分形与非线性科学

当自然科学刚从神学中解放出来时,可以说是大量地继承了古希腊哲学家的思想和方法。伽利略,作为近代自然科学奠基者,第一次为自然科学创立了两个法则,观察实验和量化方法。伽利略用他自己制造的望远镜观察太阳系的运行,在铁塔高处向人们演示两个铁球同     

论物理学与现代林业科学

物理学是自然科学的带头学科，是自然科学发展的根基。现代林业科学属自然科学的一个分支，其发展与物理学息息相关。物理学不仅为现代林业科学的发展提供基本理论和概念，也为其发展提供先进的实验方法和手段。     

系统科学:联结自然科学与人文社会科学的桥梁——科学与人文漫话之十五

论述了系统科学产生的历史及系统科学的基本内容,分析并论证了系统科学已成为联结自然科学与人文社会科学的桥梁.     

实证科学方法——物理方法之精萃

“实证”（positive）一词。来源于拉丁文，有“肯定”、“明确”和“确定”等含意．16世纪以来，自然科学摆脱神权统治走上独立发展道路，这个时期的科学强调“起于经验、迄于经验”，要求知识的“肯定性”、“明确性”、“确实性”，与中世纪经院哲学空洞、繁难、甚至荒诞的“思辩”与“说教”形成鲜明对比．因此，有人把这个时期的自然科学称为经验科学或实证科学．而伴随着这种实证科学产生与成长的方法。则称为实证科学方法．     

物理学的发展与科学方法论

科学方法是人类在研究、探寻社会运动规律和大自然运动规律中逐渐被发现，并伴随着自然科学、社会科学、数学、思维科学和系统科学的建立和发展而同步发展起来的．目前，常用的科学方法有300多种，其中近60％与物理学的发展有关．因此科学方法论与物理学的关系最为密切，科学方法起源时，便与物理学结下了不解之缘．在物理学的早期和幼年时期就是以科学归纳作为自己的支柱．德国著名物理学家普朗克说：“物理学定律是怎样被发现的呢?……物理学定律的性质和内容都不可能单纯依靠思维来获得唯一可能的途径，是致力于对自然界的观察．尽可能搜集最     

谈牛顿的科学方法论

 牛顿所以能够为自然科学建立起一个历史的丰碑,除了他所处的历史条件外,主要是因为他自觉遵循和有效运用科学研究方法的结果。     

现代物理学与当代科学哲学的关系

物理学与哲学的关系十分密切．古代物理学实际上就是自然哲学的主要组成部分，哲学是随着自然科学的发展而发展的．     

科学与魔术

 魔术是一种历史悠久的传统艺术形式。它起源于原始文化,起源于人类的幻想,早在新石器时代,已有魔术活动的踪迹。魔术是一种诚实的艺术,坦率地向人们宣布,它所表现的一切现象都不是真的。然而这一切又都非常地逼真。这就是它的魅力所在。多少年来,魔术以千变万化、神秘莫测的技巧,吸引着万千观众,在人们发出会心微笑的同时,为人们留下了一连串的不解之谜,发人深省。魔术与科学有着不解之缘。许多魔术表演是借助于自然科学的规律,加上巧妙的构思和精湛的演技,制造出似乎违反常规的假象,引起人们的好奇,激发人们揭开谜底的求知欲望。它的创作和表演过程有许多值得借鉴的经验。     

体会科学方法加强科学探究

我们对大自然的了解，是科学家们用一种有序、系统的（科学）方法形成和获得的．科学方法告诉我们发现自然法则的途径，如图1所示．     

自然科学研究中的"纠错机制"及其推广——科学与人文漫话之十二

论述了自然科学研究中“纠错机制”的理论基础、实施步骤及其推广到人文社会科学研究中的有关问题．     

Observation of "Stick" and "Handle" intermediates along the fullerene road

The hypothesis that fullerenes grow in a carbon plasma by the addition of C2 units (the "fullerene road") has been widely acclaimed as the most plausible mechanism for formation of larger fullerenes including C60 and C70. Calculations suggest that the association of C2 with fullerenes proceeds through two classes of intermediates, "sticks" and "handles." Here we report the observation of these species using high-resolution ion-mobility measurements for C(n) cations generated by laser vaporization of graphite and laser desorption of C60. Sticks with up to eight-atom chains have also been found.     

最具潜力的新型"奇迹材料"——石墨烯

2009年4月29日据物理世界网报道,意大利的科研人员成功地用石墨烯制造了首枚包含两个晶体管的集成电路(见封面主图),它拥有简单的计算能力,标制着碳基电子学时代的到来.这枚只有两个晶体管的集成电路虽然很小,却是向制造碳基高性能电子器件迈出的重要一步.     

Ccontrolling the Transition Between "Higher" and "Lower" State of OB in Coherent Atomic Medium

We present a new experimental demonstration that the threshold points and shape of OB hysteresis curve in a four-level Rb atomic system inside an optical cavity were controllably changed by optical signals.Tuning the triggering optical signal to two different transitions of the atomic system we found that the OB threshold points shift toward different direction and at the same time the shape of the OB curve is also changed.For a given intensity of probe laser the OB system can be reliably inversed from its lower stable state to upper state under the triggering of a suitably tuned optical pulse signal (we named it up-controlling signal).More interesting, the inversed OB state does not drop to its initial lower stable state after the triggering pulse signal has passed, but moves to the upper branch of the initial OB curve and stably stays there until another optical signal tuned on other atomic transition (named down-controlling signal) coming.The result shows that there is the ability of information storage in the OB system.The experiments are reasonably explained with the change of cavity resonant condition resulting from the enhanced third-order nonlinearity in multilevel atomic system owing to atomic coherence.     

On the concept of "tractor beams"

We demonstrate the existence of a class of optical beams where the nonconservative forces can be locally oriented in a direction opposite to the propagation wave vector. Objects placed in the vicinity of these locations will move toward the source of light. The behavior of these negative forces is discussed for the particular case of nondiffracting rotating scale-invariant vector electromagnetic waves.     

Unraveling the "pressure effect" in nucleation

The influence of the pressure of a chemically inert carrier gas on the nucleation rate is one of the biggest puzzles in the research of gas-liquid nucleation. Experiments can show a positive effect, a negative effect, or no effect at all. The same experiment may show both trends for the same substance depending on temperature, or for different substances at the same temperature. We show how this ambiguous effect naturally arises from the competition of two contributions: nonisothermal effects and pressure-volume work. Our model clarifies seemingly contradictory experimental results and quantifies the variation of the nucleation ability of a substance in the presence of an ambient gas. Our findings are corroborated by molecular dynamics simulations and might have important implications since nucleation in experiments, technical applications, and nature practically always occurs in the presence of an ambient gas.     

创造条件 做好“传感器”的实验

新课程把传感器编入教材,给中学物理教学带来了全新的时代气息.物理教学由概念辨析到实际应用,由抽象模型到元器件,由繁难运算到设计操作,学生第一次感到物理有用,物理神奇,物理好学.在"传感器"一章的教学中要达到以上教学效果就要做好实验.