and case-based reasoning that learns from experience is used to accelerate the analysis. The technique is general and can be applied to other plasma spectroscopy studies including analysis of spatially and temporally resolved line absorption or emission data.     

高动态范围X射线成像检测方法

传统X射线数字成像方法通常固定X光机参数,但是受工件结构及材料衰减系数和光电器件物理动态范围的制约,当同一场景中透射X射线通量的最大值和最小值超出成像器件动态范围时,会出现通量大的区域高于成像器件的电荷容纳能力而达到饱和状态,当通量低的区域产生的光电荷低于设备热噪声水平时,该区域信息将淹没在噪声中而无法正常成像。为有效解决传统X射线数字成像技术在获取宽动态范围透射X光通量内容时的局限性,提出一种管电压递变高动态成像方法。首先分析了光电探测器电荷容量对有效透照厚度范围的影响;结合标准样块试验及相关数据分析,得到任意厚度特定材质试块达到最佳灵敏度时对应的透照X光管电压范围的关系函数,在此基础上提出管电压递变控制策略和有效子图提取方法。最终对0～20 mm厚度范围工件进行管电压递变高动态成像,结果表明：管电压递变高动态成像能够有效地实现透照厚度差异大的工件的高动态范围成像,最终融合结果能够保留较宽范围厚度上的细节信息。     

Sonographic evaluation of subacromial space

GOAL OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this study is to compare the accuracy of sonographic to radiographic measurements of subacromial space, and verify its variations in relation to acromial morphology, age, sex and rotator cuff pathologies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: As a result, we have compared a radiographic examination to sonographic examination, each measuring the subacromial space in 200 random shoulders, with a personal method. The sonographic examination was performed by using a HDI 5000 ultrasound scanner Sono-CT with 7.5 MHz linear array transducer. No stand-off pad was utilized. RESULTS: The statistical analysis of the data derived from the two measurements was not sufficient to conclude that the two techniques are different (p>0.8). They also correspond with the radiographic morphology of the acromion. The size of subacromial space was related to the acromial morphology, female gender, and rotator cuff pathology, however, it was not related to age. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results clearly show that sonographic measurements are very close to those obtained by X-ray (p>0.8). The Bland-Altman analysis showed that for all groups, the were small enough to give us confidence that the sonographic technique may be used in place of the radiographic one for clinical purposes. One-way ANOVA showed that sonographic measurements were statistically different among the four groups (p<0.05). The sonography demonstrated precision, accuracy and carefulness in the measurement of the subacromial space.     

Optical characterization of CuIn5S8 crystals by ellipsometry measurements

Optical properties of CuIn₅S₈ crystals grown by Bridgman method were investigated by ellipsometry measurements. Spectral dependence of optical parameters; real and imaginary parts of the pseudodielectric function, pseudorefractive index, pseudoextinction coefficient, reflectivity and absorption coefficients were obtained from the analysis of ellipsometry experiments performed in the 1.2–6.2 eV spectral region. Analysis of spectral dependence of the absorption coefficient revealed the existence of direct band gap transitions with energy 1.53 eV. Wemple–DiDomenico and Spitzer–Fan models were used to find the oscillator energy, dispersion energy, zero-frequency refractive index and high-frequency dielectric constant values. Structural properties of the CuIn₅S₈ crystals were investigated using X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis.     

利用数值模拟测量闪光照相中H-D曲线

 在分析高能闪光照相中传统实验方法不足的基础上，提出了采用Monte Carlo模拟结果来建立底片光学密度与照射量之间的关系，并对一个球对称客体进行了实验照相。采用Monte Carlo方法分析了底片光学密度分布左右不对称的各种因素，认为底片光学密度分布左右不对称主要是照相器件几何对中不理想造成的，并说明了底片光学密度左右平均的合理性。在此基础上介绍了H-D曲线的生成方法，采用Silberstein理论得到了具有较高精度的H D曲线。这种结合Monte Carlo模拟的H-D曲线测量方法不但避免了照射量测量误差，而且还考虑了H-D曲线对X射线能谱的依赖关系，更能体现实际情况，具有较高的精度。可用于球对称客体或柱对称客体的辐射照相。     

Polarization bremsstrahlung study of short-range order in solids

Possibility to elaborate a new method of the diagnostics of short range order in solids based on spectral measurements of polarization bremsstrahlung from relativistic electrons moving in a sample is shown. The main advantage of the method being proposed consists in the absence of distortions in desired function of atom radial density in distinction to that determined by the basic Zernicke-Prins approach based on angular measurements of scattered quasi-monochromatic X-rays.     

软X射线测量用电阻式薄膜量热计

介绍了一种用于软X射线辐射能量测量的电阻式薄膜量热计。利用电流的欧姆热效应对薄膜量热计的灵敏度进行了标定。在有基底薄膜的标定过程中,采用一维热扩散模型,考虑了金属薄膜向基底的传导热损失。利用电阻式薄膜量热计对聚龙一号装置钨丝阵Z箍缩产生的软X射线进行了测量,并与平响应X射线二极管(XRD)探测器的测量结果进行了比较。实验结果表明,电阻式薄膜量热计测量的软X射线辐射能量和辐射功率与平响应XRD探测器结果在测量不确定度范围内合理地一致。     

原级X射线谱强度分布的定量测定

本文提出了衍射或荧光分析用的X射线管原级X射线谱强度分布的定量测定方法。在带有正比、闪烁计数管的衍射仪上用LiF分光晶体进行展谱测定。实验测定强度经校正计算还原为X射线管窗口处的强度。对荧光X射线管还应测定几个射线束方向的原级谱加以平均求得有效原级谱。分析了原级X射线谱数据的误差及其对基本参数法等实际应用的影响。 关键词：     

Theoretical and experimental vibrational property of 1,3,4,6-tetramethylpiperazine-2,5-dione

1,3,4,6-tetramethylpiperazine-2,5-dione was synthesized, and the crystal structure was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction method, vibrational spectral measurements were obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy. The measurements agree well with the calculated geometrical structure and harmonic vibrational wavenumbers (usingab initio and density functional theory Becke’s three parameters hybrid method with the Lee, Yang, and Parr non-local functions methods with 6-311G and 6-311G** basis sets).     

Spectral distribution of X-Ray yield of the M-shell emission fromlaser produced gold plasma

Experimental measurements of the spectral distribution of keV X-ray energy conversion of the M-shell emission from gold plasma produced by a 4 GW, 5 nS Nd:glass laser are presented. At a laser intensity of 2×10¹³ W/cm², the overall X-ray yield for 2.0 ⩽hv⩽3.6 keV is determined to be 0.1% of the laser energy. The effect of the keV X-ray spectral distribution on radiation preheat is discussed     

CsI光阴极在10-100 keV X射线能区的响应灵敏度计算

为了满足10-100 keV高能X射线光电探测器研究的需要,对CsI光阴极在该能量范围的响应灵敏度进行了研究.基于高能量X射线光子与材料相互作用的物理过程,分析了康普顿散射等效应对CsI响应灵敏度的影响.推导了CsI的响应灵敏度与二次电子平均逃逸深度和光阴极厚度的关系式和二次电子平均逃逸深度与入射光子能量的关系式,计算了CsI在10-100 keV范围内的响应灵敏度,计算结果与实验测试数据相符,验证了分析与推导的可靠性.根据计算可以获得不同入射X射线能量下CsI光阴极的最佳厚度,从而为高能X射线光电探测器的设计优化提供了理论参考.     

等离子体增强化学气相沉积法制备含氢类金刚石膜的紫外Raman光谱和X射线光电子能谱研究

利用脉冲辉光放电的方法,在硅片上采用不同的沉积工艺制备了含氢类金刚石膜层,并采用Raman光谱和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对膜层进行表征.用Raman光谱仪在波长为325 nm的紫外光源的激励下观察膜层的键结构.紫外Raman光谱对含氢类金刚石膜是非常有用的,它能有效避免可见光Raman光谱测量时的荧光干扰,清晰地得到膜层的D峰和G峰.同时利用XPS分析得到膜层的sp3键含量,并与Raman光谱所得数据进行比较.通过Raman光谱和XPS分析可以发现,在紫外光源的激励下,膜层的G峰峰位向高频移方向移动,G峰峰位、I(D)/I(G),G峰半高宽和sp3键含量之间存在一定的关系.     

Curved crystal analysis using a triple-crystal X-ray spectrometer

A Bragg crystal spectrometer using cylindrically curved crystals is designed to focus a divergent X-ray beam. The spectral resolution and precision of focus is determined by the quality of the concavely curved crystal. The analysis of the quality of the crystal was done using a triplecrystal X-ray spectrometer, comparing parallel and antiparallel X-ray scans of the third curved crystal, determining flaws resulting from the bend. Topics discussed include the derivation of the crystal's quality, conditions of alignment for the Bragg reflection, and X-ray beam width contributions to the FWHM. Organic and inorganic crystals with varying values of Bragg angles are used.     

Design of X-ray super-mirrors using simulated annealing algorithm

An adaptive local search-based simulated annealing (ALSA) algorithm is proposed for the design of the wide band-pass multilayer optical elements operating in the hard and soft X-ray wavelength ranges. At present the SA algorithm has been kept as simple as possible and its performance is being studied before a series of modifications are made to tailor the SA algorithm to optimize super-mirror for particular applications. The algorithm has also been developed with two specific areas in mind: a W/C broad angle super-mirror for hard X-ray applications and a Mo/Si wide band super-mirror operating at normal incidence in the EUV spectral region. The design results show that the ALSA algorithm method has the flexibility to design a wide range of multilayer structures and in comparison to other techniques has good results although computationally more intensive.     

On the most accurate measurements of the wavelengths of X-ray spectral lines

The paper discusses the influence of statistical errors in measuring the intensity of a spectral line on the exact determination of its wavelength. Using simplifying assumptions, it is shown that the relative error in measuring the wavelengths of spectral lines of the same type, caused by the statistical character of X-ray intensity measurements and by the influence of the true width of the spectral line, is practically constant under the same conditions, i.e. it is independent of the lattice parameters of the crystals used and of the wavelength of the spectral line. It seems that the latest exact measurements of Bearden confirm this result.The greatest care should therefore be devoted to the neighbourhood of inflection points of the curve representing the spectral line profile when making exact measurements of the spectral position of the lines.The author heartily thanks Professor M. A. Blochin for valuable remarks on this work.     

Preparation and electronic structure of phase pure K3C60

Phase pure K₃C₆₀ films have been grown using vacuum distillation. The structure of such films could be shown to be face centered cubic consistent with X-ray diffraction studies. The electronic structure of the films has been studied using electron energy-loss spectroscopy in transmission. From C1s core excitation measurements the unoccupied density of states has been determined. Performing the dielectric function has been derived in a wide energy range (0–45 eV). It is shown that the low energy part of the optical conductivity cannot be understood within a simple free electron model but that interband transitions between the three conduction bands have to be taken into account. The spectral weight of interband transitions between valence and conduction bands shows strong momentum dependence due to optical selection rules demonstrating the molecular-like nature of the electronic states.     

Ray tracing method for the grazing incidence flat-field imaging soft X-ray spectrometer

A ray tracing method is introduced for helping adjustment and spectra analysis of the grazing incidence flat-field imaging soft X-ray spectrometer. For a single point source, the spectra images obtained by separate components, the toroidal mirror, and the grazing incidence flat-field concave grating with varied line spaces are given respectively. The calculated spectral images of the single point source by the spectrometer are also given for comparison with measurements with different experimental alignments.     

X光底片在位相对标定

本文描述了X光底片在位相对标定技术。其原理是使X射线谱经阶梯形吸收滤片透射后,对X光底片曝光,测量底片的曝光量。文中给出了标定方法和数据处理方法,而且也给出了在X光激光实验中得到的Kodak AA5底片的特性曲线。     

Studying the luminescence efficiency of Lu<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>:Eu nanophosphor material for digital X-ray imaging applications

Scintillator materials are widely used in X-ray medical imaging detector applications, coupled with available photoreceptors like radiographic film or photoreceptors suitable for digital imaging like a-Si, charge-coupled devises (CCD), complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS) and GaAs). In addition, scintillators can be utilized in non-medical imaging detectors such as industrial detectors for non-destructive testing (NDT) and detectors used for security purposes (i.e. airport luggage control). Image quality and dose burden in the above applications is associated with the amount of optical photons escaping the scintillator as well as the amount of optical photons captured by the photoreceptor. The former is characterized by the scintillator efficiency and the latter by the spectral matching between the emission spectrum of the scintillator and the spectral response of the photoreceptor. Recently, a scintillator material, europium-activated lutetium oxide (Lu₂O₃:Eu), has shown improved scintillating properties. Lu₂O₃:Eu samples of compact nanocrystalline non-agglomerated powder were developed in our laboratory using homogeneous precipitation from a water-toluene solution in the presence of polyvinyl alcohol as a surfactant. In order to test their light-emission properties, experimental measurements under the excitation of X-ray spectra with X-ray tube voltages between 50 kVp and 140 kVp were performed. This range of applied voltages is appropriate for X-ray radiology, NDT and security applications. Lu₂O₃:Eu was evaluated with respect to output yield and spectral compatibility of digital imaging photoreceptors (CCD-based, CMOS-based, amorphous silicon a:Si flat panels, ES20 and GaAs). High light yield and spectral compatibility increase the performance of the medical detector and reduce the dose burden to the personnel involved. In addition a theoretical model was used to determine the values for the Lu₂O₃:Eu optical photon light propagation parameters. The inverse diffusion length was found to be equal to 33 cm²/g. In addition Lu₂O₃:Eu was found to match well with several photoreceptors capable of digital imaging (i.e. GaAs).