基于合肥先进光源的准直参考网络机械系统设计及其仿真分析

新一代粒子加速器中磁铁位置与姿态的准确测量和安装依赖于各项技术的综合运用。实现磁铁在全局坐标系中准确定位,并且快速精密安装测量,为了建造高亮度、低发射度的第四代同步辐射光源,国家同步辐射实验室开展了"合肥先进光源(HALF)"的预研工作。作为准直测量系统的重要研究内容,创新性地提出了准直参考网络方法。为了保证准直测量精度,对准直参考网络的机械系统本身的形变要求很高,通过ANSYS软件对机械系统整机进行了静力学仿真,根据分析结果对准直基准板进行了优化设计,使其满足工作条件要求。     

双轴准直测量调节系统

根据"神龙一号"和"神龙二号"两台直线感应加速器的直线性偏差不超过±0.2 mm、角度误差不超过±2″和高程误差不超过±0.2 mm的总体精度要求,分析了影响准直安装精度的主要因素和误差限定值;确定了采用激光跟踪仪、全站仪和水准仪相结合,建立包括大六边形网和小四边形网两个层次的高精度控制测量网;再通过专门设计的串并联精密调节机构,依据合理的准直安装工艺达到准直安装的精度要求。经过在"神龙一号"直线加速器准直安装的验证,此方法满足精度要求。     

CSR的准直安装

 中国科学院近代物理研究所的国家＂九五＂重大科学工程项目，兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环（简称HIRFL-CSR）的准直安装，要安装的元件数量多、范围广、并且精度要求高。为满足这些要求，将引入工程测量控制网的方法，并主要采用新一代测量仪器激光跟踪仪，进行测量和安装任务；并结合新的仪器和方法，建立了CSR准直数据库系统。     

武威重离子治癌装置回旋注入系统的准直安装

武威重离子治癌装置回旋注入系统由自重50余吨的回旋加速器和离子源等多个元件组成,由于离子源和回旋加速器的上下共架结构及回旋注入系统自身过于紧凑等原因,给各元件的安装准直工作增加了难度。借助于激光跟踪仪和三维控制网,通过自下而上分级准直安装及高空架设仪器的方法,克服了通视条件不足等困难,有效提高了工作效率,所有的安装元件误差都控制在0.10 mm以内,其结果好于该装置的安装精度要求。回旋注入系统已成功出束,各项指标均已达到或优于设计指标,从而验证了准直安装工作的准确性与可行性。     

直线感应加速器机械轴精密对中方法

 介绍了大型直线感应加速器机械轴精密对中安装方法和工艺。直线感应加速器由多个组元连接而成，总长几十m。采用激光跟踪仪并配以全站仪、水准仪进行准直测量，再用专门设计的高精度调节机构调节，可使机械轴的准直达到较高的精度。分析了准直安装各步骤能达到的精度，研究了几十m长机械轴准直控制测量网的建立和理论坐标值的修正。     

高能同步辐射光源验证装置振动线准直系统结构设计

振动线准直技术是为了满足新一代同步辐射光源对超低发射度的要求而正在研究的准直技术。新光源要求磁铁具有极高的准直精度,同一支架上的磁铁间准直精度要求小于±30μm。介绍了高能同步辐射光源验证装置振动线准直系统的设计,描述了振动线准直系统的具体机械结构方案、电路结构方案和运动控制与数据采集方案等。     

“神龙一号”加速器聚焦磁场准直

 “神龙一号”是一台正在建造中的脉冲强流加速器。这台加速器的主体由72个直线感应加速腔和18个用于测试和真空泵接口的多功能腔组成。为获得高品质的电子束流，减小发射度的增加，抑制corkscrew的增长，聚焦磁场的磁轴准直精度要求很高。在使用激光跟踪仪对机械轴进行准直的前提下，脉冲悬丝技术被应用于准直加速段聚焦磁场，并在磁轴准直测试的同时对磁场固有倾斜偏差（tilt）进行初步校正。介绍和讨论了测试方法，测试精度以及测试结果。     

LD快轴准直柱透镜多参数加工公差分析理论

为了实现半导体激光器快轴准直柱透镜加工公差的快速、准确制定,在快轴光束准直理论分析的基础上,采用几何光学的方法建立了多参数加工公差理论模型。该模型以各个结构参数的极限偏差值作为公差初始值,以实际的加工精度作为边界条件,并根据具体的准直设计要求进行优化,实现各个参数公差的合理、快速分配。针对常见的TO-MOUNT型号中的一款快轴发散角为36°的半导体激光器设计了快轴准直柱透镜,利用该理论模型实现快轴准直柱透镜加工公差的快速制定,引入该公差后的ZEMAX仿真结果符合准直设计要求,且仿真的出射光束发散角与理论计算结果仅有1.1%的误差。     

ADS超导直线加速器的准直方法北大核心

现代加速器科学实验装置的搭建是一项系统而繁杂的工作,其中应用到多种学科的专业技术。主要介绍了中国科学院近代物理研究所ADS直线加速器工程项目中的加速器标定准直安装的一般流程和方法,包括加速器控制网的建立、加速器元件的标定、加速器元件支架位置的放样和加速器元件的准直等。该项工作使用的仪器包括激光跟踪仪、关节测量臂,从理论角度讲解了加速器控制网的布设规则,标定测量坐标系的建立方法,准直工作数据处理的意义和计算方法,以及该系统工作所最终取得的成就。     

上海软X射线自由电子激光束流准直

上海软X射线自由电子激光装置（SXFEL）对束流发射度增长的幅度有着较为严格的限制,传统的光学准直已经不能满足其要求。采用基于束流的准直方法可以实现更为精密的准直,使得直线加速器的准直误差进一步降低,以满足自由电子激光装置的要求。通过对不同条件下束流位置检测器（BPM）测得的数据采用最小二乘法算法进行计算分析,可以计算得到四极磁铁和BPM的准直误差,进而进行束流准直和轨道校正。基于以上原理,计算了各种元件误差对轨道和发射度造成的影响,同时基于Matlab平台设计了控制软件,模拟结果表明轨道偏离量可减少一个数量级。     

Robust prescan calibration for multiple spin-echo sequences: application to FSE and b-SSFP

The collection of fast imaging techniques that use multiple spin-echo (MSE) sequences relies on a precise phase relationship between spin echoes and stimulated echoes that form along the radiofrequency refocusing pulse train. Failure to achieve this condition produces dark banding artifacts that result from destructive interference between signal coherence pathways. Satisfying this condition on the microsecond timescale required is technically challenging for conditions involving strong diffusion-weighted gradients, for arbitrary orientation acquisitions and at large field strengths with high-resolution acquisitions. Two clinically significant MSE sequences, fast spin echo (FSE) and balanced steady-state free precession (b-SSFP), are investigated in this work using a 4-T whole-body scanner. We developed a readout-projection-based prescan technique that ensures coherent signal formation by utilizing banding artifacts to automatically adjust gradient balance. Subsequent image acquisition using the results of this prescan permits the formation of coherent-echo images, which are robust under challenging imaging conditions. The robustness of this approach is demonstrated for FSE and b-SSFP images obtained from the knees of human volunteers. We believe that the use of this prescan calibration technique for the alignment of signal pools in MSE sequences is critical at high fields and will facilitate the implementation of high-quality clinically significant sequences such as FSE and b-SSFP.     

Modelling of linearly chirped fiber Bragg gratings by the method of single expression

To model chirped fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for dispersion compensation in optical fibers a novel method of single expression (MSE) is used. The reformulation of Helmholtz's equation in the MSE to the full set of first-order differential equations leads to dealing with the electric field amplitude, its derivative, power flow density and phase distributions in any aperiodic media. The phase derivative obtained numerically permits to compute the dispersion slope in the time delay of investigated chirped gratings. Reflective and time delay spectra of linearly chirped gratings of different lengths and chirp coefficients are computed. A self-similarity law for the gratings of the same strength but different lengths and chirp coefficients is revealed. The apodization of gratings is applied to reduce sidelobes in gratings' reflection spectra and eliminate oscillations in the time delay characteristics.     

一种非本征光纤法布里-珀罗传感器的信号解调算法

给出了一种基于均方误差估计的非本征光纤法布里-珀罗(EFPI)传感器的腔长解调算法。在参量估计方面, 均方误差将估计子的方差和偏差结合在一起, 具有更高的估计精度和准确度。如果给出某一个真值的一系列估计子, 则具有最小均方误差的估计子比其他估计子更为有效。在非本征光纤法-珀传感器的腔长解调方面, 则实际腔长对应于腔长均方误差估计取最小值时的腔长估计子。对一个非本征光纤法-珀压力传感器的测试结果表明, 腔长解调分辨率为0.18 nm, 对应的压力分辨率可达2.99 kPa。与传统的解调算法相比, 通过该算法可在较宽的动态范围内获得高的解调分辨率, 并实现绝对腔长的解调。     

Modelling of linearly chirped fiber bragg gratings by the method of single expression

To model chirped fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for dispersion compensation in optical fibers a novel method of single expression (MSE) is used. The reformulation of Helmholtz’s equation in the MSE to the full set of first-order differential equations leads to dealing with the electric field amplitude, its derivative, power flow density and phase distributions in any aperiodic media. The phase derivative obtained numerically permits to compute the dispersion slope in the time delay of investigated chirped gratings. Reflective and time delay spectra of linearly chirped gratings of different lengths and chirp coefficients are computed. A self-similarity law for the gratings of the same strength but different lengths and chirp coefficients is revealed. The apodization of gratings is applied to reduce sidelobes in gratings’ reflection spectra and eliminate oscillations in the time delay characteristics.     

Characterization of porous media structure by non linear NMR methods.

In this paper we discuss the possibility of modifying the multiple spin echoes existing theory, developed for a homogeneous system, to describe also an inhomogeneous system such as a porous medium. We report here the first experimental application of MSE methods to materials like travertine. The ratio A(2)/A(1) from water in travertine presents minima for characteristic values of the delay time tau, like what was previously observed in the trabecular bone. By a judicious choice of the delay time tau and of the G gradient strength, the MSE sequence can be made sensitive to a specific length-scale of the sample heterogeneity. Furthermore the MSE image shows a particular new contrast that makes the non linear NMR method very attractive for the assessment of variations of the porous structure in porous systems.     

基于光谱可调谐光谱重构方法研究

针对光谱重构领域中光谱数据量较大与重构精度较低的问题,提出了一种光谱可调谐的光谱重构方法。在此之前国内外相关研究均是在数百条膜系的基础上进行,并且计算过程比较复杂,该方法利用10条膜系针对不同的单色光源进行实验并进行光谱重构。光谱重构数学模型可以用线性方程组AX=B表示,在实验过程中会受到多种误差源的干扰,如膜系加工与设计间的误差、探测器量子效率拟合误差、杂散光干扰误差以及灰度值选取的误差等。这些误差源造成了线性方程组变为病态方程,造成了目标光谱信息解算的不准确。在解算目标光谱信息的过程中,首先在400～900 nm波长范围内利用凸优化算法解出含有误差的目标光谱信息的初始值,并进行初次拟合,得出含有误差的光谱曲线。然后利用已知的光谱曲线信息判断目标光谱的有效波长范围,对目标光谱范围进行伸缩,在此范围内进行二次局部解算,得出局部波长内的光谱信息,然后对局部光谱信息进行局部拟合,结合初次拟合结果,得出新的目标光谱拟合曲线,进一步提高了光谱重构精度,以此类推,得出精度较高的目标光谱曲线。针对重构精度的评价指标不仅采用了国内外广泛使用的ARE,MSE与RQE,还首次提出了一种新的评价光谱重构精度的指标,即计算目标有效波长范围内每隔10 nm的MSE值,若每10 nm的MSE值小于0.1,则认为光谱重构精度达到了10 nm,该方法不仅有效避免了在求解出现严重偏离真实值的情况,还在凸优化解算过程中提供了约束条件,有利于提高重构精度。实验结果表明该方法在保证MSE,ARE与RQE高精度的条件下,每隔10 nm的MSE最小值达到了0.002 3。基于光谱可调谐光谱重构方法不仅达到了对目标光谱达到高精度重构的效果,而且实现了数据降维。此方法为光谱重构领域的工作方向提供了新的思路,在工程上具有较大的应用价值。     

Field-free three-dimensional alignment of polyatomic molecules

We experimentally demonstrate field-free, three-dimensional alignment (FF3DA) of polyatomic asymmetric top molecules. We achieve FF3DA in sulfur dioxide gas using two time-delayed, orthogonally polarized, nonresonant, femtosecond laser pulses. Our method avoids the use of rotational revivals and is therefore more robust to temperature. The alignment is probed using time-delayed coincidence Coulomb explosion imaging. FF3DA will be important for all molecular imaging, dynamics, or spectroscopy experiments for which random alignment leads to a loss of information.     

Multiscale entropy analysis of complex physiologic time series

There has been considerable interest in quantifying the complexity of physiologic time series, such as heart rate. However, traditional algorithms indicate higher complexity for certain pathologic processes associated with random outputs than for healthy dynamics exhibiting long-range correlations. This paradox may be due to the fact that conventional algorithms fail to account for the multiple time scales inherent in healthy physiologic dynamics. We introduce a method to calculate multiscale entropy (MSE) for complex time series. We find that MSE robustly separates healthy and pathologic groups and consistently yields higher values for simulated long-range correlated noise compared to uncorrelated noise.     

In vivo multiple spin echoes imaging of trabecular bone on a clinical 1.5 T MR scanner

In vivo multiple spin echoes (MSE) images of bone marrow in trabecular bone were obtained for the first time on a clinical 1.5 T scanner. Despite of a reduced sensitivity of the MSE trabecular bone images with respect to the cerebral matter ones, it is possible to observe some features in the MSE trabecular bone images that may be useful in the diagnosis of osteopenic states. Two different CRAZED-type MSE imaging sequences based on spin-echo and EPI imaging modalities were applied in phantom and in vivo. Preliminary experimental results indicate that EPI imaging readout seems to conceal the MSE contrast correlated with pore dimension in porous media. However it is still possible to detect anisotropy effects related to the bone structure in MSE-EPI images. Some strategies are suggested to optimize the quality of MSE trabecular bone images.     

利用贝叶斯估计法对双频投影条纹的相位进行修正

为了进一步提高双频投影条纹的相位精度,提出以双频投影条纹的条纹级数为坐标建立级数坐标系的分析方法,使得条纹级数(或相位)及其误差的描述变得非常直观。在条纹级数坐标系内,利用贝叶斯估计的方法对相移法求解的条纹相位进行修正,使条纹相位精度得到进一步提高。仿真实验和真实实验证明了此方法的有效性。其中实际实验在利用本修正法修正后,相位均方误差从0.014rad下降为0.009rad,高度均方误差从0.058mm下降为0.041mm。