光学相关论题 视觉光学

R339.142006010793人眼的高级像差对视功能的影响=I mpact of higher-orderwavefront aberrations of human eyes on vision performance[刊,中]/王杨(南开大学现代光学研究所.天津(300071)),王肇圻…∥光学学报.—2005,25(11).—1519-1525测量了实际人眼的波前像差,分析了高级像差对人眼视功能的影响。像差数据由哈特曼-夏克(Hart mann-Shack)波前传感器分别对不同瞳孔的人眼进行测量而获得,视功能的评价方法采用了调制传递函数(MTF)、对比敏感度函数(CSF)、斯特雷尔(Strehl)比率。由人眼的波前像差数据和视网膜空间像调制度(AI M)曲…     

基于波前像差的视网膜空间像调制度测定

提出了一种计算复色光下人眼视网膜空间像调制度的方法.利用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器测量的波前像差数据，求得眼睛光学系统的调制传递函数；利用CSV-1000测试仪和VAF-1000视锐度测试仪分别测量同一只眼睛的全眼对比敏感度函数以及视锐度，由调制传递函数、对比敏感度函数以及视锐度之间的关联获得复色光下人眼视网膜空间像调制度曲线.结果表明：视网膜空间像调制度曲线与眼光学系统的调制传递函数无关，并且正常人眼（无视网膜疾病）的视网膜空间像调制度值相近.因此多眼的空间像调制度曲线的统计平均值可以作为标准，用来评判人眼视网膜及视神经疾病.     

几何光学 像差、像质评价

O435．2 2005053232 人眼不同瞳孔直径波前像差特性分析=Property analysis of wavefront aberration of different human eye’s pupils [刊,中]／徐高平(中科院光电所．四川,成都(610209)),徐 翔…∥光电工程．-2005,32(7)．-38-41 采用Hartmann-Shack人眼像差仪．测量了人眼在3．1 mm,5．2 mm和6 mm瞳孔直径下的波前像差。波前像差 的RMS值表明,随着瞳孔直径的增大,人眼各阶波前像差 均随着增大。与瞳孔直径为3．1 mm时相比,瞳孔直径为 6 mm和5．2 mm时,Zernike 2～10阶波前像差的RMS值 分别增大1．2～7．7倍和1．1～4．8倍。用调制传递函数 (MTF)和Strehl比评价了高阶波前像差对成像质量的影 响。结果表明,大瞳孔高阶波前像差对成像质量的影响大 于小瞳孔;在3．1 mm,5．2 mm和6 mm瞳孔直径下,欲达 到衍射极限的Strehl比率,分别需要矫正Zernike波前像 差前2～4阶、前3～6阶和前5～7阶,需矫正的像差阶数 随瞳孔直径的增大而增加。图4参7(于晓光)     

利用视标和波前数据的NCSF测量

搭建了基于波前像差的神经对比敏感度测定系统,利用Hartman-Shack波前像差传感器测量人眼波前像差,以及高空间频率的对比敏感度测量仪测量全视觉对比敏感度函数,进而得到人眼的神经对比敏感度.和传统激光干涉方法测量神经对比敏感度相比较,本文的测定方法,避免了激光干涉所产生的相干噪音和激光散斑不利因素,并且可以得到白光神经对比敏感度NCSF.对不同人眼分别对绿光和白光视网膜神经对比敏感度进行了测定,测试结果表明：在同等亮度下,绿光的神经对比敏感度远高于白光神经对比敏感度|绿光和白光的对比敏感度曲线的最大值出现在空间频率为8 c/deg附近,而其神经对比敏感度曲线的最大值出现在相对高一些12 c/deg附近的空间频率上.     

利用视标和波前数据的NCSF测量

搭建了基于波前像差的神经对比敏感度测定系统,利用Hartman-Shack波前像差传感器测量人眼波前像差,以及高空间频率的对比敏感度测量仪测量全视觉对比敏感度函数,进而得到人眼的神经对比敏感度.和传统激光干涉方法测量神经对比敏感度相比较,本文的测定方法,避免了激光干涉所产生的相干噪音和激光散斑不利因素,并且可以得到白光神经对比敏感度NCSF.对不同人眼分别对绿光和白光视网膜神经对比敏感度进行了测定,测试结果表明:在同等亮度下,绿光的神经对比敏感度远高于白光神经对比敏感度;绿光和白光的对比敏感度曲线的最大值出现在空间频率为8c/deg附近,而其神经对比敏感度曲线的最大值出现在相对高一些12c/deg附近的空间频率上.     

基于波前技术的人眼神经对比敏感度测量

搭建了基于波前像差的神经对比敏感度(NCSF)测试系统。该系统在测试人眼空间对比敏感度(CSF)的同时,利用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器测量人眼波前像差,通过计算进而得到人眼的NCSF。与通过两种设备分别测量全视觉CSF和波前像差获得NCSF相比,该方法避免了不同测试状态下像差波动的影响,简化了测试过程;和传统激光干涉方法测量NCSF相比,该方法避免了激光干涉产生的相干噪音和激光散斑等不利因素,并且通过改变不同亮度不同颜色视标,可以得到不同亮度,不同波长下的NCSF。选用绿光视标对四例正常人眼的NCSF进行了测量,结果表明:该系统可以同时获得人眼的全视觉CSF、屈光系统调制传递函数和NCSF;在同等亮度下,不同人眼的NCSF存在个体差异;对同一个体,NCSF曲线的最大值对应的空间频率比全眼空间CSF曲线的最大值对应的空间频率高一些。     

主客观结合人眼波前像差测量系统的设计与实验

设计了主客观方法相结合的人眼波前像差测量系统。该系统的控制部分以工控机为中心,实现了对离焦补偿装置、LCD视标显示装置和可变形镜驱动器的控制。使用Hartmann-Shack传感器对人眼出瞳的波前像差进行测量,光路中加入了能够显示各种视标和测试图案的LCD,从而考虑到了主观调节对人眼像差的影响,能够对人眼的视觉质量进行全面衡量,实现了客观测量和主观测量在光路中的结合。使用该系统分别测量得到了模拟眼和活体人眼的波前像差,并对主客观测量结果进行了信息融合,能够为个性化的人眼屈光矫正提供有用的依据。     

一种新型人眼波前像差测量补偿系统的研究

离焦是人眼中最主要的像差之一,离焦量过大会严重影响人眼波前像差的测量及矫正精度。为了消除离焦在此方面带来的影响,设计了带有补偿装置的人眼波前像差测量及矫正系统。重点分析了该系统的原理、结构和工作流程。运用Hartmann-Shack波前传感器测量了人眼波前像差,并使用变形反射镜对人眼波前像差进行矫正。对模拟人眼矫正离焦前后的光斑点阵图和波前三维重构图进行了对比分析。研究表明,通过离焦补偿系统对模拟人眼的离焦量进行矫正,使被测量人眼的离焦量由2.020D和-2.035D分别减小到0.011D和-0.007D;通过调焦系统,使显示器上显示出的人眼光斑点阵图由模糊变清晰,提高了信标光在人眼眼底的成像质量。     

人眼波前像差的动态特性研究

人眼波前像差随时间涨落会引起人眼光学性能和视觉功能的改变.采用改进的HartmannShack波前传感器人眼像差仪对10只屈光度为0D~-5.0D、直径为3mm和6mm的人眼瞳孔的波前像差进行测量,其中每只人眼在5s内连续测量125次,测量频率为25Hz.为确定测量过程中是否引入人为像差,对人造眼3mm和6mm瞳孔的动态波前像差进行测量比对.结果表明:所测量的10只人眼3mm和6mm瞳孔总的Zernike波前像差均方根涨落幅度的平均值分别为0.087μm和0.105μm,均大于Marechal衍射极限;Zernike第3阶到第7阶波前像差均方根涨落幅度随像差阶数的递增而下降,涨落幅度为0.06~0.02μm;人眼波前像差的涨落频率达6Hz.     

基于多尺度叠加的视觉距离模糊算法的研究

为能够模拟观察距离变大时引起的颜色视觉效应,研究了人眼视觉的视锐度特性和对比敏感度特性。通过对人眼视锐度原理的分析,实现了视锐度方法模拟视觉距离增大时的视觉模糊算法;通过对对比敏感度模型测试原理的分析,结合人眼视觉空间频率的多通道特性,实现了基于对比敏感度函数模型模拟视觉距离增大时的视觉模糊算法。视锐度方法可简单模拟视觉距离增大时的模糊效果,可用于观察灰度物体情况。观察彩色物体时,通过使用反差敏感度模型算法,能够模拟视觉感知的多尺度特性、低通和带通滤波特性、局部适应性和颜色感知的叠加性。     

The study of the effects of higher-order aberrations on human contrast sensitivity with white-light retinal aerial image modulation (AIM)

The impact of higher-order aberrations on contrast sensitivity function (CSF) is calculated using individual white-light retinal aerial image modulation (AIM). Wavefront aberrations of 26 eyes are measured with Hartmann-Shack sensor, and the CSFs in natural light are acquired through a range of 2-48 c/deg. The white-light AIM is computed as the ratio of modulation transfer function (MTF) in white-light to CSF. Through manipulating the higher-order aberrations, the affected CSF is predicted by employing the white-light AIM. We find that coma aberration mainly influences CSF at higher spatial frequency and spherical aberration affects CSF in the whole spatial frequency range non-selectively. Additionally, it is spherical aberration rather than coma that impacts the CSF more substantially. Furthermore, the maximum value of area under CSF (AUCSF) is obtained without full correction of higher-order aberration, which indicates that there is compensatory mechanism among aberrations.     

Vision improvement by correcting higher-order aberrations with customized soft contact lenses in keratoconic eyes

Higher-order aberration correction in abnormal eyes can result in significant vision improvement, especially in eyes with abnormal corneas. Customized optics such as phase plates and customized contact lenses are one of the most practical, nonsurgical ways to correct these ocular higher-order aberrations. We demonstrate the feasibility of correcting higher-order aberrations and improving visual performance with customized soft contact lenses in keratoconic eyes while compensating for the static decentration and rotation of the lens. A reduction of higher-order aberrations by a factor of 3 on average was obtained in these eyes. The higher-order aberration correction resulted in an average improvement of 2.1 lines in visual acuity over the conventional correction of defocus and astigmatism alone.     

Evaluating Optical Quality of a Bifocal Soft Contact Lens in Near Vision Using a Shack–Hartmann Wavefront Aberrometer

To assess optical characteristics of bifocal soft contact lenses (BCLs) in use, we measured wavefront aberrations of human eyes, of eyes with a monofocal soft contact lens (MCL), and of eyes with a BCL. Modulation transfer functions (MTFs), Strehl ratios, and simulated images for far and near vision were produced with the measured aberrations. High order aberrations of subject 1 were significantly smaller than those of subject 2 (t-test, P = 0.001). We found that wearing the BCL improved the optical quality of an eye in subject 1, expressed as the horizontal MTF from 2 to 48 cycles per degree (cpd) for near vision and the Strehl ratio (t-test, P = 0.009 for Strehl ratio). But we did not find the same effect in subject 2. This difference may be due to the difference in the aberrations of the eyes of the two subjects.     

一种用于光学成像系统的新型液晶相位调制器

研制出新型平行排列的二维阵列液晶相位调制器(LCPM),利用此相位调制器在Zygo干涉仪上进行了泽尼克(Zernike)多项式的产生和畸变波前调制的实验。能够很好地产生泽尼克多项式的前2~8项面形,用16项泽尼克模式对畸变波前进行了调制,峰谷(PV)值可由调制前的0.831λ减小到调制后的0.444λ,均方根(RMS)由调制前的0.181λ减小到调制后0.066λ,斯特列尔比(Strehl ratio,SR)由调制前的0.257达到调制后的0.844。实验结果表明,在光学成像系统中,利用平行排列的液晶相位调制器,进行波前像差的调制可以使成像质量得到很好的改善。     

人眼高阶像差校正和视觉分析系统

人眼除具有可用眼镜或接触镜校正的低阶像差(离焦、像散)之外,还普遍存在高阶像差。高阶像差的存在影响着屈光系统的成像质量。为研究高阶像差对视觉功能的影响,利用自适应光学技术,建立了具有校正高阶像差和产生高阶像差双重功能的人眼高阶像差校正和视觉分析系统。介绍了系统实现高阶像差校正和视觉分析的工作原理;阐述了波前校正器、哈特曼波前探测系统、控制系统等关键单元技术;列出了系统对泽尼克模式像差的校正效果,绝大多数像差从0.5λ降低到0.2λ以下;阐明系统功能的实现过程,并给出仿真实验的结果。该系统为进一步研究高阶像差对视功能的影响提供了有效的手段。     

基于个性化模型的人眼色差对视功能影响的研究

利用光学设计软件Zemax,对人眼色差对视功能的影响进行了研究.对构建的个性化人眼模型进行离焦、像散和高阶像差矫正的模拟.视觉效果的提高受到了色差的很大限制.在中、高空间频率处,自然光下的调制传递函数约为单色光下的50%.在自然光下,传统视觉矫正能够获得1.2的视力,个性化视觉矫正能够获得1.5的视力,还远远达不到人们所期望的超视觉.     

Effects of interactions among wave aberrations on optical image quality after refractive surgery

Research on wave aberrations indicates that interactions and balances among aberrations can provide better visual quality for normal eyes. In this paper, we investigate the aberration compensatory mechanism for eyes after LASIK surgery. Data of Zernike coefficients of wave-front aberrations are collected from 60 post-operative eyes through a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor, and then a series of Monte Carlo simulations are performed by manipulating the value of each Zernike coefficient (second order through seventh order). The modulation transfer function (MTF) ratio as a function of spatial frequency is used to evaluate the aberrations’ characteristic of independence. Finally, in a control condition, “synthetic” model eyes are produced through Monte Carlo arithmetic and the aberration independence of the synthetic eyes is analyzed. The results suggest that, for 6 and 3 mm pupil size, aberrations of the eyes after LASIK surgery are still not independent and the adaptive mechanism still exists. However, the adaptive mechanism does not hold for the “synthetic” eyes.     

Optical quality in a myopic population of human eyes

An aberrometer was used to measure the monochromatic aberration of 219 eyes in a population of 113 myopic subjects. The Zernike expansion was used to describe the wavefront aberration of the human eyes. From the distribution of Zernike coefficients, the means of almost all Zernike coefficients are approximately zero, and the mean absolute values of Zernike coefficients convey the level of aberration for our study population. Based on the distribution of Zernike coefficients, the averaged optical quality was computed in different methods. The mean MTF and PSF of individual eyes represent the optical quality for a typical myopic eye. Through the calculation of the visual benefits expected from correcting Zernike modes, a large expected visual benefit can be achieved across all spatial frequencies after correcting 5 Zernike modes. Furthermore, the larger improvement of optical quality can be achieved with correcting more Zernike modes at a higher spatial frequency.     

几种人眼波前像差重建算法的对比研究

介绍了基于Hartmann-Shack传感器的Zernike模式法人眼波前像差重建模型和包括Gram-Schmidt正交变换?Householder变换和奇异值分解在内的3种算法的具体推导过程以及对比分析结论,并利用实验测量数据进行了仿真,结果表明3种算法精度相当,奇异值分解算法是较为理想的人眼波前像差重建算法。     

Active optical compensation of low-quality optical system aberrations

We describe a method for the correction of slowly varying wavefront aberrations of low-quality telescope mirrors by using a DM in an active optical compensation system. Our goal is to reduce the surface wavefront error of low-cost multimeter-diameter mirrors from approximately 10 waves peak-to-valley (P-V), at a 1 microm wavelength, to approximately 1 wave or less. In a proof-of-concept demonstration using a 0.3m telescope at a wavelength of 633 nm, the rms wavefront error improved to 0.05 waves (0.26 waves P-V) from the original value of 1.4 waves rms (6.5 waves P-V). The Strehl ratio improved to 89% from the original value of 0.08%. The types of aberrations corrected include astigmatism, coma, defocus, trefoil, and higher-order aberrations.