矩形微槽道饱和沸腾临界热流密度特性

对矩形微槽中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。研究CHF随质量流速、进口过冷度和出口干度的增加而出现的变化趋势,以及槽道尺寸对CHF的影响。搭建试验平台,在不同槽道当量直径、较大范围的质量流速和不同进口过冷度条件下,获得以去离子水为工质两相沸腾传热的实验数据。由于常规尺寸槽道CHF预测关联式并不具有普遍性,所以提出了一个适用于微槽道饱和沸腾CHF的预测模型。并通过与该文以及参考文献中实验数据进行对比,验证了该模型的适用性。     

微槽道纳米流体饱和沸腾CHF特性研究

以水和三种不同质量分数(0.2%、0.5%和1.0%)的Al2O3纳米流体作为实验工质,在三种不同尺寸微槽道中进行饱和沸腾传热实验,研究沸腾传热过程中临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)的变化特性。主要分析了微通道水力半径、纳米流体浓度、进口过冷度和临界热力学干度等因素对CHF的影响。实验结果发现:在水力半径较小的槽道内CHF发生得比较早;CHF随纳米流体浓度的增大而增大;CHF随进口过冷度增大有细微增大的趋势;CHF随临界热力学干度的增大而减小。文中还将实验结果与现有的、工况条件与本实验相近的理论模型进行了拟合比较,发现理论模型能较好预测本实验。     

微液层模型预测过冷沸腾的临界热流密度

本文利用微液层模型对过冷沸腾的临界热流密度（CHF）进行了理论预测。过冷沸腾的强化换热主要是通过单个气泡的形成和消失造成的对流换热强化而引起的。对等热流面,CHF在高过冷区趋近于常数;对等温面,CHF随过冷度的增加而增加。过冷度增加时,蒸发换热量减少,总热流密度主要由蒸发区外的导热引起。     

矩形微槽道相变流阻的实验研究

以去离子水为工质,对高为2mm,宽分别为0.3mm、0.6mm、2mm的矩形微槽中的两相传热特性与流动阻力特性进行了实验与理论研究。实验结果表明,三种微槽的饱和沸腾传热系数随着热流密度的增加而增加,并对三种微槽传热系数随热流密度关系的实验数据进行了拟合,得出了实验条件下的传热系数与热流密度的关联式及相同热流密度或者质量流速下槽道尺寸对传热系数的影响;此外,矩形微槽道压降△p随着尺寸的减小而增大。     

微槽道中纳米流体沸腾换热特性研究

为研究纳米流体在微槽道中的沸腾换热特性及规律,分别以去离子水和体积浓度为0.2%、0.5%的水基Al2O3纳米流体为工质进行试验,研究质量流速、热流密度、进口过冷度、槽道尺寸等因素对沸腾传热系数的影响及其两相摩擦压降与出口干度的关联分析和沸腾换热关联式对比拟合.试验结果表明:在一定热流密度和质量流速下,传热系数随槽道尺...     

矩形微槽道纳米流体饱和沸腾临界热流密度特性

针对纳米流体在微小尺度传热领域的应用,在常压下对微槽道中纳米流体的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行实验研究。分别以体积浓度为0.2%、0.5%的水基Al2O3纳米流体为工质进行试验,研究不同质量流速、槽道尺寸以及体积浓度等因素对沸腾CHF的影响。对比水为工质实验结果,表明:槽道尺寸、质量流速对于水-Al2O3纳米流体和纯水的CHF影响一致。其它参数一定的工况下,纳米流体CHF比纯水大,且随着纳米流体体积浓度增大,出口壁面过热度会增大。最后介绍一个微槽道沸腾CHF的预测模型,在评价其不足的基础上提出一个关于CHF的预测公式,与实验数据进行对比,验证该公式的适用性。     

高热流条件下过冷沸腾CHF试验及神经网络预测研究

本文试验研究了10～15 MW/m²高热流条件下过冷水流动沸腾的临界热流密度(CHF),并聚焦其预测方法。分析了热力学干度、质量流速和压力等参数对过冷沸腾CHF的影响。结果表明,随着热力学干度的增加,CHF近似线性降低。CHF随着质量流速增加而增加,但当靠近饱和点时,增加趋势逐渐减弱。在本文试验数据的基础上,搜集了文献中公开的实验数据,构建了高热流过冷沸腾CHF数据集(共709组),采用经验关联式和神经网络模型两种方法进行了预测,并定量评估了7个经验关联式和3个神经网络模型(BP,GA-BP和MEA-BP)的预测性能。结果显示,神经网络算法的预测性能相较于传统关联式有显著提升,其中,MEA-BP神经网络的预测效果最优,其平均绝对误差为15.61%,均方根误差为21.56%。     

表面活性剂对池沸腾换热的影响

本文以SDS(十二烷基硫酸钠)为表面活性剂,研究了在不同过冷度下SDS浓度对池沸腾换热的影响.结果表明在低SDS浓度下,沸腾换热在一定热流密度范围内得到显著强化.在不同过冷度下.均存在相应的最佳SDS浓度值,最大换热系数可达纯水的2～4倍.在饱和沸腾状态下,临界热流密度(CHF)随SDS浓度的增加而减小,沸腾曲线呈现三类分歧,且存在"S"型沸腾曲线及较明显的沸腾滞后现象.     

放射状槽道与毛细芯复合表面池沸腾换热研究

本文将“米”字形放射状槽道强化面积大、气泡脱离阻力小与毛细芯成核位点多等优点相结合，设计加工出一系列铜基放射状槽道与烧结毛细芯耦合散热表面，在10 K、20 K和30 K三个不同过冷度下进行了HFE-7100池沸腾换热实验，得到不同表面在不同过冷度条件下的沸腾换热性能。结果表明，槽深对换热影响较大，耦合毛细芯的铜基散热结构可以进一步提高临界热流密度和换热系数。最大临界热流密度和换热系数分别可达130.1 W/cm²和0.94 W/(cm²·K)，并对实验过程中的气泡动力学行为进行了分析。     

柱状微结构浸没喷射沸腾强化换热实验研究

对电子芯片在FC-72工质中浸没喷射沸腾换热进行了实验研究。通过干腐蚀技术在硅片表面加工出50μm×60μm,50μm×120μm(宽×高)的柱状微结构,硅片尺寸为10 mm×10 mm×0.5 mm,过冷度分别为25、35 K,喷射速度V_j分别为0.5、1.0、1.5 m/s。实验表明,临界热流密度随着喷射速度和过冷度的增加而增加,增加过冷度和喷射速度可减小气泡脱离时的尺寸,增加气泡脱离频率,因此提高了临界热流密度并且降低了壁面温度。此外,在单相对流换热区对流换热占据主导地位,热流密度随着壁面过热度线性增加;在核态沸腾换热区,对流换热与核态沸腾换热同时影响着换热过程。当喷射速度较小时,核态沸腾区曲线的斜率比单相对流区曲线的斜率大得多,显示出浸没喷射沸腾的优良换热性能。     

Influence of nucleation on the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of a refrigerant mixture under varied heat flux conditions

The influence of nucleation on the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient of R-134a/R-290/R-600a refrigerant mixture is experimentally studied in a smooth horizontal tube of 12.7 mm diameter. The heat transfer coefficients are experimentally measured for stratified flow patterns under a varied heat flux condition; a condition found in the evaporator of refrigerators and deep freezers. The experiments are conducted in a counter-current heat exchanger test section. By regulating the flow rate and inlet temperature of acetone, which is the heating fluid flowing in the outer tube, a varied heat flux is provided to the refrigerant flowing in the inner tube. The refrigerant mass flow rate is fixed between 3 and 5 g s⁻¹ and its inlet temperature between −8.59 and 5.33°C, which corresponds to a pressure of 3.2 to 5 bar. The significance of nucleate boiling prevailing in the above-mentioned evaporators is highlighted. The experimental heat transfer coefficients are also compared with well known heat transfer correlations.     

Prediction of heat transfer of nanofluid on critical heat flux based on fractal geometry

Analytical expressions for nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of nanofluid in the critical heat flux (CHF) region are derived taking into account the effect of nanoparticles moving in liquid based on the fractal geometry theory. The proposed fractal model for the CHF of nanofluid is explicitly related to the average diameter of the nanoparticles, the volumetric nanoparticle concentration, the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles, the fractal dimension of nanoparticles, the fractal dimension of active cavities on the heated surfaces, the temperature, and the properties of the fluid. It is found that the CHF of nanofluid decreases with the increase of the average diameter of nanoparticles. Each parameter of the proposed formulas on CHF has a clear physical meaning. The model predictions are compared with the existing experimental data, and a good agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is found. The validity of the present model is thus verified. The proposed fractal model can reveal the mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluid.     

Flow boiling heat transfer of alumina nanofluids in single microchannels and the roles of nanoparticles

This study investigates flow boiling heat transfer of aqueous alumina nanofluids in single microchannels with particular focuses on the critical heat flux (CHF) and the potential dual roles played by nanoparticles, i.e., (i) modification of the heating surface through particle deposition and (ii) modification of bubble dynamics through particles suspended in the liquid phase. Low concentrations of nanofluids (0.001–0.1 vol.%) are formulated by the two-step method and the average alumina particle size is ~25 nm. Two sets of experiments are performed: (a) flow boiling of formed nanofluids in single microchannels where the effect of heating surface modification by nanoparticle deposition is apparent and (b) bubble formation in a quiescent pool of alumina nanofluids under adiabatic conditions where the role of suspended nanoparticles in the liquid phase is revealed. The flow boiling experiments reveal a modest increase in CHF by nanofluids, being higher at higher nanoparticle concentrations and higher inlet subcoolings. The bubble formation experiments show that suspended nanoparticles in the liquid phase alone can significantly affect bubble dynamics. Further discussion reveals that both roles are likely co-existent in a typical boiling system. Properly surface-promoted nanoparticles could minimize particle deposition hence little modification of the heating surface, but could still contribute to the modification in heat transfer through the second mechanism, which is potentially promising for microchannel applications.     

Critical Heat Flux for Downward Facing Boiling on a Coated Hemispherical Surface

An experimental study was performed to investigate the effect of surface coating on the critical heat flux for downward facing boiling on the outer surface of a hemispherical vessel. Steady-state boiling experiments were conducted in the subscale boundary layer boiling (SBLB) facility using test vessels with metallic microporous coatings to obtain the local boiling curves and the local critical heat flux (CHF) limits. Similar heat transfer performance was observed for microporous aluminum and microporous copper coatings. When compared to the corresponding data without coatings, the boiling curves for the coated vessels were found to shift upward and to the right. This meant that the CHF limit was higher with surface coating and that the minimum film boiling temperatures were located at higher wall superheats. In particular, the microporous coatings were found to enhance the local CHF values appreciably at all angular locations explored in the experiments. Results of the present study showed that the microporous aluminum coating was very durable. Even after many cycles of steady state boiling, the vessel coating remained rather intact, with no apparent changes in color or structure. Although similar heat transfer performance was observed for microporous copper coatings, the latter were found to be much less durable and tended to degrade after several cycles of boiling.     

烧结/堆积床多孔介质流动沸腾换热实验研究

本文实验对比研究了0.3 mm、0.5mm、0.7 mm三种粒径的铜颗粒烧结与堆积床多孔介质中的流动沸腾换热,主要研究了入口流速、热流密度、加热方位及粒径对流动沸腾换热的影响,以及多孔介质中的沸腾滞后。实验结果表明:大入口流速、低热流密度、下方加热以及小粒径时加热壁面的过热度较低,即有利于沸腾换热;本实验所用烧结多孔介质壁面过热度高于堆积床多孔介质,其原因是内部含有闭孔。     

Experimental investigation of flow boiling heat transfer enhancement under ultrasound fields in a minichannel heat sink

Ultrasound is considered to be an effective active heat transfer enhancement method, which is widely used in various fields. But there is no clear understanding of flow boiling heat transfer characteristics in micro/mini-channels under ultrasonic field since the studies related are limited up to now. In this paper, a novel minichannel heat exchanger with two ultrasonic transducers inside the inlet and outlet plenum respectively is designed to experimentally investigate the impacts of ultrasound on flow boiling heat transfer enhancement in a minichannel heat sink. Flow visualization analyses reveal that ultrasound can promote rapid bubble motion, bubble detachment from heating wall surface and thereby new bubble generation, and decrease the length of confined bubble. Furthermore, the flow boiling experiments are initiated employing working fluid R141b at different ultrasonic parameters (e.g., frequency, power, angle of radiation) and heat flux under three types of ultrasound excitations: no ultrasound (NU), single inlet ultrasound (IU), inlet and outlet ultrasound (IOU). The results indicate that ultrasound has obvious augmentation effects on flow boiling heat transfer even though the intensification effects will be limited with the heat flux increases. The higher ultrasonic power, the lower ultrasonic frequency and the higher ultrasonic radiation angle, the better intensification efficiency. The maximum enhancement ratio of h_ave in the saturated boiling section reaches 1.88 at 50 W, 23 kHz and 45° under the experimental conditions. This study will be beneficial for future applications of ultrasound on flow boiling heat transfer in micro/mini-channels.     

BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF WATER AND R-11 ON HORIZONTALLY SMOOTH AND ENHANCED TUBES ENCLOSED BY A CONCENTRIC OUTER TUBE WITH TWO HORIZONTAL SLOTS

An experimental investigation was carried out on the boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and R-11 on the outside of a horizontal heated tube in narrow spaces. Two kinds of heat transfer surfaces (roll-worked and smooth surfaces) were tested. The test section consisted of a narrow annular space formed by enclosing the heated tube in an isolated concentric outer tube with two horizontal slats on the top and bottom. The nucleate boiling heat transfer characteristics were investigated experimentally at atmospheric pressure. The experimental results indicated that a single roll-worked tube in bulk liquid showed better boiling heat transfer than a single smooth tube. In the narrow spaces, the boiling heat transfer coefficients for the smooth tube were considerably enhanced when the gap size was so selected as to take an optimum value. There was no clear optimum gap size for heat transfer enhancement for the roll-worked tube in the narrow spaces. Enhancement of boiling heat transfer in the narrow spaces for the roll-worked tube was not clearly observed in this experiment. Finally, the critical heat flux (CHF) for boiling heat transfer in narrow spaces can be predicted by using a proposed CHF correlation.