Thermal characterisation of micro-hotplates used in sensor structures

Micro-hotplates operated at elevated temperature form the basic element in several sensor devices, such as integrated calorimetric or Taguchi-type gas sensors and flow-rate sensors. In all of these applications thermal properties of the sensing elements play a determining role in functional operation, therefore, their accurate characterisation is essential. The micro-hotplates investigated were developed by one side porous silicon micro-machining technology, forming Pt micro-filaments embedded in non-stoichiometric silicon nitride, and suspended across a cavity. This work is dealing with the accurate temperature detection in the micro-scale by different measurement methods for the deduction of steady state and transient thermal properties from the results. Transient properties of the structure were investigated by application of a simplified thermal equivalent circuit model.     

Optical refractometer based on large-core air-clad photonic crystal fibers

A large-core air-clad photonic crystal fiber-based sensing structure is described, which is sensitive to refractive index. The sensing head is based on multimodal interference, and relies on a single-mode/large-core air-clad photonic crystal fiber (PCF)/single-mode fiber configuration. Using two distinct large-core air-clad PCF geometries-one for refractive index measurement and the other for temperature compensation, it was possible to implement a sensing head sensitive to refractive index changes in water as induced by temperature variations. The results indicated the high sensitivity of this sensing head to refractive index variations of water, and a resolution of 3.4×10(-5) refractive index units could be achieved.     

一种单模-多模-单模结构的干涉型光纤温度传感器

SMS光纤结构是一种近年来新兴的光纤器件,该结构光纤具有结构简单、易于实现、成本低廉、灵敏度高和无温度应力交叉敏感等特性.在光纤传感技术领域是一种继光纤光栅之后的具有广泛发展前景的光纤器件.从理论上分析了SMS结构和SMS级联结构的光纤传感原理,并从实验上研究了SMS结构和级联SMS结构的温度传感特性.实验表明:对于SMS结构光纤传感器,随着温度的增加,特征波长移动量逐渐增加,向长波方向漂移了4.05 nm,其传感器的温度灵敏度为15.76 pm/℃;对于级联SMS结构的光纤传感器,级联后不改变原来SMS结构的中心波长的位置,两个SMS结构仍然是独立的,不相互影响.所以说将两个SMS结构串联是可行的,可以用于温度和应力的同时测量,也可以用于分布式光纤传感器.     

Hot-embossing fabrication of chalcogenide glasses rib waveguide for mid-infrared molecular sensing

Chalcogenide glasses have shown promise in fabricating mid infrared(MIR) photonic sensing devices due to their excellent optical properties in MIR. In addition, the glass transition temperature of chalcogenide glasses are generally low,making them ideal to create the high-throughput patterns of micro-scale structures based on hot embossing that is alternative to the standard lithographic technology. In this paper, we outline the research progress in the chalcogenide waveguide based on the hot embossing method, and discuss the problems remaining to be solved and the possible solutions.     

熊猫光纤光栅温度传感特性的理论和实验研究

采用有限元法建立了熊猫光纤光栅的温度传感模型,研究了熊猫光纤温度变化时的内部应力分布,分析了几何结构变化对熊猫光纤光栅的温度传感特性的影响规律.理论分析和实验结果均表明:熊猫光纤光栅两偏振反射峰和双峰间距的温度灵敏度系数,都与猫眼半径和猫眼距离比值的平方(r/d)2成线性比例关系,其快轴方向的温度响应能力大于慢轴方向.     

Temperature-independent tilted fiber grating vibration sensor based on cladding-core recoupling

A novel structure in which a short optical fiber stub containing a weakly tilted Bragg grating is spliced to another slightly offset fiber. The total power reflected from this structure is independent of temperature and occurs in two well-defined wavelength bands, only one of which reflects a different amount of power as the fiber stub bends or vibrates. The smart sensing structure presents an extremely high sensitivity for microbending, and its frequency response has been tested to higher than 2 kHz so far in temperature-immune vibration measurements via cost-effective power detection.     

ZnS…Cu电致发光电压传感器及其温度漂移补偿

利用ZnS…Cu电致发光粉末与环氧树脂胶混合,设计制作了一种梯形电极结构的电压传感单元,实现了电致发光电压传感器输出信号的温度漂移补偿。电致发光电压传感信号通过2根塑料光纤传输到2个硅光电探测器,并选择其开路电压作为传感器的输出信号。在同一外加电压条件下,梯形电极区域内的电场分布是不均匀的,因而不同场点的发光亮度不同。通过测量梯形电极区域内2个不同发光点的发光强度随外加电压的变化,并对两路输出电压传感信号进行数据拟合与计算,可获知被测电压的有效值,并可实现对输出信号温度漂移的补偿。在-40~60℃范围内,采用上述温度漂移补偿方法测量了有效值在0.7~1.5 k V范围内的工频电压,传感器输出信号的非线性误差低于1.6%,验证了该温度漂移补偿方法的有效性。     

甲烷微尺度催化燃烧的数值模拟

本文联合使用计算流体力学软件FLUENT和可以计算表面反应的化学反应动力学软件DETCHEM对有逆流换热的微尺度燃烧器进行了数值计算。计算中忽略空间反应。燃料-空气混合物的当量比为0.4,反应器壁面采用等温边界条件。计算结果表明,采用催化燃烧可以实现微尺度下通常情况下无法实现的甲烷稳定燃烧。通过适当设置催化表面,可以实现燃料低温、高效转变。甲烷的总转变率受流动状态、反应温度和催化表面的大小等因素的影响。     

A novel 3D deformation measurement method under optical microscope for micro-scale bulge-test

A micro-scale 3D deformation measurement method combined with optical microscope is proposed in this paper. The method is based on gratings and phase shifting algorithm. By recording the grating images before and after deformation from two symmetrical angles and calculating the phases of the grating patterns, the 3D deformation field of the specimen can be extracted from the phases of the grating patterns. The proposed method was applied to the micro-scale bulge test. A micro-scale thermal/mechanical coupling bulge-test apparatus matched with the super-depth microscope was exploited. With the gratings fabricated onto the film, the deformed morphology of the bulged film was measured reliably. The experimental results show that the proposed method and the exploited bulge-test apparatus can be used to characterize the thermal/mechanical properties of the films at micro-scale successfully.     

一种双参量偏振调制光纤传感器

提出了一种双参量偏振调制光纤传感器结构。在理论上分析了从一个敏感晶体上分离出两种信息的可能性 :通过合理安排传感头中各部件 ,使得传感器同时输出反映两种信息的两路信号。在实验上获得了理论所预期的结果 :只使用一个传感头就可以同时测量电压与温度、力与温度。实验室条件下 ,温度传感的精度为± 1℃。在工作温度 2 0～ 110℃范围内 ,电压传感的温度稳定性在 0～ 10kV量程内为± 0 .5 % ;而力传感的温度稳定性在 0～80N量程内可达± 0 .1%。     

一种基于BOTDA与FBG传感的共线温度测试技术

根据大型结构全尺度分布式高精度温度测量要求,组合应用布里渊时域分析(BOTDA)技术和光纤布拉格光栅(FBG)温度传感技术,设计了一种由BOTDA分析仪、FBG解调仪、共线传感探头和光开关组成的温度传感测试系统。实验测试证明,该系统具备大范围分布式温度测量与局部高精度温度测量功能,而且实现了BOTDA测温技术与FBG温度传感技术的有效互补,解决了测量范围和测量精度的矛盾问题,并且具有良好的温度重复性,达到了预期的设计要求。该共线测试技术方案在大规模结构温度监测中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Fresnel-reflection-based fiber sensor for on-line measurement of ambient temperature

A fiber sensor with a simple structure for measuring the environment temperature is presented. The sensor uses only a diode laser as light source, three couplers, two photodetectors and two sensing fiber ends with protective cladding. One of the sensing fiber ends is covered by solidified epoxy resin with a metal cover. The measurement principle is based on relative Fresnel reflective intensity. Various ambient temperatures are measured in the setup. The measured data is fitted to linear equation very well with the value of R² of 0.9982. Applying the relative technique, the errors resulted from fluctuation of light source and other influences of environment are effectively eliminated, and the stability for long time measurement can be improved.     

基于表面等离子体共振和定向耦合的D形光子晶体光纤折射率和温度传感器

利用光子晶体光纤结构的灵活性和性能的优越性, 设计了一种基于D形光子晶体光纤的折射率和温度传感器. 在D形光子晶体光纤表面抛磨并镀上金纳米薄膜, 作为表面等离子体共振传感通道用来测量液体折射率; 在包层的一个空气孔中填充温敏液体甲苯, 作为定向耦合通道实现对温度的测量. 进一步的数值计算发现, 基于定向耦合效应的温度传感和基于表面等离子体共振的折射率传感相互独立, D形光子晶体光纤同时进行折射率和温度传感检测. 在各向异性的完美匹配层边界条件下利用全矢量有限元法对该传感器特性进行了数值研究, 发现D形光子晶体光纤的空气孔直径决定了定向耦合吸收峰的中心波长和温度传感的灵敏度, 金薄膜的厚度和D形结构的抛磨深度仅影响表面等离子体共振峰的相对强度. 结果表明: 该传感器在-10–80 ℃的温度范围内具有11.6 nm/℃的温度灵敏度, 在1.34–1.44折射率范围内折射率灵敏度最高可达26000 nm/RIU.     

宏微观耦合模拟熔池不同区域中枝晶竞争生长过程

针对熔化焊过程建立了宏微观耦合模型,模拟了熔池内不同区域凝固过程中随机取向枝晶的竞争生长过程. 通过宏观三维有限元模型计算熔池中瞬态的传热传质过程,利用双线性插值算法将凝固参数传递给微观组织模型. 采用元胞自动机法模拟随机取向的枝晶在熔池凝固条件下的竞争生长过程. 模拟结果表明,所建立的微观模型能够精确模拟任意生长取向的枝晶. 凝固条件中最大温度梯度方向对枝晶竞争过程有明显选择作用,生长方向与最大温度梯度方向相同或接近的枝晶在竞争中具有更大优势. 焊缝中的晶粒组织由枝晶簇发展形成,晶粒组织的形貌演变取决于相邻枝晶簇之间的竞争过程,具有择优取向的枝晶簇会逐渐排挤非择优取向的枝晶簇并最终将其阻挡在凝固组织内部,宏观晶粒的取向与其内部枝晶簇的生长方向并不一定相同. 熔池中心线附近区域在焊接过程中具有更小的温度梯度、更大的凝固速率以及更大的局部冷却速率,凝固后可以获得更加细小的焊缝枝晶组织. 枝晶间距的模拟结果与相应凝固条件下的试验数据符合较好. 关键词： 焊接熔池 枝晶形貌 竞争生长 元胞自动机     

基于微观结构计算晶体宏观弹性应变场

基于晶体的微观结构提出了一种计算晶体宏观弹性应变场的方法,将该方法应用于金属晶体Fe,得到的应变场与连续介质理论预测结果吻合地很好,从而证明了该方法的准确性.以该方法为基础,进一步考虑无限小应变与有限应变的差值,发现应变差值在晶体剧烈变形区域内较强,对金属晶体Cu位错应变场的计算表明这种应变差异可以用来描述位错的运动状态和芯域结构.该方法可为评估晶体缺陷附近应变状态提供依据.     

基于微观结构计算晶体宏观弹性应变场

基于晶体的微观结构提出了一种计算晶体宏观弹性应变场的方法,将该方法应用于金属晶体Fe,得到的应变场与连续介质理论预测结果吻合地很好,从而证明了该方法的准确性.以该方法为基础,进一步考虑无限小应变与有限应变的差值,发现应变差值在晶体剧烈变形区域内较强,对金属晶体Cu位错应变场的计算表明这种应变差异可以用来描述位错的运动状态和芯域结构.该方法可为评估晶体缺陷附近应变状态提供依据.     

Flame Temperature Remote Measurement from Infrared Emission Line Intensities of Rotation-Vibration Band of Molecules

A theoretical investigation and method of temperature remote sensing determination from the infrared emission line intensities in the fine structure of the rotation—vibration band of the molecules are performed. We have applied the method to some flames that thier combustions are unstationary, short time and violent. The temperature obtained by this method is good agreement with modified sodium line reversal method data. Our results show that the IR emission remote sensing method is a very sensitive, rapid and accurate measured temperature technique.     

热惯性对热弹性行为影响的渐近分析

当热作用时间或受热器件结构尺寸呈现微尺度特征时, 热流运动的惯性效应将对热量的传递过程产生显著地影响. 基于热质的概念, 依据牛顿力学原理引入用于描述热质运动的热波方程, 结合各向同性材料的本构关系, 构建了计及热流运动惯性效应的广义热弹性动力学模型. 利用超常传热的微尺度特征, 采用解析的方法对半无限大体外表面受热冲击作用的一维问题进行了渐近求解. 通过对热波、热弹性波的传播和各物理场分布的分析以及与已有广义热弹性理论预测结果的对比, 揭示了热流运动的惯性效应对热弹性行为的影响. 结果表明：热量的传递除了受到热流加速的时间惯性影响之外, 热流运动的空间惯性也对传热行为产生影响, 当计及空间惯性时, 热波、热弹性波的波速、波前位置, 各物理场的建立时间、阶跃峰值及阶跃间隔均受到不同程度的影响. 关键词： 热惯性 热质运动 广义热弹性动力学模型 渐近分析     

基于包层模谐振的三包层石英特种光纤温度传感特性研究

提出了一种基于包层模谐振的光纤温度传感器. 它是通过将三包层石英特种光纤(TCQSF)两端分别与普通单模光纤(SMF)电弧熔接构成的SMF-TCQSF-SMF结构. 根据耦合模理论, 首先将TCQSF等效为三个同轴波导, 按各波导模场的分布特点标量计算其传输模式的色散曲线, 并深入研究其耦合长度与传输谱线之间的关系; 其次根据光纤的热光效应及热膨胀效应, 分析计算该传感器的温度灵敏度; 最后选取耦合长度为一个拍长时的传感器进行温度传感实验. 实验结果表明, 在35-95 ℃的温度变化范围内, 其温度灵敏度为73.74 pm/℃, 与理论计算结果一致. 因此, 该传感器具有结构简单、制备容易、灵敏度高、包层模激发可控等优点, 可用于工业生产、生物医学等温度传感领域.     

基于单端探测温度和折射率的MZI光纤传感器

提出并演示了一种基于单端探测的光纤传感器,可同时测量温度和折射率。微结构光纤探头由两个玻璃光纤微球拼接在一起,并在该探头的末端利用真空电子束蒸镀一层铝膜以增加反射,从而形成微球结构的马赫-曾德尔型光纤传感头。实验结果表明,该器件的温度灵敏度和折射率可分别达到50.77 pm/℃和-21.94 nm/RIU。这项工作提出了一种低成本、高分辨率的基于光纤方法实现的多功能传感应用。单端探测的马赫曾德尔型光纤传感器小尺寸的优势可应用到小体积气体的测量,而它的全二氧化硅设计提供了高温或化学严酷环境的兼容性。