微量注射进样火焰原子吸收法测定耳血全血锌铜及幼儿正常参考值的获得

本文介绍了在国产WFX-IF2型原子吸收分光光度计上,应用微量注射进样技术和火焰原子吸收法测定人耳血全血锌铜的分析方法。以间断(小体积样品)喷雾取代连续喷雾技术,使样品溶液进样体积降至10～20μl。     

乙醇与汽油的喷雾及蒸发特性研究

随着汽车发动机的发展,缸内直喷汽油机(GDI)逐渐成为关注和研究的重点。液体燃料喷雾的结构和蒸发与直喷汽油机内燃烧的稳定性、发动机效率以及尾气排放有着密切联系。本文通过纹影测试技术对乙醇和汽油的直喷喷雾的雾化和蒸发进行测试,研究结果表明环境温度、环境压力和喷射压力对喷雾贯穿距有着显著的影响,而燃油温度在低于燃油沸点时对喷雾贯穿距影响很小。因此可以通过控制环境温度和压力,以及燃油的喷射压力和温度对喷雾贯穿距进行优化.     

缸内高压直喷柴油/天然气喷射混合过程分析

在天然气发动机中,天然气和柴油射流的喷射及混合过程对燃烧排放性能有重要影响。本文基于AVL FIRE软件,模拟了定容燃烧腔内高压天然气和柴油射流喷射过程,分析了不同喷孔高度、喷孔倾斜角以及喷孔交角下柴油和天然气射流的混合情况,研究结果表明喷孔高度,倾斜角,交角与喷雾贯穿距呈正比,柴油喷雾贯穿距是影响雾化质量的重要因素。喷孔相对位置中喷孔交角因素对射流的影响最大,对柴油喷雾的雾化效果提升明显。     

空气雾化喷嘴喷雾特性实验研究

基于在低温环境下使用空气雾化喷嘴进行喷雾结冰实验的实际需求,在喷嘴投入使用前,标定了日本雾的池内公司生产的BIMJ 7004型空气雾化喷嘴的喷雾特性,包括各工况下的压缩空气流量、水流量,喷雾锥角和液滴群中值体积直径(MVD),并重点探究了环境温度对MVD的影响。实验结果表明,喷嘴喷雾的MVD受喷嘴气路和水路入口压力的影响最大,且基本不受环境温度的影响,即在0²0℃的环境温度下,喷雾距离D=0.8 m时,喷雾中心线处的液滴蒸发对MVD的影响很小。     

三组元乳化液雾化特性的研究

采用Malvern粒度仪对柴油、甲醇和水三组元乳化液的雾化特性进行了研究。实验发现:对于压力雾化喷嘴来说,本文所涉及的乳化液由于粘度高于纯柴油,因此雾化效果比纯柴油差,而且喷射压力、乳化剂的粘度和乳化液的组份对乳化液的雾化特性具有显著的影响。随着喷射压力的升高,乳化液喷雾粒径将随之减小;若乳化液中柴油的含量(柴油不少于50％)降低,乳化液的雾化粒径将随之增加;若采用高粘度的乳化剂,相应乳化液喷雾的粒径也大。     

油束撞击形成混合气及其燃烧过程的机理研究

本文介绍了用多次喷雾叠加摄影与激光粒子分析技术对燃油喷雾撞击前后的粒径、贯穿度以及喷雾锥角等因素变化所进行的观察和测量以及介绍了利用双像高速摄影技术对燃油束撞击雾化形成的混合气以及燃烧过程特点的研究。结果表明,燃油经撞击后可显著地增大油束扩散角、不同程度地影响了燃油束的贯穿度,但对燃油束撞击前后滴径变化的影响不大。混合气形成及其燃烧过程的高速摄影研究结果表明,燃油束撞击雾化对加快燃油与空气的混合并促进其火焰扩展起到重要作用。另外撞击反弹方向和喷油压力等也是影响混合气形成和燃烧的重要因素。     

带膨胀腔喷嘴制冷剂R134a闪蒸喷雾可视化研究

闪蒸喷雾由于存在特殊的气泡爆裂使得其在较小压力下即能够实现较好的雾化效果。为了探索制冷剂R134a的闪蒸喷雾机理,本文利用高速摄像机对直管石英玻璃喷嘴内部流型以及不同膨胀腔喷嘴的外部喷雾特性进行了可视化观察及量化比较。发现随喷雾压力增大,制冷剂R134a在直管喷嘴内部表现出对称空化、非对称空化和类弹状空化等不同的空化流型,其中对称空化流型对应的雾化锥角基本相同。膨胀腔型喷嘴达到较小喷雾锥角所对应的膨胀腔长径比为1:2~2:1,最佳外部喷雾锥角稳定在70°左右。     

适用于内燃机喷雾的新液滴碰撞模型

本文将直接模拟蒙特卡洛(DSMC)方法中的时间计数器(Time Counter,TC)法按照喷雾领域对液滴碰撞模型的要求,对粒子碰撞频率、碰撞域的划分以及碰撞对的选取等方面进行改进。通过模拟结果与实验值的对比,表明相对O'Rourke模型与Nordin模型,TC模型对喷雾宏观形态的预测以及对场内液体体积分数(液滴的空间分布)的计算更加准确;对下游索特平均直径的预测与实验值亦更加贴近。     

PODE3-5/柴油混合燃料高海拔喷雾特性研究

利用定容弹喷雾试验台,开展了柴油、PODE_3-5/柴油混合燃料(20%PODE_3-5+80%柴油)、PODE_3-5三种燃料喷雾特性试验,研究了不同海拔热力学边界条件下混合燃料喷雾浓度场分布,喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角以及喷雾体积、卷吸质量、轴向和径向当量比、索特平均直径的变化规律。结果表明：随着海拔的升高,混合燃料喷雾过程中韦伯数和奥内佐格数降低,抑制了燃料二次雾化破碎,环境压力对喷雾纵向发展影响较为明显,环境温度对喷雾横向发展更为明显。PODE_3-5燃料较低的蒸馏点和运动黏度促进了雾化发展,导致喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角同时降低,且降低幅度随PODE_3-5含量增加和海拔升高而增大。海拔5500m环境条件下,PODE_3-5/柴油混合燃料喷雾贯穿距和喷雾锥角比柴油分别减小9.2%和22.1%。     

脱硫废水液滴与飞灰颗粒碰撞特性数值研究

在利用烟道余热喷雾蒸发脱硫废水时,烟道中的飞灰会与喷雾液滴发生碰撞,进而影响废水处理效率.本文利用大涡模拟(LES)和离散相模型(DPM),模拟脱硫废水喷入烟道的雾化过程及粒径分布,重点考察了烟道飞灰与喷雾液滴碰撞时烟道流场分布及液滴空间分布,分析了Stokes数和喷雾角对流场和空间分布的影响规律.研究结果表明,采用空气雾化喷嘴雾化333.33 L·h~(-1)的脱硫废水,喷雾液滴的粒径分布为20～250μm;无飞灰进入烟道时,Stokes小于1时喷雾液滴速度衰减极快,Stokes大于1时喷雾液滴速度衰减最慢,且喷雾角较大时衰减更快;含飞灰进入烟道时,由于动量交换,喷雾液滴速度衰减更快,且碰撞主要发生于速度衰减到35 m·s~(-1)后的位置.     

Discrete Nebulization for Sample Introduction of High Salt Solutions in Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

The detection of copper in high salt solutions using flame atomic absorption spectrometry with discrete nebulization of microliter volumes compared to conventional continuous nebulization for sample introduction was investigated. Using continuous nebulization, a decrease in absorbance signal and uptake rate with increasing salt concentration, a detection limit of 0.02 μg/mL for copper, and precision deteriorating with increasing salt concentration in the 1–3% range was found. Discrete nebulization showed similar trends with decreasing absorbance signal with increasing salt concentration, but had the advantage that the microliter volumes used prevented clogging of the burner. At low microliter volumes and high salt concentrations, the precision deteriorated to around 10% and detection limit to 0.3 pg/mL. The technique was rapid, simple and did not produce memory effects.     

Determination of Cu,Zn, and Se in microvolumes of liquid biological samples

Cu, Zn, and Se were successfully determined in a few microliters (<100 μl) of biological samples using discrete injection atomic absorption spectrometry. Different factors were investigated in order to obtain a biological sample volume which is valid for analysis. Among them are the effect of microsampling volume variations (starting from 40 to 200 μl), nebulization efficiency, detection limits, precision, and finally the calibration and sensitivity of the proposed method. It was found that 60 μl of the biological sample was adequate for the quantitative analysis with reasonable precision. The advantages of the proposed method are not only rapidity, simplicity, sensitivity, and good precision, but also, contrary to conventional flame atomic absorption spectrometry, the capability of analyzing microvolumes of samples.     

利用NaOH碱式消化快脉冲雾化原子吸收法测定培养细胞内的K,…

用６％的ＮａＯＨ碱式消化培养细胞，取５０μｌ消化液，用考马斯亮蓝法测定蛋白含量，共余用Ｌａ－ＥＤＴＡ等量稀后，采用自制微量进样装置，运用快脉冲雾化技术，使进样体积最低降至２０μｌ在日立１８０－８０型原子吸收分光光度计上测定Ｋ，Ｃａ和Ｍｇ含量，结果以每克蛋白含量表示。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法进样技术研究

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)是近年发展起来的新型痕量元素分析技术,可以用于检出限为pg/ml级的痕量元素及天然同位素分析,同位素比分析及常规同位素稀释质谱分析等。所有这些应用都显示出ICP-MS在痕量元素分析领域中具有无与伦比的优点。ICP-MS进样技术一直是人们所关注的     

FIA—ICP摄谱法中一些实验参数的影响及优化

发现在FIA-ICP体系中影响分析信号的主要实验参数是载液流速、载气流量和进样体积。同常规的连续喷雾方式相比,其归一化谱线强度提高近10倍、并且发现在FIA-ICP摄谱法中进样体积大小也会影响其在传输过程中的分散度、曝光时间以及分析信号的信背比。在实验的载气流量范围内,分析信号随载气流量的增大而逐渐增大,随后达到平台。     

用Monte Carlo模拟方法研究ICP－AES中的物理化学过程──Ⅲ．操作参数的优化

基于ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ方法的模拟结果，详细讨论了ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ各操作参数对有用质量传输速率Ｗｕ的影响情况，并以Ｗｕ作为评价ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ分析性能的依据，从而得到最佳的操作条件。     

Flame Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry: A Review

Abstract

Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is one of the most widespread traditional analytical techniques for trace element determination, but it often suffers from poor sensitivity due to the low nebulization efficiency and the short residence time of free atoms in the flame. On the basis of conventional FAAS, flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (FF-AAS) is developed with a tube (flame furnace) placed on top of the FAAS burner for the atomization. Sample is introduced via beam injection (BIFF-AAS) or thermospray (TS-FF-AAS). Due to the total sample introduction and prolonged residence time of free atoms in the flame furnace, marked sensitivity improvement is obtained for volatile and semivolatile elements over conventional FAAS. TS-FF-AAS can be employed as an element-selective detector for GC, HPLC, or CE for studying of metal speciation analysis and metallomics. In addition, three newly developed sample introduction methods, including ultrasonic nebulization, hydride generation, and pneumatic nebulization, are discussed. The analytical figures of merit and practical applications of FF-AAS in analytical atomic spectrometry are reviewed in this article.     

氢化物发生辅助雾化火焰原子吸收法测定人发中的铅

使用氢化物发生辅助雾化的火焰原子吸收法,在K₃Fe(CN)₆-HCl体系中,测定了头发中铅的含量。对酸度、氧化剂及浓度、NaBH₄的浓度及流速对Pb测定的影响分别进行了研究。与传统雾化火焰原子吸收法相比,本方法测铅的灵敏度提高了13.4倍。方法的检出限为2.8 μg·L-1,精密度(RSD)为1.4%。用于测定人发中的Pb,回收率达96%～99%。     

脉冲喷雾火焰原子吸收光谱法测定牛乳中微量锌

本文介绍了应用脉冲喷雾技术和原子吸收法直接测定牛乳中锌的方法,探讨了进样体积、提升量及其他因素的影响。牛乳试样经５倍稀释后直接测定。避免了常规火焰原子吸收法测试需将样品消化的繁琐手续。该法与消化后常规法测定结果一致。     

Hybrid-toroidal anvil: a replacement for the conventional WC anvil used for the large volume cubic high pressure apparatus

We propose a design and operation of a hybrid-toroidal anvil used for the large volume cubic high pressure apparatus (LV-CHPA), such that it is possible to obtain a higher sintered quality, less weight and cost of tungsten carbide (WC) anvil than the conventional anvil. We use the finite element simulations to show the distributions of the stress on the surface and in the bulk of the WC anvils, and conclude that, for a given load on the hybrid-toroidal anvil, the volume of the compressed press medium has increased by 4.88%, and the rate of the transmitted pressure has increased by 6.72% compared with the conventional anvil. Furthermore, the advantages of the hybrid-toroidal anvil are that the movement of anvils increases by 37.14% and the growth rate of the fatigue crack decreases by 40%. This has been proved by the high pressure experiments. This work gives an approach to optimize the WC anvils used for the LV-CHPA and presents a simple method to achieve the higher sample pressure and the larger sample volume.