超导线的表面区域处理提高其磁场下的输运能力

对超导体在外磁场中的特性进行了归纳,外磁场在超导体中有磁场穿透深度限制,超导体表面有超导壁垒效应和表面钉扎作用,造成了外磁场在超导线表层密度最大而芯部没有磁通穿过.表面钉扎和壁垒效应存在的竞争主要集中在表面刺入超导体的柱形空穴.为了提高超导线在外电场中的输运能力,在制备上常用提高钉扎性能,而这也有阻碍电流的作用,对超导线芯部区域没有提高钉扎作用的必要,反而因为它有害于电流传输.根据这些理论尝试设计出多层结构的超导线,内芯是致密的净超导体晶体结构,外面是与磁场穿透深度厚度相同的一层掺杂、取代等作用提高钉扎性能的外场渗透层,在超导材料表面与包套材料之间是纳米修饰或者其他手段提高表面钉扎能力的连接层,减少连接层的垂直超导线的柱形纳米空穴可提高壁垒效应.这种结构因为减少了常规制备中不考虑内部没有磁通而仍然有钉扎处理材料对载流子的散射作用,这种结构使超导线的输运能力得到了一定提高.     

1.3GHz单cell高梯度低损耗超导腔设计研究

计划中的国际直线对撞机(简称 ILC), 已确定采用低温超导技术. 研究表明, ILC的整体造价与超导腔的加速梯度密切相关, 因此新型高梯度超导腔的研制, 已成为目前ILC的热门课题. 目前超导腔加速梯度的提高受限于超导体射频临界磁场(H_c^rf), 希望通过腔形的优化设计, 来减小超导腔表面峰值磁场与加速梯度的比值(H_p/E_acc), 进而提高超导腔的加速梯度, 以满足ILC的要求. 目前, 具有代表性的高梯度超导腔新腔形有两种, 即低损耗超导腔(LLSCC)和重入式超导腔(RESCC). LLSCC相对于RESCC而言, 具有较低的H_p/E_acc, 因此在理论上LLSCC更易于达到较高的梯度. 作者对1.3GHz单cell高梯度低损耗超导腔的腔形进行了详细的研究, 给出了相应低损耗超导腔腔形, 并对这一设计结果进行了分析比较.     

射频超导腔加速性能的改进

 为提高超导加速腔的加速梯度和Q值，改进了薄膜型超导腔的加速性能。研究证明，对于铜铌溅射腔，在无氧铜衬底和铌膜之间加入NbN 层可以提高铌膜的超导转变温度，改善晶格结构；对纯铌超导腔提出了改进方法，在传统的纯铌超导腔表面制备多层的超导-绝缘-超导复合膜可以屏蔽Nb腔表面的界面场，提高超导腔的临界磁场，从而提高了铌腔的加速梯度。     

射频超导腔加速性能的改进

为提高超导加速腔的加速梯度和Q值，改进了薄膜型超导腔的加速性能。研究证明，对于铜铌溅射腔，在无氧铜衬底和铌膜之间加入NbN 层可以提高铌膜的超导转变温度，改善晶格结构；对纯铌超导腔提出了改进方法，在传统的纯铌超导腔表面制备多层的超导-绝缘-超导复合膜可以屏蔽Nb腔表面的界面场，提高超导腔的临界磁场，从而提高了铌腔的加速梯度。     

射频超导腔的研究新进展

 射频超导谐振腔已经大规模地应用到粒子加速器领域，其优越之处在于它可以在CW模式或长宏脉冲模式下，提供高的加速梯度。射频超导已经成为自由电子激光和能量回收直线加速器的关键技术。经过30多年的研究发展，解决了超导腔的热崩溃、场致发射等诸多关键问题，目前加速梯度已经超过40 MV/m。高加速梯度的获得是射频超导领域的前沿热点，电抛光＋低温热处理技术使射频超导腔的加速梯度提高3～4 MV/m。最新发展起来的超导腔的干式处理可以改善超导腔的表面状况，提高超导腔的Q值，抑制次级电子发射效应，有可能成为提高超导腔性能的又一有效手段。     

高压下 MgB2 超导的涡旋动力学研究*

我们首次通过磁弛豫的方法系统研究了高压下 MgB2 样品的磁通钉扎以及涡旋动力学, 测量了其在不同温度和磁场下的磁化强度 M 随时间t 的衰变, 即 M(t) . 根据集体蠕动理论, 明确了高压效应在低磁场时抑制了磁衰变速率, 但在高场下大大的加快了磁衰变. 高压降低了临界电流密度J c 和钉扎能. 另外, 在 MgB2 样品里低场下没有观测到弹性蠕变向塑性蠕变的转变.     

无序超导体磁通运动的两次退钉扎效应和重新进入超导相

考虑平面内和不同平面磁通之间的相互作用力，计算了无序各向异性超导体中磁通运动的平均速度、微分电阻随驱动力F_l的变化规律，用层间关联函数C_z的值来判断2D塑性流动和3D关联流动的运动图像.观察到随着外驱动力的增大微分电阻出现两个尖峰，它对应着磁通运动存在两次退钉扎现象.在一定层间耦合条件下，在微分电阻双峰之间，可观察到重新进入微分电阻为零的钉扎相.这与最近实验上新发现的无序弱钉扎超导体有重新进入超导相的巨大峰值效应相吻合.同时，也可发现随着驱动电流的增大，磁通运动出现由2D塑性流动到3D弹性流动的相变，这一维度的变化对应着微分电阻dV/dI曲线中的二次峰位置. 并证明当层间耦合(即代表磁场的大小)在一定范围时，3D-2D相变对应的临界电流随磁场的增大而增大, 反映了第二磁化峰附近的磁通格子软硬度改变的微观图像. 关键词： 第Ⅱ类超导体 磁通线格子 钉扎 峰值效应     

RF超导腔低温测量原理

本文依据能量守恒,就RF超导腔低温测量方法和原理进行了推敲.指出:由于在超导腔中存在场致电子发射(FE)效应,高功率腔和低功率腔在测量方法上是有区别的.并系统地推导了获得超导腔物理参数,比如空载Q₀、最大表面电场和最大加速梯度等的准确公式.     

Tl_4Ba_3Ca_3Cu_4O_y系统的超导电性和磁化反常

Tl_4Ba_3Ca_3Cu_4O_y 氧化物超导体中存在100K 和120K 两个超导相.测量电流为10mA 时,零电阻超导 T_c 为119K.DC 磁化结果表明:在77K 时不可逆场约为2200O_e,冻结磁通密度11.6G,样品是弱钉扎Ⅱ类超导体.Meissner 效应测量结果表明:Meissner 信号的61%是120K 相的贡献,39%是100K 相的贡献.超导体积的上限和下限的比较,不同磁场和测量电流的 R(T)超导转变以及磁化反常表明:我们的样品中存在着大量的弱连接超导电性,并构成邻近效应超导体,研究了它的日 H_(c2)(T).并由邻近效应超导体的磁化曲线演算出它的超导参量.     

不同Ti含量对NbTi超导体临界电流密度的影响

利用Nb片和Ti片交替组配加工,经扩散反应制备了Ti含量从43WT%到57WT%之间的三种不同成份的NbTi超导线.测量了三种不同成份的临界电流密度Jc,讨论了在磁场下不同Ti含量对NbTi线临界电流密度Jc的影响,并对磁通钉扎机制进行了分析.通过扫描电镜(SEM)观察了Nb/Ti界面扩散形态及微结构,并运用多源标度分析法[1]对不同成份的NbTi超导线进行了磁通钉扎力密度随磁场变化曲线的拟合.结果表明:随着含Ti量的增加,其临界电流密度在低场时很高,而在高场时的性能偏低,且下降迅速,而含Ti量低的超导线在高场时的性能更具有优势;超导线在不同磁场下的性能是由点钉扎和面钉扎两种钉扎机制共同作用决定的.     

Nernst effect in Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O superconducting films due to infrared laser heating

A Nernst effect has been observed in a high temperature superconductor for the first time. Irradiating superconducting Tl–Ba–Ca–Cu–O thin films by short pulses of a TEA-CO₂ laser, a photovoltaic signal is detected perpendicular to a magnetic field applied parallel to the film surface. The signal is attributed to magnetic flux line depinning and flux line transport driven by the laser induced temperature gradient. The results are described by thermal flux line activation leading to a calculated distribution of pinning energies from 100 K to 4000 K.     

高T_c超导体YBCO磁通钉扎的计算机模拟研究

临界电流密度Jc是影响高温超导体在强电领域应用的一个重要参数,在实际应用中,特别在外加磁场下,临界电流密度与超导材料的磁通钉扎性质密切相关.因此,磁通钉扎一直是高温超导体研究中的一个重要领域.由于高温超导体磁通钉扎力密度Fp的标度律存在,本文根据D.Dew-Hughes总结的钉扎力函数,主要存在两种主要作用类型(正常相和△K).我们将D.Dew-HugBes给出的钉扎力密度Fp标度函数改进为一个简化的具有物理意义的函数表达式.结合文献中已有的实验数据,我们对YBcO进行了计算机模拟,确定了它的磁通钉扎类型,模拟的研究结果与实际情况比较吻合.     

Resistive state of superconducting structures with fractal clusters of a normal phase

The effect of morphologic factors on magnetic flux trapping and critical currents in a superconducting structure, which presents a type II percolation superconductor with pinning centers, is considered. The role of pinning centers is played by fractal clusters of the normal phase. The properties of these clusters are analyzed in detail: their statistics is studied, the distribution of critical currents of depinning is found, and the depen-dences of the main statistical parameters on the fractal dimension are obtained. The effect of fractal clusters of the normal phase on the electric field caused by the motion of the magnetic flux after the vortices have been broken away from pinning centers is considered. The current-voltage characteristics of superconducting structures in a resistive state are obtained for an arbitrary fractal dimension. It is found that the fractality of the boundaries of normal-phase clusters forces magnetic flux trapping, thereby increasing the critical current.     

YBaCuO超导陶瓷的有效钉扎力

提出了有效钉扎力的概念,并由此建立了描述有大量内界面的陶瓷样品滞迴行为的方法。测量了烧结YBaCuO陶瓷样品的剩余磁化强度与磁化场及温度的关系,并用有效钉扎力方法从中萃取了有效钉扎力,它有两项:一项与磁化电流相联系,并受界面间的弱连接控制;另一项来自颗粒体内的钉扎中心控制。弱外磁场中前一种起主要作用,强场中后一种居主导。 关键词：     

Vortex dynamics in Pb-doped Hg-1234 superconductor by AC susceptibility response

The general equation that describes the AC magnetic susceptibility response of the superconducting system due to the change of varying AC field has been reviewed. By using the AC susceptibility measurements, the temperature, magnetic field and current density dependence of the effective pinning potential U(T, H, J) for our Pb-doped Hg-1234 superconductor has been determined. It is found that the fast drop of the effective pinning potential with current density is due to the large value of the characteristic exponent μ which depends on the existing types of non-superconducting phases that form the intergrowth structures with the dominant matrix. The characteristic curve of electric field E(J) against the current density J has been obtained from the AC susceptibility technique. For consideration of current relaxation due to the presence of giant flux creep, we have studied and determined the temperature dependence of the critical current density J_c for our specimen.     

The critical parameters and structure of the surface superconducting state induced by external electric field

Electric field perpendicular to a surface of superconducting semiconductor or semimetal induces superconducting transition at temperature and in magnetic field higher than in the bulk. The magnetic moment and structure of the inhomogeneous surface superconducting state are calculated. All parameters depend on direction of magnetic field, magnitude of electric field, and temperature.     

Thermoelectric transport effect in superconducting indium

A magnetic flux has been generated within a hollow toroidal cavity whose walls consisted of superconducting indium and lead. The origin of the flux is attributed to a thermoelectric transport effect induced by a temperature gradient in the toroid. The flux was found to diverge rapidly near the transition temperature of indium and to be several orders of magnitude larger than predicted by existing theory.     

Geometrical surface vortex pinning in superconducting films

A model is proposed for vortex pinning in a superconducting film with a rough surface. The model relates the critical current to the steepness of the surface relief and, at a high vortex concentration, to the distance between neighboring steepness maxima on the paths of vortex motion. The dependence of the critical current density on the thickness of a high-T_c superconducting film is measured in a weak magnetic field. Its behavior can be explained by the pinning at the stepped surface relief.     

Scanning ESR-microprobe studies of the flux distribution in type-II superconductors

A new method for the study of the distribution of the magnetic field in a superconducting sample is developed. The field profile in the interior of the sample is mapped from the data on the spin probe ESR-signal shift measured at different points over the plane surface. The main attention is focused to the penetration of a perpendicular magnetic field into single crystal strips. The penetration of magnetic flux into an YBCO crystal is shown to be delayed and this gives rise to formation of the steep fronts in the profile of the field near the center of the strip. The profile observed differs considerably from the well-known Bean picture. It is highly dependent on the magnetic history. For the case of a Bi:2212 rectangular crystal, the crossover of the magnetic field profile from a dome shape, typical for a geometrical barrier (T > 30 K), to a bulk pinning picture (T < 25 K) was observed upon variation of temperature. The analysis of the field distribution made it possible to determine the temperature dependence of the lower critical field.     

超导腔垂直测量系统中的磁屏蔽

简要介绍空间磁场对纯铌超导加速腔性能的影响,以及在超导腔垂直测量时对空间磁场进行有效屏蔽的方法.由于多数磁性材料对应力和温度变化非常敏感,而且国内缺乏在低温下相关磁屏蔽材料性能的数据,为此对8种国产铁磁和软磁材料在低温下的初始磁导率进行了测量,并给出了相应的测试结果.最后介绍了作者研制的1.3GHz超导腔垂直测量低温恒温器内置式磁屏蔽装置及其性能.