Stop band characteristics of a TESLA cavity coaxial-type HOM coupler

A TTF-type coaxial higher order modes (HOM) coupler has been used in a TESLA 9 cell cavity. It is impossible to measure the stop band characteristics of the HOM coupler with the cavity. A measurement device for the coaxial transmission line type for the HOM coupler has been designed at Peking University. Experimentally it was shown that the average voltage standing wave ratio of the coaxial transmission line is smaller than 1.08. The experimental results of the stop band characteristics of the TTF-type HOM coupler have been fitted for the simulation. This paper describes the design of the measurement device and discusses the experimental and simulation results of stop band characteristics of the HOM coupler.     

0.3 THz TM10, 1, 0模同轴耦合腔链

通过本征方程研究了工作在太赫兹(THz)频段的高次模同轴谐振腔,讨论了TM_{m, 1, 0}模,TM_{m, 2.0}模与TM_{m, 1, 1}模的谐振频率与腔体的几何参数之间的关系,并给出了工作模式的选择依据。在此基础上,提出了一种新型的0.3 THz TM_{10, 1, 0}模同轴耦合腔链,使用等效电路模型和CST-MWS软件对耦合腔链的色散特性、特征阻抗和电场分布等冷腔特性进行了分析和仿真,并着重分析和总结了耦合腔链的几何参数对色散特性和特征阻抗的影响。研究结果表明:对于工作在THz频段的高次模同轴耦合腔链,采用TM_{10, 1, 0}模为工作模式是合理的选择; 工作于2π腔模的0.3 THz TM_{10, 1, 0}模同轴耦合腔链具有较大的特征阻抗,但模式间隔较小,因此可将其应用于窄带太赫兹扩展互作用器件; 增大高次模耦合腔链的耦合槽张角是增大模式间隔的最佳途径。     

Stop band characteristics of a TESLA cavity coaxial-type HOM coupler

A TTF-type coaxial higher order modes (HOM) coupler has been used in a TESLA 9 cell cavity. It is impossible to measure the stop band characteristics of the HOM coupler with the cavity. A measurement device for the coaxial transmission line type for the HOM coupler has been designed at Peking University. Experimentally it was shown that the average voltage standing wave ratio of the coaxial transmission line is smaller than 1.08. The experimental results of the stop band characteristics of the TTF-type HOM coupler have been fitted for the simulation. This paper describes the design of the measurement device and discusses the experimental and simulation results of stop band characteristics of the HOM coupler.     

同轴虚阴极振荡器数值模拟

 给出了同轴型虚阴极振荡器的数值模拟和部分理论分析结果, 指出许多几何结构参数包括阴极宽度、二极管间隙等都对输出微波的频率、带宽和能量转换效率有较大的影响。给出了这些参量之间关系的数值模拟结果，在一定程度上为同轴虚阴极振荡器的实验研究提供了理论基础。     

Possible operation of the KfK gyrotron at harmonics

Expected efficiencies for the possible operation of the KfK gyrotron at the first, second and third harmonics are estimated. The results obtained in the cold cavity approximation and in self-consistent calculations are compared. Mode competition between the modes operating at the fundamental and at the second harmonic is investigated. Regions of stable single-mode generation are established. Effect of the the magnetic field tapering on the mode competition is illustrated.     

高次模式同轴多间隙腔激励特性研究

提出了一种工作在TM₅₁-2π模式的Ka波段同轴多间隙谐振腔，使用CST本征模求解器研究了此结构的电场分布特性，并分析了基于外侧全通的耦合方式下该结构的冷腔模式特性。在此基础上，通过结合空间电荷波理论和CST三维粒子仿真分析，研究了在多电子注激励下同轴多间隙腔高次模式的起振特性，并分析了此种结构的模式稳定性与注-波互作用特性。研究结果表明:对于工作在Ka波段的TM₅₁-2π模式同轴多间隙腔，采取结构外侧全耦合的方式具有较高的模式稳定性；在此结构中，多电子注不仅会均匀激励起工作模式，也可能非均匀激励起竞争模式；不同于工作在基模的扩展互作用速调管，此种结构的速调管电场极值是分别建立的，因此激励电子注可放置在不同相位的电场极值处；在保持电子注电压、总电流不变的情况下，采取更多电子注的激励方式，需要更小的聚焦磁场。     

同轴谐振腔高阶横磁模式参数的研究

理论计算和分析了微波圆柱同轴谐振腔高阶横磁(TM)模式的系列关联参数.研究发现：与圆柱腔相比, 同轴谐振腔的TM_n10模式有较大的模式间隔，即工作模式能够远离非工作模式的干扰，这有利于保持器件稳定的频率和功率；在保持腔长不变、腔横截面外半径取特定值时，腔内电场峰值位置的轴向特性阻抗随内径的变化存在极大值；在高频段可以采用任意大横截面的腔体结构和任意阶的模式.计算结果与仿真结果相一致. 关键词： 高阶横磁模式 圆柱同轴谐振腔 特性阻抗 多注速调管     

Are Coaxial Super Power Gyrotrons Feasible?

Limits on the power generated by coaxial gyrotrons are investigated. It is shown that among all the operating modes suggested recently for coaxial super power gyrotrons only modes with azimuthal index m lower than about 44 pass the spatial stochasticity test. Modes with higher azimuthal indices cannot be used as operating modes because gyrotron oscillations become chaotic in the azimuthal direction and efficiency is very low. It is argued that there exists a natural upper limit on power generated by gyrotrons which is about 4 MW.     

Gyrotron traveling wave amplifier with out-ridged waveguide

The out-ridged waveguide is proposed for the use of gyrotrons operating at higher harmonics of electron gyrofrequency. Eigenvalues and the associated field components of the out-ridged waveguide are obtained with Ritz-Galerkin method. The prominent advantages of the out-ridged waveguide over the existing waveguide structures used in gyrotrons include the simplicity in manufacture, freedom from local modes, good separation of lower order modes, high power handling ability, and good beam-field coupling at higher harmonics of the electron gyrofrequency. Gain-frequency functional curves of the gyrotron traveling wave amplifiers with the out-ridged waveguide and some other waveguide structures are computed numerically by employing the general analytical results developed in [15].     

Geometrical Effects on the Performance of Coaxial-Waveguide Gyrotron Traveling-Wave Amplifiers

This theoretical investigation examines the feasibility of improving the stability of the coaxial-waveguide gyrotron traveling-wave tube (gyro-TWT) by selecting the geometrical parameter C, i.e., the ratio of the outer radius to the inner radius. The effects of the geometrical parameter C on the start-oscillation currents of oscillation modes are analyzed to determine the optimum operating conditions. Simulation results indicate that the coaxial gyro-TWT with distributed wall losses can be stably operated at a higher beam current by optimizing C. Additionally, the saturated behaviors of the operating TE₀₁ mode are evaluated for several C values to investigate the geometrical effects on the amplification of the coaxial gyro-TWT. Moreover, performance of the fundamental harmonic coaxial gyro-TWT achieved with the optimized C value is predicted under stable operating conditions.     

Design and simulation of a new type of 500 MHz single-cell superconducting RF cavity

This paper illustrates the design and simulation of a unique 500 MHz single-cell superconducting radio frequency cavity with a fluted beam pipe and a coaxial-type fundamental power coupler. The simulation results show that the cavity has a high r/Q value, a low peak surface field and a large beam aperture, so it can be a candidate cavity for high current accelerators. With the help of a fluted beam tube, almost all the higher order modes can propagate out of the cavity, especially the first two dipole modes, TE₁₁₁ and TM₁₁₀, and the first higher monopole mode, TM₀₁₁. The external quality factor of the coaxial fundamental power coupler is optimized to 1.2×10⁵, which will be useful when it is applied in the light source storage ring.     

Coaxial resonator for a megawatt 280 GHz gyrotron

To provide the required mode selectivity for a megawatt 280 GHz gyrotron, a coaxial resonator operating in a high order TE mode is considered. Mode discrimination is achieved both by exploring the differences in the transverse structures of the competing modes and investigating a suitable geometry for the coaxial insert. For modes with close eigenfrequencies the associated diffractionQ factors can be widely different in value, thereby ensuring an effective mode selection. In the resonator studied here, the frequency separation between the design mode TE_26,10,1 and its nearest competing mode TE_20,12,1 is about 0.6% and the ratio of the correspondingQ factors is as high as 6.5. Unlike the coaxial resonator, in the hollow cavity without the inner conductor the fundamental spectrum of eigenfrequencies is more dense, and all TE modes within the frequency interval 271–288 GHz have approximately the sameQ factor.     

Singular and Hypersingular Integral Equations Techniques for Gyrotron Coaxial Resonators with a Corrugated Insert

For the first time rigorous theory is developed for eigen traveling TM modes in the resonator of the coaxial cavity gyrotron with a corrugated insert. This mathematical model can be applied for any corrugation parameters and wavelengths. Gyrotron simulation software is developed and allows to calculate mode eigenvalues, electromagnetic field components and Ohmic losses for eigen TE and TM modes. Results of the numerical investigations are presented for the ITER relevant 170 GHz coaxial cavity gyrotron developed in Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany.     

等效电路计算同轴输出腔TM310模式的间隙阻抗

设计了外Q值较小,工作于高阶横磁TM310模的X波段速调管单间隙同轴输出谐振腔。用微波等效电路理论计算了高阶横磁TM310模情形六个漂移管的等效间隙中心位置,由此计算腔内等效间隙中心到输出波导内横向膜片的等效长度。以MATLAB编程计算得到同轴谐振腔TM310模式加载矩形波导滤波器输出回路的间隙阻抗,其结果与传统冷测模拟法计算结果吻合。验证了等效长度计算方法的正确性,用于圆柱腔基模的传统微波等效电路理论能用于分析同轴谐振腔高阶横磁模式输出回路,且比传统的冷测模拟法及场分析法更为快捷。     

固定频率后同轴谐振腔尺寸与TM_(n10)模式阶数的可调性

研究了高频段微波同轴谐振腔高阶横磁模式TMn10的系列相关参数,发现对于确定的工作频率,可以根据器件功率的大小与工作环境的不同而比较自由地选择谐振腔的横截面尺寸及TMn10模式的阶数,即在较高频率下,可以采取较大横截面的腔体以便提升功率。根据计算所得的模式图,调节腔体尺寸和选择工作模式阶数,使工作模式与其相邻的模式有较大的模式间隔以增加带宽,并且获得较大的特性阻抗。编程理论计算的大量结果与用高频电磁场软件ISFEL 3D仿真的结果吻合较好。     

中国散裂中子源铁氧体加载腔的性能研究

利用同轴线理论分析了扫频工作的中国散裂中子源（CSNS）铁氧体加载同轴谐振腔的主要性能参数。给出了铁氧体加载腔在三维电磁场仿真计算中的建模过程,在场分析的基础上提出了陶瓷介质等效谐振电容的方法。将模拟计算得到的腔体的谐振特性与同轴线理论计算和实际腔体测量结果相比较,三者吻合得非常好。通过对腔体样机母排引入的寄生模的实验和模拟研究,提出了解决寄生模问题的方法;通过对腔体内铁氧体环的填充系数的研究,给出了短尺寸腔的扫频工作方案。     

Smooth wideband tuning of the operating frequency of a gyrotron

We present the calculation results for the bandwidth of smooth mechanical tuning of the generation frequency in a gyrotron with a coaxial cavity. The tuning is based on moving a cone-shaped coaxial rod along the device axis to vary the eigenfrequencies of the cavity. The use of an internal conductor with an impedance surface allows reducing the thermal load on it. The calculation results show that it is possible to tune the operating frequency of the oscillator by 3–4% at frequencies up to 330 GHz for an output power of about 10 kW in the continuous-wave operation regime. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 63–70, January 2008.     

The possibility of gaining information on the crystallographic orientation of cylindrical samples from surface-impedance measurements at microwave frequencies

From measurements of the Q factors or frequency shifts of H ₁ polarized modes in a coaxial cavity information on the crystallographic orientation of a single-crystal sample of which the cavity inner cylinder is made can be derived. The choice of H ₁ modes in the coaxial cavity and its sizes at microwave frequencies is optimized. It is found that the determination of the crystallographic orientation of a uniaxial crystal at the H ₁₂₁ mode is much more accurate than that at E ₁ modes.     

A Single-Ridged Coaxial Hybrid TE011 Coupler with High Mode Purity

We design a single-ridged coaxial hybrid coupler which excites a TE₀₁₁ mode of high mode content in a cylindrical cavity, resonating at 28.2GHz. The coupler consists of a WR-28 rectangular waveguide, a coaxial TE_n11 cavity, and a cylindrical TE₀₁₁ cavity. Both TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity and TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity are analyzed to examine the TE₀₁₁ mode purity in the central cavity. Mode purity analysis is performed by a field expansion method using Fourier-Bessel orthonormal basis functions. Numerical calculations predict that the TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity excites the TE₀₁₁ mode with mode purity of 98.6%, which is improved by 3% higher compared with the TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity. Measurements on the single-ridged coaxial coupler show a resonant frequency at 28.078GHz and ohmic and external Qs of 1560, 473 respectively, which are in good agreement with the simulated results of a 3-D finite element electromagnetic code.     

Temperature dependent nonlinear response of quantum cascade structures

Current response and gain spectrum of a terahertz quantum cascade laser is analyzed at different temperatures by a nonequilibrium Green’s functions approach. The simulations are compared to recent results of time domain spectroscopy. Being able to retrieve higher harmonics of the response function, nonlinear phenomena in quantum cascade lasers are studied theoretically. For different temperatures, gain is simulated under operating conditions and related to the intensity inside the cavity, showing the degradation of performance with temperature. Resolving the electron densities in energy shows the breakdown of inversion at high intensities.