HL—1装置电流上升段辐射与杂质特性

托卡马克等离子体中的杂质会影响托卡马克的放电品质及等离子体特性。许多理论和实验对杂质的产生和输运做了深入详细的研究。等离子体电流起始阶段,由于约束性能不好,会引起大量的杂质产生,辐射损失增大是杂质增加引起的直接后果。杂质辐射是等离子体辐射的主要组成部分之一,等离子体线辐射功率～Z_(eff)~6,复合辐射功率～Z_(eff)~4,轫致辐     

真空中激光束对金属表面的作用

一、引 言 在聚变装置真空室里由于等离子体与第一壁表面相互作用,使得器壁局部过热蒸发产生杂质气体,如H_2O,CO,CH_4,C等。这些气体在托卡马克装置放电期间将会导致等离子体能量损失,另外还涉及氢的再循环问题。研究这些现象可以了解托卡马克装置真空室第一壁上吸附气体层的组分及相对含量,以改善真空室的边界条件,进一步减少等离子体能量损失。     

HL—1M装置波加热和加料等离子体的辐射损失特性

等离子体的杂质将对等离子体的能量平衡产生很大的影响,杂质的增多将增加辐射损失功率,降低等离子体温度,使得等离子体约束性能变差。由于等离子体辐损失功率与等离子体中的杂质密度有一定的关系,我们测量到等离子体辐射损失功率和辐射功率密度分布就可以得到离子体中有关杂质的信息。     

托卡马克删削层与偏滤器中等离子体输运的解析研究

研究了托卡马克删削层和部分偏滤器等离子体的输运问题.利用粒子数守恒和“两点模型”,计算了在有摩擦的情况下,删削层中等离子体的密度分布、温度分布和杂质辐射的功率损失 关键词： 偏滤器区域 删削层 等离子体输运     

HL-2A装置杂质线辐射测量的初步结果

杂质作为等离子体和第一壁相互作用的产物，由于能强烈地影响等离子体品质而一直是人们关注的焦点之一。杂质作为托卡马克中热辐射和冷电子的来源，影响等离子体能量和粒子的平衡，进而影响等离子体密度、温度和电流的分布，制约着托卡马克等离子体的输运和稳态运行。     

HL—1M托卡马克脉冲超声分子束注入等离子体及杂质特性研究

文内叙述了在ＨＬ－１Ｍ托卡马克脉冲分子束注入实验中观测到的等离子体和杂质行为。分子束注入减小了杂质辐射,有效地提高了电子密度,改善了等离子体的约束性能。     

HL-2A装置等离子体边缘的单探针快采测量

托卡马克装置等离子体边缘和刮离层(SOL)物理的实验和理论研究是目前聚变装置中等离子体的杂质含量、杂质源分布以及SOL和芯部等离子体中各种杂质输运过程研究的重要课题之一。等离子体表面相互作用导致杂质的产生和随后杂质传输以及对芯部等离子体的污染。在孔栏和偏滤器靶板表面上易产生的离子通量的电荷态和能量通过物理贱射是确定杂质释放大小的最重要因素，而化学贱射是取决于表面形成的元素、碰撞的等离子体和表面温度。杂质传输强烈地取决于刮离层等离子体的背景特征，如温度、密度、传输效率和流速。     

磁约束等离子体中杂质产生的机理

一、引 言 磁约束等离子体中少量杂质的存在会引起强烈的辐射能量损失[1],从而影响等离子体的能量平衡,也影响等离子体的电流分布、温度分布、以及稳定性和比压值,甚至影响未来聚变堆的点燃条件和堆的增益.因此杂质的研究是核聚变等离子体物理的重要领域.从1976年至今,国际上已经召开了五次核聚变装置中等离子体与表面相互作用的国际会议,对杂质的产生、杂质在等离子体中的作用、杂质的控制进行了广泛的研究.本文将着重从等离子体与器壁表面相互作用方面对杂质产生的机理作综合分析.包括热解吸,离子、电子、中性粒子和光子的诱导解吸,化学反…     

HL-2A装置孔栏位形下激光吹气注入杂质的初步实验结果

在聚变堆条件下，等离子体中杂质将严重影响燃料的浓度，并产生大量的功率损失而倍受关注。普遍用于托卡马克等离子体杂质输运研究的方法是瞬态扰动法，主要以主动注入杂质源来研究杂质的扩散和对流过程。短脉冲型的杂质注入一般可采用快过程的压电阀和激光吹气两种方式，而激光吹气方法是一种不容置疑的最好的杂质输运研究方法，因为杂质的注入时间和注入量都可以得到很好的控制，几乎能研究任何状态的等离子体杂质输运过程并对等离子体参数的扰动最小。杂质输运信息可通过探测杂质离子的辐射来得到，这些辐射主要包括由光谱仪测量的线辐射信号和由软X射线成像技术得到的软X射线辐射信号，通过这些测量可带出杂质分布的空间和时间演化的信息，再利用数值模拟计算编码，重建实验数据，从而得到杂质输运的扩散系数D、对流速度V和约束时间等。     

受控核聚变——现代物理学的一个重要前沿领域(之七)

 高温等离子体中原子的特征谱线密集在真空紫外区.所以掠入式光栅光谱仪成为一种重要的诊断工具,一直到软X射线区才逐渐为晶体光谱仪取代、晶体谱仪实质上就是利用晶体中的原子点阵来代替光栅进行光谱分析.在聚变等离子体中随着电子温度的提高,等离子体的轫致辐射和高电离态杂质的线辐射将有相当大的部分是处在软X射线区.这些X射线辐射引起的能量损失是高温等离子体能量损失的重要组成部分,因此从能量损失的观点来看,对X射线的监测是相当重要的.另一方面,X射线的探测和能谱分析可以用来确定等离子体的某些重要物理参数.例如,通过X射线连续谱的测量,可以测定等离子体电子温度;通过X射线杂质谱线多普勒展宽的测量可以测定等离子体离子温度;X射线测量还可以用来诊断等离子体中的杂质成份并用来研究杂质的空间分布及输运过程.因此,X射线的测量在高温等离子体诊断中起着非常重要的作用.     

Metallic bolometers with temperature dependent thermal impedance

The paper gives the solution of a bolometer with thermal impedance, which is a general function of the temperature. The general solution is applied to a bolometer cooled by radiation for which the appropriate expressions fo the resistance, sensitivity and dynamic resistance are derived and the expression for the maximum sensitivity of this type of bolometers from nickel, platinum and electrolytical platinum is given. The case of a bolometer cooled by conduction through the air and radiation is solved as the case of a bolometer with several ways of cooling. The paper also gives a graphico-numerical method for determining all the important parameters of the bolometer from the measured dependence of the resistance on the electric power RI²; an example of the application of this method is given for a conduction and radiation cooled bolometer. Deviations from the theoretical course are explained by convection of heat caused by the flow of air along the bolometer due to the increase in temperature of the bolometer over that of its surroundings. The paper also gives the maximum attainable sensitivity of this type of bolometer and metallic bolometers in general.     

Terahertz spectroscopy with a Josephson oscillator and a SINIS bolometer

The voltage response of a thin-film normal-metal hot-electron bolometer based on a SINIS (superconductor-insulator-normal metal-insulator-superconductor) structure to the radiation of a high-temperature Josephson junction in the terahertz frequency region was measured. Bolometers were integrated with planar log-periodic and double-dipole antennas, and Josephson junctions were integrated with log-periodic antennas. Measurements showed that the Josephson junction at a temperature of 260 mK was overheated by the transport current, so that its electron temperature exceeded 3 K at a bias voltage of 1 mV. The maximum response of a bolometer with a double-dipole antenna was observed at a frequency of 300 GHz, which agreed well with the calculated value. The Josephson radiation was observed at frequencies up to 1.7 THz. The voltage response of a bolometer reached 4×10⁸ V/W, and the total noise-equivalent power reached 1.5×10^?17 W/Hz^1/2.     

软X射线测量用电阻式薄膜量热计

介绍了一种用于软X射线辐射能量测量的电阻式薄膜量热计。利用电流的欧姆热效应对薄膜量热计的灵敏度进行了标定。在有基底薄膜的标定过程中,采用一维热扩散模型,考虑了金属薄膜向基底的传导热损失。利用电阻式薄膜量热计对聚龙一号装置钨丝阵Z箍缩产生的软X射线进行了测量,并与平响应X射线二极管(XRD)探测器的测量结果进行了比较。实验结果表明,电阻式薄膜量热计测量的软X射线辐射能量和辐射功率与平响应XRD探测器结果在测量不确定度范围内合理地一致。     

Tomographic reconstruction of two-dimensional radiated power distribution during impurity injection in KSTAR plasmas using an infrared imaging video bolometer

Based on the two-dimensional radiation images obtained by an infrared imaging video bolometer (IRVB) with tangential view, the two dimensional radiation profiles of plasmas in KSTAR were reconstructed. The IRVB installed on KSTAR has a tangential view of the plasma, and thus tomographic reconstruction of the raw images of radiation profiles was performed to remove the chord-integration effect by using a tomographic reconstruction code based on the Phillips-Tikhonov algorithm. Phantom reconstruction tests with various synthetic images were carried out to validate the accuracy of the reconstruction results. It is found that hollow radiation phantoms with strong divertor radiation were reconstructed with high accuracy. Furthermore, the effects of the number of channels of the IR camera, and the number of pixels of the plasma and of the IRVB on reconstruction performance are studied with phantom tests. Two-dimensionally reconstructed images of KSTAR plasmas demonstrated that radiation loss at the plasma edge and near the divertor region increased significantly after gaseous impurity injection. The total radiated power was up to 1.2 MW at the disruption, which was 40% of the NBI power. After argon and krypton gas injection, total radiated power was increased by 325 kW and 180 kW, respectively.     

Microsecond Microwave Radiation Bursts from a Relativistic Electron Beam Rotating in a Plasma

Coherent curvature radiation from an intense relativistic electron beam rotating in a plasma yielded in the past [1] only very short bursts of microwave radiation. Here we report on extension of the microwave-burst duration to the full width of the beam pulse for two different electron beams: a) 1 MV, 50 kA, 110 ns b) 0.6 MW, 15 kA, 1 , ?s. We show that the short bursts in the past resulted from sudden changes in the plasma density caused by ionization of neutrals, present in the drift tube, by the beam itself. This density change caused a shift away from the resonance condition necessary for coherent radiation. The extension of the pulsewidth was achieved by introducing a plasma gun which did not emit many neutrals. The radiation is mostly in the Ka band (? ? 1 cm) and the power level was ~1 MW.     

Quasioptical superconducting hot electron bolometer for submillmeter waves

We report on a superconducting hot electron bolometer coupled to radiation via a broadband antenna. The bolometer, a structured NbN film, was patterned on a thin dielectric membrane between terminals of a gold slotline antenna. We investigated the response to submillimeter radiation (wave-lengths 0.1 mm to 0.7 mm) in the fundamental Gaussian mode. We found that the directivity of the antenna was constant within a factor of 2.5 through the whole experimental range. The noise equivalent power of the bolometer at 119 µm was 3 · 10^–13 W/Hz^1/2; a time constant of 160 ps was estimated.     

Coherent tunable far infrared radiation

Tunable, cw, far infrared (FIR) radiation has been generated by nonlinear mixing of radiation from two CO₂ lasers in a metal-insulator-metal, (MIM) diode. The FIR difference-frequency power was radiated from the MIM diode antenna to a calibrated indium antimonide bolometer. Two-tenths of a microwatt of FIR power was generated by 250 mW from each of the CO₂ lasers. Using the combination of lines from a waveguide CO₂ laser, with its larger tuning range, with lines from CO₂, N₂O, and CO₂ isotope lasers promises complete coverage of the entire far infrared band from 100 to 5000 GHz (3–200 cm^–1) with stepwise-tunable cw radiation.Contribution of the National Bureau of Standards, not subject to copyright     

Resonance method for IR sensing

A highly sensitive method for infrared radiation detection based on thermal resonance in an active bolometer is set forth. An active bolometer is a self-oscillating system consisting of an IR-sensitive cell in a feedback circuit of an adjustable proportional controller. The analysis of an active bolometer autonomous (dark) dynamics reveals that with a generalized gain factor A variation the system evolves from relaxation type towards oscillating and self-oscillating type. When A=A_c, where A_c is a critical value of the generalized gain factor A, the steady state loses stability through self-excited thermal oscillations. The resonance in a system weakly perturbed by IR radiation modulated at self-oscillation frequency q₀[1+exp(iω_ct)] is considered. It is shown that in a small precritical vicinity =(A−A_c)/A_c of the gain factor the amplitude of forced thermal oscillations is proportional to q₀/A_c. The D^* calculation reveals that the detection power of a passive (A=0) bolometer increases with feedback introduction by a factor of 1/||. The detection powers of feasible versions of an active bolometer are compared.     

Thermal Modelling and Characterisation of Semiconductor Bolometers

A revised version of the Griffin & Holland ideal semiconductor bolometer model is presented and its use in determining bolometer properties and parameters from experimental load curve measurements is discussed. We show that degeneracy between some bolometer parameters can only be broken by model fitting a family of load curves over a range of bath temperatures, and that measurements with the bolometer blanked (zero absorbed radiant power) are essential for unambiguous determination of the main parameters. The influence of measurement errors on parameter recovery is analysed using synthetic noisy data sets.     

HL-1装置辐射和粒子损失功率测量

一、前言在等离子体中,由于杂质的存在,产生很强的线辐射、轫致辐射和复合辐射,电荷交换产生的中性粒子由于不受磁场约束而逃逸出等离子体。本文叙述用高增益、快响应的钽酸锂热电探测器对HL-1装置等离子体辐射和电荷交换粒子损失功率的测量。二、测量方法实验中采用了KT-3130钽酸锂(LiTaO_3)热电探测器和KTH-103前置放大器。LiTaO_3