亚千赫兹精度的腔增强分子饱和吸收光谱（英文）

饱和吸收光谱法常被用于原子和分子跃迁的亚多普勒测量。光学谐振腔除了可增强有效吸收光程,还能够增加腔内的激光功率来饱和非常弱的分子振转跃迁.本文利用精细度达120000的谐振腔,通过腔增强光谱、腔衰荡光谱、噪声免疫腔增强光外差分子光谱这三种不同的腔增强方法,测量1.4μm处的C_2H_2分子兰姆凹陷.采用不同的腔增强方法确定吸收谱线中心,均给出了亚千赫兹的统计不确定度.并分析比较了不同方法的灵敏度和精度,噪声免疫腔增强光外差分子光谱是最灵敏的方法,但如果期望利用它实现亚千赫兹精度的计量应用,还需要对该方法中的系统误差进行更多的研究.     

基于噪声免疫腔增强光外差分子光谱技术实现光纤激光器到1530.58 nmNH_3亚多普勒饱和光谱的频率锁定

噪声免疫腔增强光外差分子光谱技术(NICE-OHMS)由于结合了频率调制光谱与腔增强光谱两种技术,不仅可以将激光耦合到高精细度谐振腔大幅提高腔内功率,还可以实现低气压样品气体的高灵敏测量,因此基于该技术可以实现分子吸收线的饱和,获得亚多普勒光谱,从而能作为激光频率锁定的参考.本文基于光纤激光器的NICE-OHMS技术,将光纤激光器频率锁定到NH3的亚多普勒吸收线上.首先分析了基于Pound-Drever-Hall和DeVoe-Brewer技术实现激光到腔模和调制频率到腔自由光谱区频率锁定的性能,之后在腔内气压为70 mTorr条件下,测量了半高全宽为2.05 MHz的NH3亚多普勒信号,最后将1.53μm的光纤激光器频率锁定到该亚多普勒吸收线上,相对频率偏差为16.3 kHz,阿伦方差结果显示,136 s积分时间下频率稳定度达到1.6×10~(-12).     

噪声免疫腔增强光外差分子饱和光谱线型的理论分析

噪声免疫腔增强光外差分子光谱(NICE-OHMS)作为世界上最灵敏的光谱技术可以被应用到痕量气体检测、频率标准、原子分子光谱以及超灵敏引力波测量等领域中,高精细度谐振腔吸收池的使用在增长激光与腔内物质相互作用路径的同时,极大的提高了腔内激光功率,这就会饱和低气压下的气态样品吸收线从而获得亚多普勒光谱结构,因此NICE-OHMS技术不仅具有高灵敏、还具有超高分辨的优点。该研究基于光与二能级分子相互作用的密度矩阵理论对NICE-OHMS技术中包含亚多普勒的多普勒展宽光谱线型进行了理论推导,获得了光谱线型的表达式,同时以该表达式对光谱线型进行了数值模拟,其中调制频率、饱和参量、频率调制系数分别设置为384 MHz,10和0.2。由模拟结果可见吸收光谱由两个边带的吸收信号构成,在包络上存在四个亚多普勒饱和结构;色散光谱由载频以及边带的色散三者决定,并在包络上存在五个亚多普勒饱和结构,获得了与已有实验一致的结果。最后重点分析了不同探测相位、不同饱和参量下的NICE-OHMS光谱线型尤其是亚多普勒结构的变化,由于饱和参量按照调制系数分配给载频和边带,因此虽然载频饱和参量很大,但NICE-OHMS吸收光谱幅度变化不大,主要是由于该光谱信号只与边带饱和参量有关,可以看出NICE-OHMS多普勒展宽信号具有饱和效应免疫的特性,与已有实验结果也符合较好。为更进一步的实验研究提供了必要的理论基础。     

光外差腔衰荡光谱理论研究

提出了简化的光外差腔衰荡光谱技术，避免了通常腔衰荡光谱对衰荡时间的直接测量，同时消除了腔镜损耗的共模直流信号的测量.理论上其测量灵敏度可以达到量子噪声极限，而且技术实现相对简单，更适合于分子振转光谱研究.此外，还在理论上分析了该光谱技术具有的Gauss线型的一次微分光谱线型的特点，并讨论了一些实验参量对谱线强度和线型的影响，进而给出了最佳实验参量. 关键词： 光外差 腔衰荡光谱     

光外差-磁旋转-浓度调制光谱技术

介绍了一种针对瞬态分子光谱测量的新技术:光外差磁旋转浓度调制光谱技术,这种光谱技术具有很高的灵敏度,综合了光外差探测技术、磁旋转光谱技术和浓度调制光谱技术的特点,利用浓度调制光谱技术针对寿命很短的瞬态分子和激发态分子的光谱进行测量,利用光外差探测技术可以消除来自光源的幅度涨落噪声,实现散粒噪声的测量极限,利用磁旋转光谱技术可以对顺磁性分子进行选择性的测量,并且进一步提高探测灵敏度。详细讨论了这种光谱技术的工作原理,并用这种技术对O2分子的b1Σg+-X3Σg-三重禁戒跃迁光谱进行测量,获得了很好的测量信噪比。并对该技术的灵敏度作了详细的分析,估计最小相对吸收度可达1.9×10-9以及O2分子三重禁戒跃迁的吸收截面为σ=2.4×10-24cm2。     

磁旋转腔增强光谱技术

为了提高吸收光谱的探测灵敏度,在弱吸收或短光程吸收的情况下实现高灵敏探测,将腔增强光谱技术与磁旋转光谱技术有效地结合起来,发展了高灵敏的磁旋转腔增强吸收光谱技术,并通过测量O2 的三重禁戒跃迁谱线验证了该技术的探测灵敏度。实验采用环型增强腔,以避免光束的返回对激光器的干扰。给出了腔的耦合匹配条件,以及镜面反射率、腔损耗对增强因子的影响;同时也给出了在实验中对光谱信号的处理方法。测量结果表明,在谐振腔精细度为F=48,腔内总损耗为13%,以及腔镜的耦合效率为 95%的情况下,对 O2 分子最小相对吸收度约为4.5×10-8(1 s积分时间)。     

基于高精细度光腔锁频激光的分子吸收光谱测量

利用高精细度光腔锁定激光频率,实现了对分子吸收光谱的高精度测量.光腔采用低热膨胀系数的殷钢结构设计和温度控制,实现了腔长度的稳定;通过将激光频率锁定在光腔纵模上,实现了高频率精度和高灵敏度的光腔衰荡光谱测量.利用该装置示范性地测量了二氧化碳分子在6470.42 cm~(-1)附近的光腔衰荡光谱和色散光谱,得到了高精度的谱线参数,并和数据库谱线参数进行了对比.     

光纤频率调制光谱技术中残余幅度调制特性的研究

频率调制光谱(FMS)技术不仅可以用来同时测量原子和分子的吸收和色散,还是噪声免疫腔增强光外差分子光谱(NICE-OHMS)的关键技术,由于光纤器件的引入或光源输出光的偏振态不稳定等因素会诱发残余幅度调制(RAM),RAM的产生使得FMS技术在痕量气体检测中的应用受到极大的限制,因此研究光纤FMS中RAM的特性具有非常重要的意义。研究首先通过理论分析了无吸收时的FMS信号的线型及RAM的影响因素,实验测量无吸收时输入偏振方向和输出偏振方向及电光调制器(EOM)温度对光纤FMS中RAM的影响,均与RAM存在线型关系,验证了理论分析结果,并为RAM的抑制工作以及基于RAM的其他应用提供了依据。     

用于互组跃迁谱测量的窄线宽激光系统

采用Pound-Drerer-Hall稳频技术将689 nm激光锁定在高精细度超稳极低膨胀系数材料腔上,实现用于探测锶原子互组跃迁谱的窄线宽激光.利用光腔衰荡光谱技术,测量了不同阶次多横模情况下腔的精细度,并在理论上分析了平凹型Fabry-Perot腔的损耗与多横模阶次的关系.考虑了光开关延时及探测器响应时间在测量中的影响,对腔衰荡时间的实验测量值进行了修正.利用光纤飞秒光频梳测量了激光器的频率漂移,测出窄线宽激光频率稳定度的秒稳优于2.8×10-13.利用窄线宽激光在锶原子束上观测到具有高信噪比的窄线宽原子跃迁谱线,实验测得谱线的线宽为55 kHz,该窄线宽原子谱线可应用于锶原子二级冷却激光绝对频率的精确测量及锶原子互组跃迁谱的四种同位素位移测量.     

光反馈腔衰荡光谱技术中的数据处理(英文)

在光反馈式腔衰荡光谱技术中,光谱数据的处理因一种特殊的光谱纹波现象而变得困难。以6 590.8~6 591cm-1光谱范围内水汽分子的光反馈式腔衰荡光谱为基础,根据光谱纹波效应的特性分析结果,提出了一种简单的数据处理法。利用该方法确定了6 590.871cm-1处水汽分子吸收谱线的线宽约为0.100 3cm-1,这与Hitran数据库提供的线宽结果仅0.002cm-1的误差,充分验证了该方法的有效性。     

Self-organization of five species in a cyclic competition game

Cyclic competition game models, particularly the “rock–paper–scissors” model, play important roles in exploring the problem of multi-species coexistence in spatially ecological systems. We propose an extended “rock–paper–scissors” game to model cyclic interactions among five species, and find that two of the five can coexistent when biodiversity disappears, which is different from the “rock–paper–scissors” game. As the number of fingers is five, we named the new model the “fingers” game, where the thumb, forefinger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger cyclically dominate their subsequent species and are dominated by their former species. We investigate the “fingers” model in two ways: direct simulations and nonlinear partial differential equations. An important finding is that the number of species in a cyclic competition game has an influence on the emergence of biodiversity. To be specific, the “rock–paper–scissors” model is in favor of maintaining biodiversity in comparison with the “fingers” model when the variables (population size, reproduction rate, selection rate, and migration rate) are the same. It is also shown that the mobility and reproduction rate can promote or jeopardize biodiversity.     

Contrastive analysis on tone between Putonghua and Taiwan Mandarin

The differences of the pitch and duration of Chinese syllables between Putonghua （PTH） and Taiwan Mandarin （TM） were studied. The speech materials to be used are not only isolated syllables, but also sentences. The results reveal that： For the isolated syllables, T1 and T2 in TM are influenced by Minnan dialect, therefore their pitch are lower than those in PTH. T3 is fall-rise in PTH, while it is fall in TM. Moreover, the syllable duration sequence for different tone is T3〉T2〉T1〉T4 in PTH, while it is T1〉T2〉T3〉T4 in TM. For the syllables in sentences, T2 is mid-rise in PTH, while it is mid-level in TM. And the T3 is longer than T4 but shorter than T1 or T2 in PTH, while it is the shortest in TM. Furthermore the effects of prosodic phrase boundary on duration for different tones are almost the same in PTH, but the lengthening part of T1 or T2 is longer than that of T3 or T4 in TM.     

Experimental study on downstep in Chinese intonation

Downstep in pitch contour of Chinese Putonghua is examined using subtly designed sentences by controlling tone combinations. The results show both automatic and nonautomatic downstep phenomena exist in Chinese. In non-automatic downstep, low tones compress downwards the pitch range of the following syllables. and the main influence of downstep is on topline. Low tone not only lower the topline behind it, but also raise the high tones before it, the effects are compatible with each other. In automatic downstep, the topline of pitch contour in intonational phrase is presented as a linear downtrend, but it differs among speakers due to the effect of personal stress practice. In comparison with downstep phenomenon in other tone or non-tone languages, the downstep ratio in Chinese is not constant, and the domain of downstep is not limited within the adjacent tones.     

Abelian-Higgs phase of SU(2) QCD and glueball energy

It is shown that SU(2) QCD admits an dual Abelian-Higgs phase, with a Higgs vacuum of a type-Ⅱ superconductor. This is done by using a connection decomposition for the gluon field and the random-direction approximation. Using a bag picture with soft wall, we presented a calculational procedure for the glueball energy based on the recent proof for wall-vortices [Nucl. Phys. B 741(2006)1].     

Theoretical analysis and simulation of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO system in lidar

A multi-conjugate adaptive optics （MCAO） can offer a possibility of widening field of view （FOV） characterized by the isoplanatic angle, and the choose of conjugate height becomes a basic problem for MCAO, which influences the size of iosplanatic angle. Considering the application of lidar, the isoplanatic angle＇s expressions of two deformable mirrors （DMs） MCAO for uplink and downlink are deduced. The effects of conjugate heights for dual-conjugate AO are thoughtfully discussed, and the isoplanatic angles are further analyzed. The results show that the isopanatic angle varies with the conjugate height and reaches the maximum as the conjugate height is at the optimal altitude. Moreover, the optimal conjugate height changes with the propagation distance.     

Quick single-photon detector with many avalanche photo diodes working on the time division

Due to the limit of response speed of the present single-photon detector, the code rate is still too low to come into practical use for the present quantum key distribution (QKD) system.A new idea is put up to design a quick single-photon detector.This quick single-photon detector is composed of a multi-port optic-fiber splitter and many avalanche photo diodes (APDs).Au of the ports with APDs work on the time division and cooperate with a logic discriminating and deciding unit driven by the clock signal.The operation frequency lies on the number N of ports, and can reach N times of the conventional single-photon detector.The single-photon prompt detection can come true for high repetition-rate pulses.The applying of this detector will largely raise the code rate of the QKD, and boost the commercial use.     

Signal generation in an isotropic medium in scanning electron acoustic microscope

Based on the research in Ref. [5][Materials Science and Engineering, 1989; A122： 57 63], an improved model of heat source is set up, the different modes of Lamb wave in an isotropic sample generated by a chopped electron beam at frequency f are obtained with integral transform and normal function expansion method, and the output signal of PZT coupled at the back surface of the sample is found out. The generation mechanism of SEAM （Scanning Electron Acoustic Microscopy） signal is discussed. It shows that the SEAM is a near field imaging technique with high spatial resolution and its best lateral spatial resolution is about 2√2α （α is the radius of the focused electron beam）. Some of experimental results of SEAM images are presented in the paper and it shows that the spatial resolution of SEAM is better than 0.5 μm and smaller than the thermal diffusion length of the sample. Therefore the character of near field imaging in SEAM is also proved experimentally.     

High efficiency filtering using two-dimensional photonic crystal coupled cavity structures

Transmission spectra of coupled cavity structures (CCSs) in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) are investigated using a coupled mode theory, and an optical filter based on CCS is proposed. The performance of the filter is investigated using finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, and the results show that within a very short coupling distance of about 3λ, where λ is the wavelength of signal in vacuum, the incident signals with different frequencies are separated into different channels with a contrast ratio of 20 dB. The advantages of this kind of filter are small size and easily tunable operation frequencies.