Role of photon statistics of light source in ghost imaging

The theory of ghost imaging is examined by taking into account the quantum state of the light source explicitly. It is proved that ghost images can be obtained by any light source that is non-Poissonian. It is also shown that ghost images with unity visibility can be achieved with either quantum or classical correlation.     

Fluorescence ghost imaging with pseudothermal light

We extend classical light ghost imaging to the area of fluorescence imaging and propose a new fluorescence imaging method. For the first time, we demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that fluorescence ghost imaging can be realized with pseudothermal light. Important factors influencing the visibility and resolution of the images are discussed to improve the quality of the fluorescence ghost imaging. We hope that this work may pave the road for ghost imaging to biomedical applications.     

Ghost imaging with the use of the variance of the difference photocurrent

A radical change has been proposed in the technique for obtaining so-called “ghost images,” i.e., images formed not in intensity distributions, but in the distributions of the higher moments of the intensity. The traditional method for detecting such an image is based on the measurement of the second-order intensity correlation functions. In the proposed method, the variance of the difference between the intensities of two light beams is measured rather than the correlation functions of these intensities. It has been shown theoretically that both the visibility of the image and the signal-to-noise ratio in this case are much higher than those in the traditional method.     

强度涨落在热光鬼成像中的作用

热光鬼成像的图像质量在实际应用中具有重要作用. 通过理论分析和数值模拟, 发现光场的强度涨落程度会影响热光鬼成像的对比度, 基于此, 提出可以通过调节热光场的平均强度和强度波动的方差来提高成像对比度, 并且研究了这一方法对成像信噪比的影响. 将这种方法与另一种提高成像对比度的方法——高阶鬼成像进行了对比, 所得结果将有助于提高对热光鬼成像的理解. 关键词： 鬼成像 强度涨落 对比度 信噪比     

Novel Ghost Imaging Method for a Pure Phase Object

We propose a novel ghost imaging scheme which is especially served to a pure phase object. A spatially incoherent beam is mixed with a coherent beam of the same frequency field by a beamsplitter. Then we perform the ghost imaging scheme using the mixed beam. Our theoretical result shows that this approach is capable of reconstructing a pure phase object in joint-intensity measurement. The visibility of the images is also analysed for two pure phase objects, an optical wedge and a phase grating.     

Ghost imaging with electromagnetic stochastic beams

The dependence of ghost images on polarization properties of illumination is revealed. We derive the general formulas pertaining to ghost imaging by means of electromagnetic stochastic beams and, in particular, study the case when the illumination beam belongs to the class of electromagnetic Gaussian Schell-model beams and is incident onto a soft two-dimensional aperture. We find under which conditions that source polarization may reduce/enhance the ghost image and its visibility.     

Ghost images reconstructed from fractional-order moments with thermal light

We present the joint probability density function(PDF) between the bucket signals and reference signals in thermal light ghost imaging, by regarding these signals as stochastic variables. The joint PDF allows us to examine the fractional-order moments of the bucket and the reference signals, in which the correlation orders are fractional numbers,other than positive integers in previous studies. The experimental results show that various images can be reconstructed from fractional-order moments. Negative(positive) ghost images are obtained with negative(positive) orders of the bucket signals. The visibility and peak signal-to-noise ratios of the diverse ghost images depend greatly on the fractional orders.     

Multi-Path Ghost Imaging by Means of an Additional Time Correlation

Ghost imaging functions achieved by means of the spatial correlations between two photons is a new modality in imaging systems. With a small number of photons, ghost imaging is usually realized based on the position correlation of photon pairs produced from the spontaneous parametric down-conversion process. Here we demonstrate a way to realize multi-path ghost imaging by introducing an additional time correlation. Different delays of paths will induce the shift of the coincidence peak, which carries the information about objects. By choosing the suitable coincidence window, we obtain images of three objects simultaneously, with a visibility of 87.2%.This method provides insights and techniques into multi-parameter ghost imaging. It can be applied to other correlated imaging systems, for example, quantum spiral imaging.     

High-order ghost imaging with N-colour thermal light

High-order ghost imaging with thermal light consisting of N different frequencies is investigated. The high-order intensity correlation and intrinsic correlation functions are derived for such N-colour light. It is found that they are similar in form to those for the monochromatic case, thus most of the conclusions we obtained previously for monochromatic Nth-order ghost imaging are still applicable. However, we find that the visibility of the N-colour ghost image depends strongly on the wavelength used to illuminate the object, and increases as this wavelength increases when the test arm is fixed. On the contrary, changes of wavelength in the reference arms do not lead to any change of the visibility.     

Third-order ghost interference with thermal light

A scheme for third-order ghost interference with thermal light is proposed. The visibility and resolution of the interference fringe related to the bandwidth of the spatial frequency spectrum of the source are analysed. The results show that the visibility of the third-order ghost interference fringe is much higher than that of the second-order one.     

Performance of third-order ghost imaging with second-order intensity correlation

The third-order ghost imaging with the second-order intensity correlation is theoretically and experimentally demonstrated.The resolution and visibility of the reconstructed image are discussed,and the relationship between resolution and visibility is analyzed.The theoretical results show that a tradeoff exists between the visibility and resolution of the reconstructed image;the better the image resolution,the worse the image visibility.Numerical simulations are carried out to verify this theory,and a ghost...     

Ghost diffraction, lensless system and 2-f system

We investigate two imaging schemes, lensless system and 2-f system which are used to implement ghost diffraction. It is shown that the two schemes have similar intensity fluctuation correlation functions which both realize the function of the Fourier-transform imaging, and the diffraction pattern is in agreement with that in the classical wave optics. The difference of the imaging visibility in the two systems is also discussed.     

基于反射型物体的高阶非相干热光源关联成像性能研究

现有基于热光源的关联成像主要是针对透射型物体,这样可简化关联成像分析过程。然而对于成像的实际应用,比如遥感技术,反射型物体将具有更大的实用价值。基于非相干均亮的热光源,对反射型物体的高阶关联成像进行了研究,推导出其高阶反射关联成像的关联函数、可见度及信噪比的解析式;对比二阶反射关联成像,讨论阶数对关联成像性能的影响。研究结果表明,对于反射型物体的关联成像,随着阶数的增加,成像的可见度得到提高,但信噪比下降,同时能够通过增加测量次数增加成像的信噪比。     

Visibility enhancement in two-dimensional lensless ghost imaging with true thermal light

We report an experimental demonstration of two-dimensional(2D) lensless ghost imaging with true thermal light. An electrodeless discharge lamp with a higher light intensity than the hollow cathode lamp used before is employed as a light source. The main problem encountered by the 2D lensless ghost imaging with true thermal light is that its coherence time is much shorter than the resolution time of the detection system. To overcome this difficulty we derive a method based on the relationship between the true and measured values of the second-order optical intensity correlation, by which means the visibility of the ghost image can be dramatically enhanced. This method would also be suitable for ghost imaging with natural sunlight.     

Ghost interference with partially coherent radiation

Ghost interference with partially coherent radiation sources is studied using optical coherence theory. The visibility of the ghost interference fringes is strongly influenced by the transverse size and transverse coherence width of the source. An increase of the transverse source size leads to a decrease of the fringes' visibility. An increase of the transverse coherence results in an increase of the visibility. The difference between ghost interference formed with entangled photon pairs and with partially coherent light is discussed.     

基于鬼像和像差分析的高功率激光装置透镜设计

为了设计能够满足高功率固体激光装置需求的空间滤波器透镜,采用矩阵光学方法,分析光束经过单透镜传输时剩余反射形成各阶鬼像的过程,得到鬼像位置与透镜曲率半径的关系式.该关系式表明,透镜的曲率半径设计可以控制鬼像所在的区域.根据高功率激光装置光路排布的特点简化鬼像分析,利用自行开发的鬼像追迹软件分析了主放大级鬼像分布特点.通过改变透镜的曲率半径和倾斜透镜这两种方式,基于鬼像规避和像差最小化两种原则,最终确定主放大级透镜曲率半径的最优选择为1:3弯月型,凸面朗向光学元件集中的方向.该方法可普遍应用于指导高通量复杂光学系统的透镜设计.     

Visibility in ghost imaging with classical partially polarized electromagnetic beams

We consider classical second-order ghost imaging with uniformly partially polarized electromagnetic beams and examine the effect of the degree of polarization of the incident light on the visibility of the image. Closed-form expressions for two previously proposed definitions of visibility are derived. Both results are physically similar and show that the visibility increases with the degree of polarization. Hence, a polarized beam is superior to an unpolarized one to obtain a high-visibility ghost image. Some related issues in recent literature are also addressed.     

Resolution and visibility of two-color pseudothermal lensless ghost imaging

Two-color (or nondegenerate-wavelength) lensless ghost imaging using pseudothermal light source is investigated theoretically by use of classical optical coherence theory. We find that for two-color pseudothermal lensless ghost imaging the visibility and resolution is determined by (Δ) the product of the wavelength and the corresponding path length rather than the wavelength for each path or the path length. We also confirm our theoretical conclusion by numerical simulations. The result shows we must make a trade-off between resolution and visibility in devise practical experiments, as the resolution of the imaging can be improved by decreasing Δ but with visibility getting poor, and vice versa.     

Interacting generalized ghost dark energy in a non-flat universe

We investigate the generalized Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) ghost model of dark energy in the framework of Einstein gravity. First, we study the non-interacting generalized ghost dark energy in a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) background. We obtain the equation of state parameter, w _D = p/ρ, the deceleration parameter, and the evolution equation of the generalized ghost dark energy. We find that, in this case, w _D cannot cross the phantom line (w _D > ?1) and eventually the universe approaches a de-Sitter phase of expansion (w _D → ?1). Then, we extend the study to the interacting ghost dark energy in both a flat and non-flat FRW universe. We find that the equation of state parameter of the interacting generalized ghost dark energy can cross the phantom line (w _D < ?1) provided the parameters of the model are chosen suitably. Finally, we constrain the model parameters by using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method and a combined dataset of SNIa, CMB, BAO and X-ray gas mass fraction.     

Iterative filtered ghost imaging

It is generally believed that, in ghost imaging, there has to be a compromise between resolution and visibility. Here we propose and demonstrate an iterative filtered ghost imaging scheme whereby a super-resolution image of a grayscale object is achieved, while at the same time the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and visibility are greatly improved, without adding complexity. The dependence of the SNR, visibility, and resolution on the number of iterations is also investigated and discussed. Moreover, with the use of compressed sensing the sampling number can be reduced to less than 1% of the Nyquist limit, while maintaining image quality with a resolution that can exceed the Rayleigh diffraction bound by more than a factor of 10.