腐植酸增值尿素的多谱学分子结构表征

尿素生产过程中加入腐植酸生产腐植酸增值尿素,可以有效延缓尿素水解,提高作物产量与氮肥利用效率,然而在此过程中腐植酸（HA）与尿素（U）主要发生什么反应还未见报道。利用风化煤源HA生产含腐植酸5%,10%及20%的腐植酸增值尿素（HAU5,HAU10及HAU20）,采集并分析了HAU5,HAU10,HAU20及U的红外谱图及其二阶导数谱图,用XPS与O(1s)NEXAFS分别对HAU20,HA及U进行表征;通过无水乙醇溶解HAU20的方式去除了HAU20中的尿素,并利用FTIR与XPS对醇不溶物（UHA）进行表征。结果表明：（1）FTIR原谱图及二阶导数谱图表明,腐植酸增值尿素伯胺C—N振动强度低于普通尿素,且振动强度随着HA添加量的提高而降低,XPS N(1s)与O(1s)NEXAFS检测到HAU20中分别存在较多仲胺氮与非羰基氧,且FTIR发现UHA酰胺特征明显,表明腐植酸增值尿素制备过程中HA与U发生了反应。（2）XPS C(1s)表明,HAU20与UHA羧基碳比例少于HA,FTIR结果表明,UHA中不存在HA中检测到的羧酸C—O—H面内弯曲振动,羧基C═O伸缩振动位置发生偏移且伯胺氮特征明显,表明腐植酸的羧基参与了HA与U的反应,且反应方式为腐植酸羧基C—OH化学键断裂,与尿素胺基结合,脱水形成R—CO—NH—CO—NH₂。因此,采用光谱分析明晰了腐植酸增值尿素制备过程中,腐植酸与尿素的主要反应方式,这将为腐植酸增效尿素机理揭示以及增值尿素研制提供基础资料。     

赤铁矿和三羟铝石吸附Cu~(2+)的红外光谱研究

应用红外光谱法,研究了不同pH值和Cu2+浓度条件下,合成赤铁矿和三羟铝石吸附Cu2+后表面羟基结构及其特征吸收峰的变化。结果表明:(1)随Cu2+浓度增加,赤铁矿表面H—O—H和OH的变形振动参与了吸附反应,Cu2+强烈地缔结在Fe—O上,形成了Fe—O—(Cu)结构。(2)酸性条件下,H+破坏了赤铁矿表面的O—H结构,NO3-促使弱峰1 131 cm-1的产生。随pH值增大,赤铁矿表面OH-逐渐由伸缩振动转变为变形振动,Fe—OH和Fe3+—O2-结构不断发生改变。(3)三羟铝石对Cu2+的吸附发生在高波位,随Cu2+浓度增大,其表面游离羟基的O—H弯曲振动、水分子的OH-伸缩振动和H—O—H弯曲振动均参与了吸附反应,Al—O基中的Al3+渐被Cu2+取代从而加强了较低波位的振动强度。(4)随pH值增加,三羟铝石Al—OH的弯曲振动和Al—O的伸缩振动逐渐发生着改变,表明吸附Cu2+后,在其表面形成了AlOCu+与AlOCuOH结构。     

(Fe,N)共掺杂TiO2红外光谱的电负性原理研究

采用电负性原理,构建合理的红外光谱模型,对TiO2红外光谱的振动频率与元素电负性之间的各种经验关系进行探究.采用溶胶-凝胶法制备(Fe,N)共掺杂TiO2,利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对样品的物相和红外光谱进行了表征.XRD物相分析表明当煅烧温度为600 ℃时,TiO2样品中的无定形结构己基本转化为锐钛矿型结构.随着煅烧温度升高,TiO2的X射线衍射峰逐渐由宽变窄,衍射强度由弱变强.当煅烧温度为700 ℃时,锐钛矿型的衍射峰基本消失,取而代之的是金红石相的衍射峰,但TiO2的主晶相并没有发生改变.红外光谱分析表明(Fe,N)共掺杂TiO2在650~500 cm-1区间有一个较宽的吸收峰.电负性模拟计算了(Fe,N)共掺杂TiO2红外光谱的伸缩振动频率,获得了Fe、N掺杂的位置、分子结构和键价特征:首先计算出约化质量μ,然后按照经典力学伸缩力常数k与频率V之间满足的关系,结合力常数与电负性关系、键级的计算方法,计算了基本单元都是氧八面体的掺杂金红石、锐钛矿TiO2的分子振动频率.结果表明:通过电负性理论计算的(Fe,N)共掺杂的TiO2的红外光谱与实验测量的红外光谱的伸缩振动频率比较吻合.     

(Fe,N)共掺杂TiO_2红外光谱的电负性原理研究（英文）

采用电负性原理,构建合理的红外光谱模型,对TiO_2红外光谱的振动频率与元素电负性之间的各种经验关系进行探究。采用溶胶-凝胶法制备(Fe,N)共掺杂TiO_2,利用X-射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对样品的物相和红外光谱进行了表征。XRD物相分析表明当煅烧温度为600℃时,TiO_2样品中的无定形结构己基本转化为锐钛矿型结构。随着煅烧温度升高,TiO_2的X射线衍射峰逐渐由宽变窄,衍射强度由弱变强。当煅烧温度为700℃时,锐钛矿型的衍射峰基本消失,取而代之的是金红石相的衍射峰,但TiO_2的主晶相并没有发生改变。红外光谱分析表明(Fe,N)共掺杂TiO_2在650~500cm-1区间有一个较宽的吸收峰。电负性模拟计算了(Fe,N)共掺杂TiO_2红外光谱的伸缩振动频率,获得了Fe、N掺杂的位置、分子结构和键价特征:首先计算出约化质量μ,然后按照经典力学伸缩力常数k与频率ν之间满足的关系,结合力常数与电负性关系、键级的计算方法,计算了基本单元都是氧八面体的掺杂金红石、锐钛矿TiO_2的分子振动频率。结果表明:通过电负性理论计算的(Fe,N)共掺杂的TiO_2的红外光谱与实验测量的红外光谱的伸缩振动频率比较吻合。     

几种铁氧化合物微观结构及其拉曼光谱研究

实验测定了α-Fe_2O_3,Fe_3O_4,FeO和α-FeOOH等的拉曼光谱,同时,利用密度泛函理论方法对以上四种铁氧化合物的拉曼振动波数和散射活性进行模拟计算,对其特征峰进行归属。结果表明FeO没有拉曼活性,α-Fe_2O_3在606和483cm~(-1)分别是六配位Fe的双桥氧的对称和反对称伸缩振动,413cm~(-1)主要是六配位Fe的双桥氧的对称弯曲振动;Fe_3O_4在610和526cm~(-1)分别是连接四配位与六配位Fe的单桥氧的对称和反对称伸缩振动,464和420cm~(-1)分别是连接四配位与六配位Fe的单桥氧的反对称剪切和对称剪切振动;α-FeOOH在671和614cm~(-1)分别是六配位铁的单桥氧的反对称和对称伸缩振动,504和427cm~(-1)分别是六配位铁的单桥氧的对称与反对称弯曲振动。     

NaF-AlF3二元系铝氟四面体团簇结构的拉曼光谱表征与量子化学从头计算

本文构建了一系列NaF-AlF3二元系铝氟四面体团簇结构模型, 应用量子化学从头计算方法, 采用Restricted Hatree-Fock(RHF)自洽场方法和6-31G(d)基组对结构进行优化, 并用相同的方法和基组进行分子振动模式的模拟计算。考虑相邻铝氟四面体的影响, 引入四面体应力指数(SIT)的概念分析和讨论该二元系高频区非桥氟对称伸缩振动及中频区桥氟对称弯曲振动模式。研究表明, 高频区铝氟四面体非桥氟对称伸缩振动频率与其铝氟四面体的种类(Qi)密切相关, 且铝氟四面体非桥氟对称伸缩振动频率的值随SIT值的增大而增大, 呈现较好的线性关系。同时, NaF-AlF3二元系团簇结构的中频区桥氟对称弯曲振动频率主要受桥氟角度的影响。并采用高温拉曼仪测定了分子比为NaF:AlF3 =1∶2体系的升温拉曼光谱, 随着温度的升高NaF:AlF3 =1∶2体系的主峰逐渐向低频移动, 观察到Q0、Q1、Q2峰位的变化。     

基于中红外光谱检测牛奶中掺杂的尿素

采用中红外光谱技术对牛奶中掺杂尿素目标物进行检测.配置含有尿素浓度范围为1～18 g·L-1之间18个牛奶样品,分别研究了纯牛奶和掺杂尿素牛奶的红外光谱特性,并进行了对比分析.利用尿素1 562 cm-1处酰胺Ⅲ带C=O伸缩振动吸收峰面积A1 562与1 464 cm-1处C-N伸缩振动吸收峰面积A1464的比值A1 ...     

用耦合簇理论及相关一致基研究NH2自由基的解析势能函数

运用CCSD(T)理论和Dunning等的系列相关一致基对NH2分子的基态结构进行了优化, 并使用优选出的cc-pV5Z基组对其进行了频率计算. 得到的结果是: 平衡核间距RNH= 0.10247 nm, 键角∠HNH = 102.947°, 离解能De = 4.2845 eV, 振动频率ν1(a1) = 1546.0342 cm-1, ν2(a1) = 3379.5543 cm-1和ν3(b2) = 3474.4784 cm-1. 对NH及H2分子, 使用优选出的cc-pV6Z基组对其基态的几何构型与谐振频率进行了计算并进行了单点能扫描, 且将扫描结果拟合成了解析的Murrell-Sorbie函数. 采用多体项展式理论导出了NH2分子的解析势能函数, 其等值势能图准确再现了NH2分子的离解能和结构特征. 报导了NH2分子对称伸缩振动等值势能图中存在的两个对称鞍点, 对应于反应NH+H→NH2, 势垒高度约为0.1378×4.184 kJ/mol.     

NH4+离子的结构和振动光谱

用Gaussian 03W 程序中的密度泛函B3LYP/6-31+G(d)方法对氨分子的质子化产物NH4+离子的可能几何构型进行了结构优化和频率计算,得到了它的稳定结构和红外振动光谱. 通过对计算结果的分析发现,NH4+的稳定构型为正四面体结构,属Td分子点群;它的红外振动光谱中共有两个位于3390 cm-1和1478 cm-1处的三重简并振动峰,分别对应着N-H键的反对称伸缩振动和弯曲振动.     

自辐射场下UO_2分子光谱研究

铀原子和氧原子分别使用相对论有效原子实势(Relativistic Effective Core Potential)和6-311+G(d)基组,采用优选的密度泛函B3P86方法,研究了铀本身产生自辐射场(-0.005~0.005a.u.)作用下UO2基态分子的能隙Eg和谐振频率ν.结果表明:能隙Eg=2.0028eV、1.9974eV,接近实验值2.1eV,UO2在自辐射场中具有半导体性质;反对称伸缩振动频率ν3(σg)、弯曲振动频率ν2(πu)和对称伸缩振动频率ν1(σg)与实验值776.1cm-1、225.2cm-1、765.4cm-1基本吻合.     

铕镧苯甲酸α,α′-联吡啶配合物的合成及性质研究

在乙醇介质中合成了以Eu3+ 和La3+ 为中心体、苯甲酸和α ,α′ 联吡啶为配体的混合稀土配合物。测定了配合物的组成、研究了其紫外光谱和红外光谱。结果表明 ,配合物的组成为EuxLa1 -x(Dipy)L3·H2 O ,苯甲酸和α ,α′ 联吡啶的紫外吸收峰在配合物中分别位移了 2～ 9nm ;苯甲酸根羧基的反对称伸缩振动和对称伸缩振动在配合物中向低波数移动 ,而α ,α′ 联吡啶的CN振动则向高波数移动。这些事实表明 ,苯甲酸和α ,α′ 联吡啶与稀土离子配位。荧光测试表明 ,用不发光的镧离子取代该系列配合物中部分铕离子 ,在一定范围内 ,可以提高三价铕的特征荧光发射强度。这一结果也表明 ,在该系列配合物中 ,不仅配体可以将吸收的能量传递给发光的铕离子 ,使其发光 ,而且不发光的镧配合物也可将其吸收的能量通过分子内能量传递给铕离子 ,增强铕的发光强度。     

3-三苯基锗基-1,1-二苯基-1-丁醇类化合物的拉曼光谱和红外光谱研究

我们合成３－三苯基锗基－１,１－二苯基－１－丙醇及同系物３－三苯基锗基－１,１－二苯基－１－丁醇;３－三苯基锗基－２－甲基－１,１－二苯基－１－丙醇,这些化合物都是有机锗类化合物,是具有抗肿瘤活性的化合物３－三苯基锗基－１－二苯基－１－丙醇的类似物,它们可能具有生物活性。我们测量了它们的拉曼光谱及红外光谱。经光谱分析,指认了主要波数所对应的分子振动。在这三种化合物中,Ｇｅ－Ｐｈ的伸缩振动出现在１０     

苯甲酸稀土(Eu,La)配合物的红外和荧光光谱研究

用氯化稀土与苯甲酸铵在水溶液中反应,合成了苯甲酸稀土（Ｅｕ,Ｌａ）三元固体系列配合物,其化学组成式为（Ｅｕ１－ｘＬａｘ）Ｌ３（其中Ｌ为Ｃ６Ｈ５ＣＯＯ－,ｘ＝０．０～１．０）。研究了它们的红外光谱和荧光光谱。由红外光谱数据表明,配合物中羧基的对称和反对称伸缩振动吸收峰发生了分裂,而且羧基伸缩振动随着Ｌａ３＋离子含量的增加发生了规律性的变化。荧光光谱实验结果表明,用不发光的Ｌａ３＋离子取代苯甲酸铕中部分Ｅｕ３＋离子可以提高Ｅｕ３＋离子的特征荧光发射强度。     

槲皮素-Sn(II)配合物荧光、紫外及红外光谱的测量与分析

以NH4Cl-NH3.H2O为缓冲液,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为荧光增强剂,用荧光分光光度计分别采集槲皮素、槲皮素-Sn(II)配合物溶液、槲皮素-Sn(II)-NH4Cl-NH3.H2O、槲皮素-Sn(II)-NH4Cl-NH3.H2O-CTAB溶液以及将其溶液分别静置7h和21h后的荧光光谱,并对光谱进行分析。在不加CTAB的条件下,用紫外分光光度计分别测量加入缓冲液前后的紫外光谱。用漫反射方法测定配合物的红外光谱,并对其结构进行初步分析。在缓冲液的作用下,槲皮素-Sn(II)配合物的结构发生了变化;通过分析,发现与缓冲液发生反应的主要基团为酚羟基,红外光谱中酚羟基的消失和NH4+基团的出现,说明了配合物中的酚羟基与NH4+发生了取代反应。     

D-氨基葡萄糖与锌盐配位的红外光谱研究

研究了不同pH值下,D-氨基葡萄糖与硫酸锌的配位情况。随着pH值的逐渐增大,氨基葡萄糖与金属锌离子的配位能力越来越强,pH 6.5时D-氨基葡萄糖与硫酸锌有最大配位比,其配比为1∶1。同时还合成了氨基葡萄糖与不同锌盐的配合物,通过旋光度、摩尔电导、锌含量和IR的分析,表明在相同条件下,不同锌盐与氨基葡萄糖形成的配合物,其配位方式不同。     

Nonequivalence of NH Bonds in the Amino Group of Aminotoluenes in Complexes of Various Compositions

The association of aminotoluenes with different proton acceptors in CCl₄ was studied in the temperature range 290–330 K on the basis of IR absorption spectra in the region of the amino group stretching vibrations. It is found that the location of the maximum, halfwidth, and integrated intensity of the absorption bands (NH) of monomers and H-bonded complexes depend almost linearly on temperature. It is shown that in the 1:1 complexes the hydrogen bonding is more stable than in the 1:2 complexes.     

Infrared spectra of S-and R-isomers of biologically active brassinosteroids

Comparative analysis of IR spectra of S-and R-isomers differing in the configuration of OH groups in the side chain of biologically active 24-epi-and 28-homocastasterones and 24-epi-and 28-homobrassinolides is carried out. Stretching vibration frequencies of H-bonded OH groups of isomers of corresponding brassinosteroids practically coincide. The optical density in maxima of these bands is higher in spectra of the R-isomers. Alteration in the configuration of the OH groups weakly influences also the band intensities of CH3, CH₂, and CH groups. Band intensities of stretching vibrations of associated C=O groups of S-and R-isomers also neglibibly differ from each other. Their frequency characteristics do not experience substantial changes. These features differ considerably in IR spectra of castasterones and brassinolides. For castasterones, the difference in frequencies of band maxima of free and bound C=O groups amounts to ∼15 cm⁻¹; for brassinolides, 23 cm⁻¹. Intensities of both bands are approximately equal in spectra of castasterones. The band intensity of free C=O groups of brassinolides is considerably lower than that of H-bonded ones. The above spectral differences can be used to identify these brassinosteroids. Frequencies of both symmetric and antisymmetric deformation vibrations of CH₃ and CH₂ groups are close in spectra of all brassinosteroids studied. The frequency of CH₂ in a CH₂-OC group belongs only to brassinolides; of deformation vibrations of CH in a CH-C=O group, to castasterones. The frequency of stretching vibrations of C-O-C and C-O groups is observed only in spectra of brassinolides. In the region 1130–900 cm⁻¹ of IR spectra of brassinosteroids, stretching vibrations of CC, CCH, and C-OH groups are predominantly observed. In the frequency range 1130–995 cm⁻¹, the optical density of band maxima of S-isomers is higher than that of R-isomers, which can be used to identify isomers. At the same time frequencies of corresponding bands of isomers practically coincide. Differences in the structure of the side chain of brassinosteroids do not influence essentially the frequency characteristics of the IR spectra. The exception is the band related to stretching vibrations ν(C23-OH) of the side chain which features a considerable frequency ν_max ≈ 983 cm⁻¹ only in spectra of R-isomers of homocastasterone and brassinolide. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 75, No. 5, pp. 623–630, September–October, 2008.     

Vibrational Studies of Palladium(II) Acetate Compounds Ii. Infrared Spectra of the Diethylamine Adduct of Palladium(II) Acetate

Recorded and discussed are the infrared spectra of the diethylamine adduct of palladium(II) acetate. An empirical assignment of the spectra is proposed. The palladium-oxygen bonds in the adduct are not much different in strength from those in hexa-μ-acetato-triangulo-tripalladium(II)-water (2/1). The diethylanine molecules are present as such, as evidenced by the appearance of a rather strong band attributed to the N-H stretching vibrations.     

The numerical determination of dipole hyperpolarizabilities

The paper is devoted to calculations of the contour shapes in the infra-red and Raman spectra of the 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 type complexes of ordinary and heavy water with two organic bases, dioxane and dimethyl sulphoxide, by means of a computer. The calculations have been made using the mathematical formalism developed in the previous papers of this series which takes into account the coupling between two stretching vibrations of the water molecule and the overtone of its bending vibration for a set of the liquid molecules variously perturbed by non-equal H-bonds. The basic parameters of the model are obtained from the spectra of HOD molecules involved in the same complex as the one considered, and from empirical correlations discussed in the previous papers. Starting from a set of parameters determined in this manner we calculate three spectra simultaneously for each of the above-mentioned complexes, namely the infra-red spectrum and the isotropic and anisotropic components of the Raman spectrum. Every spectrum is composed of three contours belonging to the overtone of the bending vibrations, and also to the in-phase and out-of-phase stretching vibrations respectively. These contours are asymmetrical and have different half-widths, maximum frequencies and intensities in all three types of spectra. The model demonstrates the inadequacy of the widespread interpretation of such spectra in terms of the symmetric and antisymmetric vibrations of undistorted water molecules characterized by the symmetry C _2v . Good agreement between calculated and experimental spectra is considered to provide strong evidence of the fluctuation model.     

Vibrational Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of Urea Derivatives with Biochemical Interest: N,N′-Dimethylurea,N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylurea,and N,N′-Dimethylpropyleneurea

Abstract

Mid-infrared, far-infrared, and Raman vibrational spectroscopic studies were combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations and normal coordinate force field analyses for N,N′-dimethylurea (DMU), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylurea (TMU), and N,N′-dimethylpropyleneurea (DMPU: IUPAC name 1,3-dimethyltetrahydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one). The equilibrium molecular geometry of DMU (all three conformers), TMU, and DMPU and the frequencies, intensities, and depolarization ratios of their fundamental infrared (IR) and Raman vibrational transitions were obtained by DFT calculations. The vibrational spectra were fully analyzed by normal coordinate methods as well. A starting force field for DMPU was obtained by adapting corresponding force constants for DMU and TMU, resulting after refinements in the stretching force constants C=O (7.69, 7.30, 7.68 N·cm^?1), C–N (5.16, 5.55, 5.05 N·cm^?1), and C-Me (5.93, 4.00, 4.22 N·cm^?1) for DMU, TMU, and DMPU, respectively. The dominating conformer of liquid DMU was identified as trans-trans, strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding was verified in solid DMU, and weak dipole–dipole association was found in liquid TMU and in DMPU. Special attention was paid to analyzing the methyl group frequencies, which revealed deviations from local C_3v symmetry. A linear correlation was found between the CH stretching force constants and the inverse of the CH bond lengths (1/r ²). The averaged NH stretching frequencies of gaseous, dissolved, and solid urea and of DMU, with variations for hydrogen bonding of different strength, are linearly correlated to the NH stretching force constants. Characteristic skeletal vibrations were assigned for a broad variety of urea derivatives and also for pyrimidine derivatives, which all contain the N₂C=O entity. The very strong IR bands of C=O stretching (1,676 ± 40 cm^?1) and asymmetric CN₂ stretching (1,478 ± 60 cm^?1), and the very intense Raman feature of symmetric CN₂ stretching or ring breathing (757 ± 80 cm^?1), can be recognized as fingerprint bands also for the pyrimidine derivatives cytosine, thymine, and uracil, which all are nucleobases in DNA and RNA nucleotides.